[烛光生存狂]-（全部OK了！）BA-I/3/6/9轮式装甲汽车简介

BA-I

The development of a three-axle armor cars in the USSR began in the early '30s. The design efforts were mainly based around the chassis of American Ford Timken trucks, which were first delivered to the Soviet Union in 1931. Production of this automobile began at the end of the year at the "Gudok Oktyabrya" factory in Kanavin, adjacent to Nizhnij Novgorod. In the fall of the same year an armored body was applied to the chassis at the Moscow Rembase #2 (Rembase means Repair Station). Approximately 20 of these armored cars were built under the designation BA-27M. Several dozen D-13 armored cars, designed by N.I.Dyrenkov and based on the same chassis were built concurrently at the Izhorskij Factory.

苏联的6轮装甲汽车的研发工作开始于30年代早期。设计成果主要围绕美国福特公司的Ford Timken卡车的底盘为基础，它在1931年被首次交付给苏联政府。同年底在位于Kanavin邻近Nizhnij Novogorod的“GudokOktyabrya”工厂开始生产这种卡车。同年位于莫斯科的第2维修工厂里一个装甲车体被安装到底盘上。制造了大约20辆装甲汽车被命名为BA-27M。同时在Izhorskij工厂制造了至少12辆由N.I.Dyrenkov设计的在同一底盘上研发的D-13装甲汽车。

In 1932, engineer P.N.Syachentov, known for his work in the field of artillery, drafted up a general-purpose amphibious armored car BAD-2 (designation acronym stands for "armored car-rail trolley"), which could travel on railroad tracks. Only one BAD-2 was built. However, not a single one of the mentioned machines possessed satisfactory technical specification desired by the military. The army needed a medium gun-equipped modifiable armored car.

1932年，工程师P.N.Syachentov，以其在炮兵领域的工作而被人们熟悉，他作出了一份=!S%Ga66t7n1关于一种被称为BAD-2的、可以在铁路轨道上行驶的通用两栖装甲汽车（名称首字母简略词代表“装甲轨道汽车”）的设计草案。BAD-2只制造了1辆。然而，上述的装甲汽车中没有一种拥有能令军方希望的令人满意的技术性能，军队需要一种中型的安装火炮的改进性装甲汽车。

In 1932, the "BA-I" armored car was designed at the Izhorskij factory under the direction of A.D.Kuz'min. The "I" in the designation stands for Izhorskij; in some publications the designation is written as simply "BAI". During its creation designers employed the same Ford-Timken chassis. The complete hull of the vehicle was welded together - an engineering feat by the standards of that time. Doors for the crew were located on the sides and rear of the hull.

1932年, 在A.D.Kuz'min的领导下，"BA-I"装甲车在Izhorskij厂设计定型。名称中的"I" 代表Izhorskij工厂，在很多出版物中它们被简单的称为"BAI". 在制造过程中设计师们仍然使用了相同的福特汽车地盘。车体是焊接而成的——按照当时的标准是一项工程方面的杰作。乘员的出入舱口位于车体的两侧和尾部。

The cylindrical welded turret contained a standard 37-mm tank gun (supplied with 34 rounds) and a separately-mounted ball mount DT machine-gun. A second DT machine-gun was located in the frontal hull plate to the right of the driver. Due to the step-like form of the roof (the under-turret plate was significantly lower than the roof of the driver's compartment) the overall height of the vehicle was decreased.

圆柱体焊接炮塔装有1门标准的37mm坦克炮（备弹34发）和1挺安装在一个分开的球型装置上的DT机枪。另一挺DT机枪被安置在车体前部、驾驶员位置的右侧。由于炮塔底部的装甲板设置的位置低于驾驶室顶部的高度，车辆的整个高度被降低。

Another innovation in the BA-I's construction were freely rotating spare wheels (an idea borrowed from the D-13) suspended at the sides of the hull. The spares prevented the car from bottoming out and assisted in the traversal of trenches and ditches. Later on, this design element was transferred from one BA to another, all the way to the BA-10. The BA-I armored car was built in small numbers in 1932-1934 and served in the Red Army.

