[烛光生存狂]-1940年德军空降兵突袭挪威索拉机场

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Airborne assault on Sola Airfield 1940

by Erik Ettrup

Sola airfield was the newest and most modern airfield in Norway 1940. It was built in 1937 and was the only airfield in south-western Norway with concrete runways. This airport represented a very valuable objective during the Weserübung. The distance to Scapa Flow is only 500 km. This meant that Sola could be used as a base for attacking the northern parts of Great Britain.

索拉（Sola）机场是挪威在1940年最现代化的机场，它位于重要港口城市斯塔万格（Stavanger）附近。该机场建于1937年,是挪威西南部唯一采用混凝土铺设跑道的机场。它是整个"威悉演习"行动中一个很重要的目标:该机场距离英国的斯卡帕湾仅500公里，可以成为德国空军打击英国北部地区的重要基地。

The following facts tell how the first airborne assault in history was carried out:

At 05:30 in the morning 9.April 1940, 12 lonely Ju 52 from 7./KGzbv1 left the airfield at Stade in Germany. Onboard were 135 paratroopers from 3./FJR1. 10 minutes later, 53 more Ju52, carrying 2 companies from 193. Infanterie-Regiment of 69. Infanterie-division and 2 companies of Luftwaffe ground personell, followed.

1940年4月9日5:30，第一特别轰炸机联队(注1)第7中队的12架Ju52运输机自德国斯塔德机场起飞，机上运载着第1伞兵团第1营第3连的135名官兵。10分钟后,运载着第69步兵师第193步兵团的两个连和两个连的空军地勤连的53架Ju52也飞赴索拉。

The distance to Sola is 630 km and the flying time was estimated to 3 hours and 12 minutes. They were not allowed to fly over Denmark, as the attack there would be carried out as they passed.

距离索拉大约630公里，预计飞行时间为3小时12分钟。因为要经过战区。所以飞机被禁止飞越丹麦领空。

12 Ju88 left the airfield at Lünebeck. Their mission was to reach Sola at the same time as the paratroopes. 8 Me110 from 3/ZG76 left Sylt a bit later. Their mission was to provide air support for the paratroopers. For the Messerschmitts, this was a one way ticket, as their fueltanks didn`t allowe them to get back.

12架Ju88轰炸机离开了吕贝克机场，它们的任务是和伞兵同时抵达索拉。第76重型战斗机联队第3中队的8架Me-110稍后从西尔特岛的机场起飞,他们的任务是为伞兵提供空中火力支援。对于这些梅塞施密特来说这是一次单程旅行，因为油箱里的燃料不够他们返航。

Their destiny was in the hands of the paratroopers...

51 more Ju52`s left Utersum at 08:00. They were carrying I/193 Infanterie-Regiment.

现在一切的命运都掌握在伞兵的手上了...

8:00,51架Ju52运载着第193步兵团第1营的士兵从Utersum起飞。

The 12 first Ju52 met heavy fog in Skagerak. They wanted to turn, but knew if they didn`t take the airport, the following troops would be in great danger. They decided to continue, and only 100 km from the coast, they were again able to see the ocean. The formation was spread over a wide area, so they circled for a few minutes to wait for the rest.

Only 11 planes had made it trough the fog (the last had landed in Denmark).

12架容克运输机在斯卡格拉克海峡上空遭遇大雾，他们想返航,但是如果没有找到机场的话,后续部队的处境将更危险。因此他们决定冒险继续前进,在距离海岸仅100公里的地方,他们再次看到了大海。此时整个编队已经被打乱了,所以绕圈飞行了几分钟等待其他的飞机跟上后重新编队。编队仅剩下了11架飞机(1架最后降落在了丹麦)。

The 8 Me 110 got more serious problems. 2 of the planes crashed into each other, and Oberleutnant Gollob decided to abort the mission. When they landed in Denmark, only 4 planes were left. The last two had not heard the radiomessage and had continued to Sola.

8架Me-110遇到的麻烦更大，有两架在空中相撞坠毁。哥罗布中尉决定终止任务，当他们降落在丹麦的时候发现只有4架飞机。那两架战斗机没有收到无线电命令，继续向索拉飞去。

Due to all these reports of bad weather, General Hans Geisler decided to call back all planes. The paratroopers heading for Oslo (exept 4) and Trondheim turned, but the message was not recived by the forces bound for Sola.

由于天气实在是太糟糕,汉斯*盖斯勒将军决定召回所有的飞机。朝奥斯陆和特隆赫姆的飞机开始转向返航,但朝索拉进发的部队还是没有任何消息。

The 11 Junkers were getting low on fuel. They were 45 minutes delayed and didn`t know exactly where they were.

