[烛光生存狂]-【翻译，有赏】生存狂（survivalist）发展简史

大家尝试下。如果感觉不方便的话可以在“回复”的时候把主贴内容（回复帖子页面下面就是本主题的所有主贴和回帖）粘贴到回复帖输入的文本框对照一段段翻译。翻译好的，站长有赏！谢谢大家。

History

The roots of the modern Survivalist movement in the United States and Britain can be traced to several sources, including government policies, threats of nuclear warfare, religious beliefs, writers warning of social or economic collapse, apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction and climate change.

A Duck & Cover movie poster

A copy of Survival Under Atomic Attack, a Civil Defense publication

The Cold War era government Civil Defense programs promoted public atomic bomb shelters, personal fallout shelters, and training for children, such as the Duck and Cover films. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has long directed its members to store a year's worth of food for themselves and their families in preparation for such possibilities.[1] Also, the Scout movement lives by the motto: Be Prepared!

The Great Depression that is associated with the stock market crash on October 29, 1929 is often cited by survivalists as an example of the need to be prepared.

1960s

With the increasing inflation of the 1960s and the impending US monetary devaluation (predicted by Harry Browne in his 1970 book How You Can Profit from the Coming Devaluation), as well as the continuing concern with a possible nuclear exchange between the US and the Soviet Union, and the increasing vulnerability of urban centers to supply shortages and other systems failures, a number of primarily conservative and libertarian thinkers began suggesting that individual preparations would be wise. Browne began offering seminars on how to survive a monetary collapse in 1967, with Don Stephens, an architect, providing input on how to build and equip a remote Survival retreat. He provided a copy of his original Retreater's Bibliography for each seminar participant.

Articles on the subject appeared in such small-distribution libertarian publications as The Innovator and Atlantis Quarterly. It was also from this period that Robert D. Kephart began publishing Inflation Survival Letter [2](later renamed Personal Finance). The newsletter included a continuing section on personal preparedness by Stephens for several years. It promoted expensive seminars around the US on the same cautionary topics. Stephens participated, along with James McKeever and other defensive investing, "hard money" advocates.

1970s

In the next decade Howard Ruff also warned about socio-economic collapse in his 1974 book Famine and Survival in America. Ruff's book was published during a period of rampant inflation in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis. Most of the elements of survivalism can be found there, including advice on storage of food. The book also championed the claim that precious metals, such as gold (such as South African Krugerrands) and silver, have an intrinsic worth that makes them more usable in the event of a socioeconomic collapse than fiat currency. Ruff later published milder variations on the same themes, such as How to Prosper During the Coming Bad Years, a best-seller in 1979.

Newsletters and books on the topic of survival followed the publication of Ruff's first book. In 1975, Kurt Saxon began publishing a tabloid-size newsletter called The Survivor, which combined Saxon's editorials with reprints of 19th century and early 20th century writings on various pioneer skills and old technologies. Kurt Saxon used the term "survivalist" to describe the movement, and he claims to have coined the term.[3]

In the previous decade, preparedness consultant, survival bookseller and author Don Stephens from California, had popularized the term "retreater" to describe those in the movement, referring to preparations to leave the cities for a remote place of haven or survival retreat when/if society breaks down. In 1976, before moving to the Inland Northwest, he and his wife authored and published The Survivor's Primer & Up-dated Retreater's Bibliography.

For a time in the 1970s, the terms "survivalist" and "retreater" were used interchangeably. While the term "retreater" eventually "fell below the public radar", many who subscribed to it saw "retreating" as the more rational, conflict-avoidance, remote "invisibility" approach. "Survivalism", on the other hand, tended to take on a more media-sensationalized, combative, "shoot-it-out-with-the-looters" image.[4]

One of the most important newsletters on survivalism and survivalist retreats in the 1970s was the Personal Survival ("P.S.") Letter (circa 1977-1982) published by Mel Tappan, who also authored the books Survival Guns and Tappan on Survival. The newsletter included columns from Tappan himself as well from Jeff Cooper, Al J. Venter, Bill Pier, Bruce D. Clayton, Rick Fines, Nancy Mack Tappan, J.B. Wood, Dr. Carl Kirsch, Charles Avery, Karl Hess, Eugene A. Barron, Janet Groene, Dean Ing, Bob Taylor, Reginald Bretnor, C.G. Cobb, and several other writers, some under pen names. The majority of this newsletter revolved around selecting, constructing and logistically equipping survival retreats.[5] Following Tappan's death in 1980, Karl Hess took over publishing the newsletter, eventually renaming it Survival Tomorrow.