另一个在建造BA-I的革新是在车体两侧安装了1对可升降的车轮（应该是在前后轮之间吧，没有看到图片不太清楚）（想法来自于D-13）。在公路行驶时升起，在越野行驶时降下，它可以防止汽车陷入壕沟并帮助汽车通过战壕和沟渠。之后，一直到BA-10装甲车时还采用了这一设计。1932-1934年，制造了一小批BA-I服役于苏联红军。

BA-3

In 1934 the Izhorskij factory produced an improved model - the BA-3. The hull of the BA-I underwent only insignificant changes: the rear section of the hull was extended by 50mm, the engine compartment acquired air-escape windows, the running board was shortened, and the rear fenders now accommodated fastenings for all-terrain tracked chains. Installation of the body onto the Ford Timken chassis was accomplished with the help of 10 brackets, which were bolted to the side members through rubber gaskets.

1934年，Izhorskij工厂开始生产改进型号—BA-3，BA-I的车体仅仅经历了些许无关紧要的改进：车体后部延长50mm，发动机室安装了排气窗，踏板被缩短。同时，后挡泥板安装了钩子可以安装履带，在10个托架？的帮助下，装甲车体安装在了Ford Timken底盘上，每个托架的侧面通穿过了橡胶垫片被螺栓固定。

The main innovation in the new vehicle was the turret and its armament. The BA-3 received the turret from the T-26 tank, which had thinner 8 mm armor* with a paired weapons mount - the 45 mm 20K gun model 1932/38 (supplied with 60 rounds) and the DT machine-gun. The ammunition was located partially in the turret and partially in the hull of the armored car. In the recess of the turret there were two honeycomb racks with space for 40 shells, along the hull wall there were housings for 12 more (6 per side) and for 8 more along the walls in the fighting compartment (4 per side).

新型车辆最主要的革新是炮塔和它的武备。BA-3接受了来自T-26坦克的炮塔。装甲被减至8mm，安装有一门20K 1932/38型45mm炮（备弹60发）和DT机枪。部分弹药放置在炮塔，其他的放置在车体。在炮塔凹壁处有两个共可放置40发炮弹的蜂窝状弹架。沿车体内壁放置了12发（每侧6发），战斗室的两侧分别有4发。

The four racks in the turret and the hull accommodated 53 magazines for machine-guns. For the first time in Soviet armored car industry, in an attempt to improve mobility, the rear wheels of the BA-3 were outfitted with all-terrain tracks, known under the foreign name "Overall." Each track weighed 71 kg and was comprised of 25 80x35 mm links. The length of one track was 4500 mm, step size - 180 mm. Installation of the tracks by the whole crew took 10-15 min.

在炮塔和车体的4个弹药架上可防止53个机枪弹夹（弹盘？）。作为苏联装甲汽车制造业上一个新的尝试，为了改善机动性，BA-3的几组后车轮上配备了全地形履带，每一条履带长4500mm，重71公斤，由25片80X35mm的履带板组成。安装履带需要所有乘员花费10-15分钟。

In June 1943, the BA-3 armored car fitted with a non-armored hull underwent testing at the NIIBT proving grounds of the UMM RKKA at Kubinka, not far from Moscow. During testing the 5.82-tonn vehicle achieved a speed of 70 km/h on a paved road (the number seems a bit high, but that's how it was reported), while the speed on a dry dirt road did not exceed 35 km/h. During the runs the engine overheated and it was recommended that the cooling system be improved.

1943年6月，一辆未武备的BA-3送到了莫斯科附近库宾卡内UMM RKKA的NIIBT实验场进行测试。在测试期间5.82吨的汽车在铺设的道路上达到了70公里/小时的时速（数字似乎有点高，但报告中就是这么写的）。在干燥泥土路面上没有超过35公里/小时。在行驶过程中发动机过热，因此被建议对冷却系统进行相关改进。

The front suspension had to be strengthened as well. Otherwise, no major problems were revealed, and the only recommendations were for minor revisions of the internal instrumentation layout. As stated in the concluding statement of the review committee: "the armored car displayed good characteristics necessary for a battle-worthy vehicle and can be proposed to be accepted for service to RKKA."