11架容克快没油了。飞机只能再持续飞行45分钟,可他们还是不知道自己现在的位置。

Suddenly the 2 Me 110 joined the formation, and they hit shore just south of the airport. The flight towards the airport was drilled on scale models in Germany, so Hauptmann Capito knew exactly where he should go.

突然刚从南部袭击完机场的2架Me-110加入了编队,机群马上以德国式编队飞向机场,Capito上尉此时也知道了要向那里飞了。

Meanwhile the 8 Ju88 had started their attack on the airport. Most of the Norwegian planes were destroyed on the ground, the rest escaped, as their planes were too old to take up the fight. The Junkers were ordered northwards to help a German merchantman which were under attack by a Norwegian destroyer. The 2 Me 110 strafed the airport at 10 meters above the ground. The Nowegian soldiers on the airfield fired all their weapons until they got so hot that they jammed.

8架Ju88首先向机场俯冲，大部分挪威飞机被炸毁在地面，其余的挪威飞机都逃跑了。这些飞机太过陈旧。之后容克受命向北飞行以帮助正遭受挪威驱逐舰袭击的德国运输船。2架Me-110在不足地面10米的低空向机场扫射。陷入绝境的挪威士兵用手上所有的武器向德国人射击。

Suddenly the 11 Ju 52 were over the airport. All 135 paratroopers lead by Oberleutnant Freiherr Von Brandis jumped out within seconds. The Norwegians thought they were getting bombed and escaped from most of the positions near the runway. The paratroopers gathered and opened heavy fire against the Norwegian forces.

突然11架Ju 52飞临机场上空。在布兰迪斯中尉的带领下,135名伞兵在几秒钟内全部跳伞完毕。挪威人以为自己遭受到了轰炸,纷纷从机场跑道附近的掩体内逃跑。德国伞兵很快就聚集了部队开始向挪威人进攻。

The Norwegian Commander gave orders to withdraw from the airfield. Some of the Norwegian soldiers took the commanders car and drove off! In the end of the runway some Norwegian soldiers gathered around the only pillbox present at the airfield. They opened heavy fire on the German forces but were soon silenced by a German handgrenade.

挪威的指挥官发布命令从机场开始撤退。一些挪威士兵把指挥车给开走了!在机场跑道的末端一些挪威士兵聚集在整个机场唯一的一个碉堡里,想借助火力来压制伞兵,但很快1枚手榴弹让这个碉堡永远的安静了。

The first of the 53 Junkers with I./193. Infanterie-Regiment reached the airport. The first planes to land were set under heavy Norwegian fire. The Ju88s returned after sinking the Norwegian ship, and opened fire on the remaining Norwegians. The Norwegian commander decided to surrender the airport, as it seemed hopless to fire on the planes with rifles and machineguns.

运载着第193步兵团1营的53架容克此时也抵达了机场上空。第1批飞机是冒着挪威人的炮火降落的。Ju88在击沉了挪威人的舰船后返回机场,向残存的挪威人射击。在意识早自己的步枪和机枪无法和德国人的飞机抗衡后,负责机场防御的挪威指挥官决定投降。

The German fire stopped at once when they saw the white flag. Oberleutnant Freiherr Von Brandis came over and saluted the Norwegian commander. The Norwegian commander gave his pistol to Brandis, but he returned it immediately. 90 Norwegian soldiers surrendered, and they were ordered to tear down the fences to prepare for a massive airborne landing. Within the first day, 2000 soldiers were transferred to Sola.

180 bombers and fighters were also brought in from Germany.

在看到白旗后,德国人停止了射击。布兰迪斯中尉接受了投降并向挪威指挥官致敬。挪威指挥官把佩枪交给了布兰迪,不过布兰迪很快交还了给他。投降的90名挪威士兵,被要求拆除栅栏等装置为之后的大规模空运做准备。在这一天内,一共有2000名士兵被运送到了索拉机场。从德国飞来了180架轰炸机和战斗机。

The first airborne assault in history was a fact.

这就是德国伞兵的第一次伞降突袭行动。

German losses:

18 soldiers from

On the 17.04.40, another historical event took place at the airport.

For the first time in history, a cruiser attacked an enemy airport!

The operation was called "Duck". The plan was theat HMS Suffolk escorted by 4 destroyers should bombard the airport. A few Hudsons from RAF 233 Sqn Coastal command were in the air as protection.

这次行动被代号"鸭子".计划是用"萨福克"号伴随四艘驱逐舰去炮轰机场.海岸司令部的第233中队的"哈德逊"轰炸机提供空中掩护.

At 04.35 in the morning, one of the Hudson`s dropped it`s bombload among some parked planes, The plan was to aim at the fire.

04:35分,一架"哈德逊"轰炸机投下了第一颗炸弹,宣告行动正式开始.