In 1980, John Pugsley published the book The Alpha Strategy. It was on the New York Times bestseller list for nine weeks in 1981.[6][7] Even after 28 years in circulation, The Alpha Strategy is considered a standard reference on stocking up on food and household supplies as a hedge against inflation and future shortages. This has made the book popular with survivalists.[8][9]

In addition to hard copy newsletters, in the 1970s survivalists got their first online presence with BBS[10] and Usenet forums dedicated to survivalism and survival retreats.

1980s

Interest in the first wave of the survivalist movement peaked in the early 1980s, on the momentum of Ruff's How to Prosper During the Coming Bad Years and the publication in 1980 of the book Life After Doomsday by Bruce D. Clayton. Clayton's book, coinciding with a renewed arms race between the United States and Soviet Union, marked a shift in emphasis in preparations made by survivalists away from economic collapse, famine, and energy shortages which were concerns in the 1970s to nuclear war. Also in the early 1980s, science fiction writer Jerry Pournelle was an editor and columnist for Survive, a survivalist magazine, and he was considered influential in the survivalist movement.[11] Ragnar Benson's 1982 book Live Off The Land In The City And Country suggested rural survival retreats as both a preparedness measure and as a conscious change of lifestyle.

1990s

Interest in the movement peaked again in 1999 in its second wave, triggered by fears of the Y2K computer bug. Before extensive efforts were made to rewrite computer programming code to mitigate the effects, some writers such as Gary North, Ed Yourdon, and Ed Yardeni anticipated widespread power outages, food and gasoline shortages, and other emergencies to occur. North and others raised the alarm because they perceived that Y2K code fixes were not being made quickly enough. While a range of authors responded to this wave of concern, two of the most survival-focused offerings were Boston on Y2K (1998) by Boston T. Party, and The Hippy Survival Guide to Y2K by Mike Oehler. The latter is an underground living advocate, who also authored The $50 and Up Underground House Book which has long been popular in survivalist circles.

2000-present

The third and most recent wave of the Survivalist movement began after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York in 2001 and similar attacks in Bali, Spain, and London. This resurgence of interest in survivalism appears to be as strong as the first wave in the 1970s. The fear of war, combined with an increase in awareness of environmental disasters and global climate change, energy shortages, economic uncertainty, coupled with the vulnerability of humanity after the 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean and Hurricane Katrina on the U.S. Gulf Coast and avian influenza has once again made survivalism popular.[12] Preparedness is once more paramount in the concerns of many people, who now seek to stockpile or cache supplies, gain useful skills, develop contacts with others of similar outlooks and gather as much advice and information as possible.

Many books have been published in the past few years offering survival advice for various potential disasters, ranging from an energy shortage and crash to nuclear or biological terrorism. In addition to reading the 1970s-era books on survivalism, blogs (such as SurvivalBlog) and Internet forums are popular ways of disseminating survivalism information. Online survival websites and blogs discuss survival vehicles, survival retreats and emerging threats, and list survivalist groups.[13]

Economic troubles emerging from the credit collapse triggered by the 2007 US subprime mortgage lending fiasco and global grain shortages[14][15][16][17] have prompted a wider cross-section of the populace to get prepared.[18][19]James Wesley Rawles, the editor of SurvivalBlog and author of the survivalist novel Patriots: A Novel of Survival in the Coming Collapse was quoted by the New York Times in April 2008 that "interest in the survivalist movement 'is experiencing its largest growth since the late 1970s'”.