前部悬挂也进行了加强。除此之外，没有别的大问题被发现，仅仅建议对内部仪器设备的布局做了一些小的改进。在写给委员会的报告中写到：“装甲汽车被证明是种很有战场价值的车辆，它应该在红军中服役”。

The production of the BA-3 was organized at the Izhorskij and the Vyksunskij factories, which in the years 1934-

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Armored cars in action

BA-3 and BA-6 armored cars were supplied to arm reconnaissance troops of tank, cavalry and infantry units of the Red Army. In 1937, a motorised armored regiment was formed in the Transbaikal Military District, which, shortly afterwards, was expanded into a brigade.

BA-3和BA-6装甲汽车提供给苏联红军中的骑兵，步兵和坦克部队的侦察分队。1937年，在Transbaikal军区组建了一个摩托化装甲团。之后，被扩充为一个旅。

It included a battalion of medium armored cars, a reconnaissance battalion (medium and light armored cars) and an infantry machine gunners' battalion. In total there were 80 medium and 30 light armored cars in the brigade. Three such brigades - 7th, 8th, and 9th participated in fighting with the Japanese army at the Khalhin-Gol River.

部队包括一个中型装甲汽车营，一个侦察营（装备有中型和轻型装甲汽车）和一个步兵机枪营。总共有80辆中型和30辆轻型装甲汽车。第7，8，9旅在远东的哈桑河和日本军队进行了交战。

Virtually at the same time as the armored cars were being supplied to the Red Army, they were also exported to other countries. Foreign sources tell us about the sale of 60 BA-6 armored cars to Turkey.

在装备苏联红军的同时，装甲汽车也被出口到其他国家。国外的资料显示卖了60辆BA-6给土耳其。

However, if the date of the sale is correct, then the vehicles were most likely BA-3's, since the production of the BA-6 did not begin until one year later. This assumption seems valid from an operational point of view as well. It would be easier for the Turks to perform service on the American Ford Timken chassis rather than on the Soviet GAZ-AAA. However, this is my guessing only...

但是，如果销售日期确定无误的话，那么当时出口的车辆只能时BA3，因为BA-6直到1年后才开始生产。这个假定看来从现场的报告中也得到了证实。土耳其人更加适应以美国福特汽车为底盘的装甲车，而不是苏联人的GAZ-AAA。但是这仅仅是推测......

Starting in December 1936 and lasting up until the withdrawal of Soviet military assistance in 1938 Spain took delivery of 7 BA-I's and 80 BA-6's. One of the first units of the Republican army that received the machines was the 1st Armored Brigade under the command of D.G.Pavlov. This brigade took part in the heavy battles near Madrid in 1937. The crews of the tanks and armored cars were made up of Soviet and Spanish soldiers. During fighting near Madrid, the BA-6's took out several enemy tanks.

从1936年12月起一直到1938年苏联撤离军事援助为止，西班牙一共接受了7辆BA-I和80辆BA-6。共和军首批接受这些装备的是由D.G.Pavlov指挥的第1装甲旅。该旅参与了1937年在马德里附近的激战。乘员由苏联和西班牙军人组成。在马德里附近的战斗中，BA-6有击毁敌方坦克的纪录。

By the summer of 1937, an armored car brigade was formed in the Spanish Republican army. In December 1937 up to 30 BA-6's with Spanish crews participated in an advance on the Teruels prominence - the last major and successful Republican operation. After the end of the Civil War, several BA-6's remained in the Spanish army until the early '50s.

1937年夏，西班牙共和军组建了一个装甲汽车旅。1937年12月由西班牙士兵驾驶的BA-6参与了进攻特鲁埃尔突出部的行动，这也是共和军最后的一次大规模胜利。西班牙内战之后，残存的BA-6一直在西班牙陆军内服役到50年代初。

BA-6's also served in the Mongolian Revolutionary People's Army. The 6th and 8th armored battalions of the Mongolian cavalry divisions equipped with these vehicles took part in an armed conflict at the Khalhin-Gol River during the spring and summer of 1939.