At 05.13, suffolk fired the first 20,3cm Grenades towards the airport.

Allmost the entire city shaked, and a air-raid warning was sounded.

05:13分,"萨福克"第一次向机场发射了203mm炮弹.

整个小城在这些巨大的响声中晃动.

The first grenades fell too short, and exploded outside the airport.

The aiming was corrigated by the Hudsons, and again 8 20,3 cm grenades were fired from Suffolk. This time, the grenades went over the airport and exploded in the sea behind. On the third try, one of the grenades destroyed 5 He59`s from KGzbv108, and the German commanders house.

首轮齐射太近,在机场外爆炸.空中的"哈德逊"为巡洋舰提供校射,之后"萨福克"的8门203mm炮继续开火,这次炮弹越过了机场射到了机场后面的海里.第三轮齐射终于成功,炮弹摧毁了第108特别轰炸机联队的5架He59,和德军指挥部.

The bombardment continued and 4 He115`s from 1./Kü.Fl.Gr were destroyed. 2 fuel depots exploded and several trucks were destroyed.

One of the grenades destroyed a civillian house and killed the woman living there.

持续的炮击又摧毁了海岸飞行大队1中队的4架He115.2个油库和几辆卡车也一起被打爆.同时炮击也打中了一座民居.

The Germans started to realize what was going on, and launched a massive air-attack.

德国人此时在意识到发生了什么,马上发动了大规模的空袭反击.

In the first wave, 10 He111`s from I/KG26 tried to bomb the cruiser from high-altitude without success.

10 more Do18`s were sent to observe the movements and report the position to the following units.

第一波次,第26轰炸机联队1大队的10架He111从高空轰炸巡洋舰,但没有获得成功.

10架Do18负责为后续部队报告敌人的位置.

28 Ju88`s from II/KG 30 attacked Suffolk from low-altitude. One of the Junkers got a direct hit in the stern, causing the death of 33 British sailors, and desrtoying the rudder.

第30轰炸机联队2大队的28架Ju88从低空发动空袭.一架Junker命中了船尾,造成了33名英国士兵阵亡,并摧毁了船舵.

44 He 111`s from III/KG4 and III/KG26 were scrambled from their bases in Germany. Most of these planes failed to find Suffolk, and those who did were driven off by Beaufighters which had just arrived.

第4轰炸机联队3大队和第26轰炸机联队3大队的44架He 111从位于德国的空军基地起飞.大部分的飞机都没有发现"萨福克"的位置.之后德国人被刚刚赶到的英国英俊战士赶跑了.

When Suffolk arrived Scapa Flow, the ship was about to sink, so it had to be beached in order to save it. Allmost all their AA ammunition were used, and the ship were out of service for several months.

当"萨福克"返回斯卡帕湾时,几乎已经快沉没了.只能被迫搁浅以避免沉没.船上的防空武器弹药几乎用尽.巡洋舰退出现役几个月之久.

Just after the German planes had returned to Sola, the RAF launched a massive attack on the airport. The first planse to attack were 12 Beaufighters. They surprised the German fighters on the ground, and destroyed a few Me 109`s before they got in the air. One of these Beaufighters were shot down and one badly damaged on their return.

Late, 2 squadrons of wellington`s attacked again. The planes were met by tremendous Flak, and they had problems getting over the target. Several Ju52`s were destroyed during this attack.

A few hours later, 6 more Wellingtons attacked. One of them were shot down by Flak before the bombs were dropped, the rest of them managed to hit one of the large hangars and destroyed a few more Ju52`s.........

在德国飞机刚返回索拉机场后,英国皇家空军对机场发起了一次大规模的空袭.12架英俊战士首当其冲,他们突袭了在地面上的德国战斗机,在对方起飞之前摧毁了几架Me 109.一架英俊战斗被击落,另一架重伤但安全返回了基地.之后,2个中队的惠灵顿再次来袭,地面防空炮火使得这些飞机在轰炸目标时遇到了麻烦,几架Ju52在此次空袭中被摧毁.

几小时后,又来了6架惠灵顿,其中1架被击落.其余的轰炸了1个大型的飞机库并摧毁了几架Ju52.

German losses:

9 Ju52

5 He59

4 He115

2 Do18

1 Ju88

1 Me110

1 Me109

1 BV138

*Between 9.4-40 and 30.4-40 RAF committed 35 attacks on the airport with a loss of over 40 planes.

德国人损失了:

9架Ju52

5架He59

4架He115

2架Do18

1架Ju88

1架Me110

1架Me109

1架BV138

1940年4月9日到4月40日,英国皇家空军持续对机场发动了35次空袭,自身损失了大约40架各型飞机.

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