尽量尝试一下

History

生存狂的来源

现代生存运动在美国和英国可以追溯到几个来源，包括政府的政策，核战争的威胁，宗教信仰，作家预警社会或经济崩溃，世界末日和后世界末日小说和气候变化。

下面是1本书：怎样在原子攻击下生存，民防出版社出版

冷战时代政府民防计划促进公共了防核掩体（防空洞），个人收容所（小型防空洞），并且开始培训儿童，如“掩护、卧倒”的短片（就是第一幅图的那个缩到壳里的乌龟）。为了预防这种可能性，耶稣基督末世圣徒教会长期以来针对其成员有计划的在商店购买了一年的粮食。此外，童子军生存运动的座右铭：准备！

可参考论坛里的一篇转贴的末世小说《推销员之死》。

The Great Depression that is associated with the stock market crash on October 29, 1929 is often cited by survivalists as an example of the need to be prepared.

“29年10月29日的经济大萧条”与“股市崩盘”经常被生存者作为一个例子，以说明应付生存而有所准备的重要性。

1960s

20世纪60年代

日益增加的通货膨胀和1960即将到来的美国货币贬值（哈利布朗预测1970年在他的书您可以知道如何受益于即将贬值），美国和苏联之间的核交流，日益增加并且脆弱的城市中心，以供应短缺和其他系统的问题，一些保守和自由的思想家开始表明，个人有所准备是明智，应该立即开展。布朗开始提供研讨会，探讨如何在货币崩溃中生存， 1967年，他与唐斯蒂芬斯，一名建筑师，提供投入就如何建立和装备一个偏远的生存开始研究。他提供了一份他原来Retreater的书目的讲习会的每个学员。

关于这个问题文章中出现关于这个问题的小分配自由出版物作为创新者和亚特兰蒂斯季刊。也有人从这一时期，罗伯特D Kephart“通货膨胀中生存”开始出版（后改称个人理财）。后续部分斯蒂芬斯个人准备好几年。它促进了有价值的的研讨会。斯蒂芬斯参加，“硬钱”的倡导者开始随着詹姆斯McKeever和其他人开始防御性投资。

1970s

20世纪70年代

在未来十年内霍华德拉夫还警告说社会经济即将崩溃，他1974年出版了一本《饥荒和生存在美国》。拉夫的书出版期间，，随着1973年的石油危机，通货膨胀失控。其书中大部分内容可以找到生存，其中包括选择，贮存食物。该书还声称倡导收集有内在价值的贵金属，如黄金（如南非Krugerrands ）和银牌等，他们更可用在发生社会经济崩溃后。拉夫开始发表同样的主题，例如《如何繁荣在即将到来的坏来》，本书在1979年成为畅销书。

拉夫出版的第一本书籍的题目是《生存其次》。 1975年，库尔特撒克逊开始出版一份小报大小的通讯幸存者，其中合并撒克逊的社论与重印19世纪和20世纪初的各种著作先驱技能和旧技术。库尔特撒克逊使用“生存”来形容运动，他声称，他们已经发明了一个新的运动。

在过去的十年里，来自加利福尼亚州的备灾顾问，生存书的作者斯蒂芬，用“ retreater ”来推广和描述那些运动，他指的是准备离开城市一个偏远的地方生存或如果社会崩溃怎样后退后，再转到西北内陆。 1976年，他和他的妻子撰写和出版了幸存者的引物和最新Retreater的书目。

在上世纪70年代有一段时间中， “生存”和“ retreater ”开始广泛使用。虽然“一词retreater ”一词最终“不和谐” ，大多数人同意把它诠释为“生存”更合理，更能避免冲突，另一方面，因为有一些人倾向于耸人听闻的媒体，称他们是“把枪带出来打劫”。