BA-6也同样在蒙古人民革命军中服役。蒙古骑兵师的第6和第8装甲营装备着这些汽车参与了1939年春—夏在哈桑河的军事冲突。

The foreign press cites instances of BA-6 deliveries to Afghanistan and China. It is hard to verify this information with respect to Afghanistan. As to China, such deliveries seem unlikely, because in the information released by the Soviet press concerning the delivery of military equipment and armaments to China between 1936 and 1939, the BA-6 armored cars (or any other armored cars) are not mentioned.

国外资料显示BA-6也曾经出口给阿富汗和中国。但要证实出口给阿富汗的这个消息很困难。对于中国，消息的来源也一样很难求证，因为在1936年到1939年苏联向中国提供军事援助的清单中没有BA-6装甲汽车（或者别的装甲汽车）的纪录。

Thus, 150 BA-I, BA-3, and BA-6 armored cars were exported between 1935 and 1939. Most of the others performed service in the Red Army, primarily on the Far East. Nevertheless, a few BA-3's and BA-6's took part in a Polish campaign (1939), during the Winter War, as well as in the Great Patriotic War (they could be found in the military forces at least as late as the middle of 1942).

不过，在1935到1939年间，一共有150辆BA-I，BA-3和BA-6装甲汽车出口。其余的大部分都在苏联红军服役，主要被部署在远东地区。不过，在1939年的波兰战役中有少量的BA-3和BA-6参与，此外在卫国战争中也能发现它们的身影（至少在1942年中期它们也在军事部队中被发现）。

The Finish army, which captured some of these vehicles in 1939 and 1941, exploited them much longer. As of June 1, 1944, the Finns had possession of one BA-3 (which served until the end of 1944) and 10 BA-6's (which were in operation until the end of 1956.) Currently an example of a BA-3 armored car (#5633) is kept in the tank museum in Kubinka; and a BA-6 (#4382) can be seen on display at the Central Museum of Armed Forces (CMVS) in Moscow.

芬兰军队在苏芬战争和之后的“持续战争”中缴获了一些装甲汽车，并使用若干年。1944年6月1日，芬兰人还拥有一辆BA-3（一直使用到1944年末）和10辆BA-6（一直使用到1956年末）。现在一辆编号#5633的BA-3被陈列在库宾卡的坦克博物馆。编号#4382的BA-6则被安放在莫斯科的中央陆军博物馆内。

In conclusion it should be noted that at the time of creation and even in the first stages of WW2, these armored cars were the most heavily armed in the world. Their British and American counterparts acquired 37-40 mm guns only in 1942. The first adequately armed German armored car became the widely known "Puma" (1944).

需要说明的是在战争之前甚至是战争初期，这些装甲汽车都是世界上同类装备中火力最强的。英国和美国的安装有37-40mm炮的同类装备在1942年才出现，而德国的相关装备也就是人们所熟知的"Puma"（美洲豹），它直到1944年才问世。

Unfortunately, massive armament was perhaps the only and most important merit of the medium Soviet armored cars of the '30s. Battle experience revealed the practical impossibility of their deployment on the front lines due to poor off-road capability.

遗憾地是，大威力的武器可能是30年代苏联中型装甲汽车的唯一个重要的优势。实战表明，它们越野能力较差，因此并不适合部署在前线。

The list of major shortcomings included weak armor and a lack of a driving controls post in the rear. The most advanced representative of the large series of Soviet gunned armored cars - the BA-10, also exhibited these shortcomings. Incidentally, all foreign armored cars of those years built on the chassis of commercial vehicles suffered from the same "illnesses." With the arrival of all-wheel drive wheeled armored cars they became completely obsolete.

还有其他的缺点包括：薄弱的装甲和后部缺乏驱动控制？。就算是苏联最具有代表性的BA-10装甲汽车上同样有着这些缺陷。顺带说下，在那个年代所有这些在普通的汽车底盘上改装的装甲汽车都有这样的缺陷。所以当全驱动的装甲汽车服役的时候它们很快就被完全抛弃了。

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