其中最重要的通讯生存和生存务虚会是在20世纪70年代梅尔塔潘出版的个人求生的信（大约1977-1982年），撰写了书籍《生存枪》和《塔潘生存》。生存者通讯包括列塔潘本人以及由杰夫库珀，铝学者文特尔，比尔码头，布鲁斯D克莱顿，里克罚款，南希麦克塔潘，巴顿木材，博士卡尔基尔希查尔斯约翰逊，卡尔赫斯，尤金答：巴隆，珍妮特Groene ，院长英，鲍勃泰勒纳德迪马Bretnor ，协商小组柯布，和其他一些作家。大多数热同意经过选拔，建立后勤装备生存务虚会。塔潘在1980年死亡后，由卡尔赫斯接管，最终把它重新命名为《在明天生存》。

1980年，阿尔法翰Pugsley出版的这本《阿尔法策略》。于1981年蝉联纽约时报畅销书名单9个星期。即使在28年的今天，阿尔法策略仍然被认为是一个参考标准，把囤积食品和家庭用品作为对抗通货膨胀和未来短缺的手段。这使得这本书深受生存者青睐。

In addition to hard copy newsletters, in the 1970s survivalists got their first online presence with BBS[10] and Usenet forums dedicated to survivalism and survival retreats.

除了硬拷贝通讯，在20世纪70年代致力于生存和生存务虚会的生存者们拥有了他们的第一个在线论坛和新闻论坛。

1980s

20世纪80年代

第一波的生存运动达到高峰， 80年代初，生存运动非常繁荣，在此之后几年，布鲁斯D克莱顿于1980年出版了这本《生活在世界末日》。克莱顿的书，正好与一个新的军备竞赛美国与苏联吻合，标志着生存者在筹备工作中所作的重点由远离经济崩溃，转移到饥荒和能源短缺以及担忧20世纪70年代到核战争上。另外，在20世纪80年代初，科幻小说作家杰里Pournelle是一个生存杂志的编辑和专栏作家，他被认为是有影响力的生存运动倡导者。1982年，拉格纳班森图书指出：一个靠土地生存的城市和国家离不开农村的生存防备措施，并倡导将其作为一个有意识的改变生活方式的措施。

1990s

20世纪90年代

由于担心电脑千年虫的错误生存运动在1999年再次掀起高峰。由于科学家们的广泛努力，作出了计算机编程代码重写来减轻灾害带来的影响，一些作家，如加里北，埃德Yourdon ，和埃德亚德尼普遍预言将来会停电，食品和汽油短缺，和发生其他紧急情况。朝鲜则提出警告，因为他们认为这符合2000年的代码修正措施不够快，两个最生存为重点的产品还有：波士顿凯尔特人队在2000年（ 1998年），波士顿吨党和嬉皮士生存指南，以2000年由Mike Oehler写的波士顿吨党和嬉皮士生存指南，。后者是一个主张地下生活的狂人，他的地下之家的书，一直流行在生存圈。

2000-present

2000年至今

最近一波的生存运动开始在2001年，纽约对世界贸易中和类似袭击在巴厘岛，西班牙和英国的恐怖袭击事件发生后，在1970年代第一次浪潮后，生存运动是那样强劲。人们对战争的恐惧，再加上认识到环境灾害和全球气候变化，能源短缺，经济前景不明朗，加上人类的脆弱性后， 2004年印度洋海啸和飓风卡特里娜对美国墨西哥湾沿岸和禽流感再次证明生存者受欢迎的程度和重要性。

在过去几年中生存提供咨询意见的许多书籍已经出版了，各种潜在的灾难，从能源短缺和核事故到生物恐怖主义。除了读20世纪70年代时期的生存书籍，博客（如SurvivalBlog ）和互联网论坛成为传播生存资料更迅捷的方法。网络生存网站和博客讨论衍生出一群生存群体。 [ 13 ]

经济问题产生的信用崩溃所引发的2007年美国次优抵押贷款惨败和全球粮食短缺问题[ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] ，促使更多的民众做好生存准备。 [ 18 ] [ 19 ]詹姆斯韦斯利Rawles ， SurvivalBlog的编辑和作者的生存小说爱国者：一种新型的生存即将到来，援引纽约时报在2008年4月说：自20世纪70年代末以来 “有兴趣的生存运动'正在经历其最大的增长！“

新用户注册返回首页
首页上一页下一页尾页页次1/1 转到第页