[烛光生存狂]-战前苏联装甲力量编制变迁简介

History of Soviet Mechanized Forces:

Doctrine and Forces Up to 1939

The Soviet Army was one of the first in the world to experiment with large tank forces, the first (and nearly the only) army to have a coherent strategic doctrine for using large tank forces, and had the largest tank park in the world when most other armies, including the German, were just starting to acquire tanks. Despite this promising beginning, by 1941 the Red Army's tank forces were so unorganized, untrained, poorly maintained, and spottily equipped that 90% of the largest tank force in the world was massacred in less than 6 weeks.

苏联陆军在世界上最早试验大规模坦克部队，是第一个拥有关于使用大规模坦克部队战略理论的陆军，并拥有世界上最多的坦克，而当时其他国家的陆军，包括德国在内，才刚刚开始拥有坦克（应该是指战后研制装备的坦克---译者注）。

The story of the Red Armor really starts before there were more than a handful of tanks anywhere in Russia. Unlike the rest of Europe, Russia's military doctrine was not based on her experiences in World War One, but more on the peculiar experience of the Russian Civil War. While military thinking in France, Britain, and Germany tended to be dominated by the WWI problem of breaking through an enemy line - the classic problem of the trenches and basically a tactical or operational question - the Soviets focused on how to strike deep enough to destroy the entire enemy force - the strategic question of how to end the war.

Soviet military thinkers like Frunze, Svechin, Triandafilov, and Issarson,hammered out a doctrine which, in its simplest form, went like this:

1. Break through the enemy line, by massing enough artillery and infantry to overwhelm the defense at a decisive point

2. Widen the gap with engineers so that mobile forces can use it.

3. Send in horse cavalry and mechanized forces to strike deep into the enemy rear; ideally all the way to his capital to end the war.

1.在有决定意义的点集中起足够的炮兵和步兵压倒敌防御，突破敌防线

2.利用工兵扩大突破口以方便机动部队

3.派出骑兵和机械化兵深入敌后，最理想的就是一路杀到敌人老家结束战争

Like other armies, the Red Army had a number of tasks for armor to perform.Unlike other armies, the Russians could build enough tanks so that they could try all the various ways of using tanks - almost every type of unit in the Red Army could have its own armor,tailored to its needs. Some of the requirements were the same as those in,for example, the British and French armies: tanks to support infantry and cavalry. Others were peculiar to the Soviets: tanks to support paratroops and amphibious operations.

The first large Soviet mechanized force was formed in Moscow Military District in 1930, the 1st Mechanized Brigade with:

Tank Regiment with 60 MS-1 tanks

Motorized Infantry Regiment - 3 bns

Artillery Battalion (12 guns towed by tractors)

Reconnaissance Battalion with 32 T-27 tankettes, 17 armored cars

In 1931, the Mechanized Brigade was reorganized by "tasks", and started to take on the characteristics of the traditional cavalry: scouting and mobile assault groups. Specifically, the brigade had:

Reconnaissance Group (Regiment):

2 battalions of tankettes (T-27s)

l battalion of armored cars

1 motorized machine-gun battalion

1 artillery battalion

Assault Group (Regiment):

2 tank battalions

2 self-propelled artillery battalions (SU-12P: 76mm howitzers on trucks)

1 Motorized Rifle Battalion

Artillery Group:

3 battalions of 76mm cannon and 122mm howitzers

Antiaircraft Battalion

Total: 4,700 men

119 tanks

100 tankettes

15 armored cars

63 truck-mounted AA machine guns

12 76mm antiaircraft guns

32 76mm howitzers and cannon (including SUs)

16 122mm howitzers

32 37mm antiaircraft guns

270 trucks

100 tractors

As a result of the experiments with the first mechanized units, on 9 March 1932 a special commission made the following recommendations regarding armor in the Red Army:

a. Form Mechanized Corps for independant operations.

b. Form separate tank brigades for the RGK (High Command Reserves).

c. Form mechanized regiments to support the cavalry divisions and corps.

d. Form separate tank battalions for the rifle divisions.

Basically, everyone in the Red Army was going to have tanks in direct support, and in addition the Soviet commanders would have large armored forces for separate operations deep in the enemy area. On 11 March orders were issued to form the first two mechanized corps in the Soviet Army, one each in the Leningrad and Ukrainian Military Districts, based on existing rifle divisions.

These first two mechanized corps were, in fact, the first division-sized armored formations in the world - anticipating the first panzer divisions in Germany by three years. The organization of these pioneer formations was as follows :

11th Mechanized Corps: - formed in Leningrad Military District from 11th Rifle Division with:

31st Mechanized Brigade

3 tank battalions with T-26 tanks

rifle-machinegun battalion

artillery battalion

sapper battalion

AAMG company

32nd Mechanized Brigade

same as above except had BT tanks in tank battalions

33rd (Motorized) Rifle Brigade

11th Reconnaissance Battalion

11th Sapper Battalion

Flamethrower Battalion

Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion

Traffic Direction Company

Aviation Group (reconnaissance and liaison)

45th "Volvnsk" Mechanized Corps: - formed in Ukrainian Military District from 45th Rifle Division with:

133rd Mechanized Brigade

organization as for 31st Mech Bde with T-26 tanks

134th Mechanized Brigade

organization as for 31st Mech Bde with BT tanks

135th (Motorized) Rifle Brigade

45th Reconnaissance Battalion

45th Sapper Battalion

Flamethrower Battalion

Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion

Traffic Direction Company

Aviation Group

Each Corps had a total of 430 tanks and tankettes and 215 armored cars.

The Corps' intended purpose is clear from the organization: these formations had an enormous (for the time) contingent of sapper and engineers to clear the roads and bridges in enemy territory, a large antiaircraft force to protect it while moving, and its own air force to provide reconnaissance and communication.They were the world's first large armnored formations designed specifically to operate independently of any other infantry or cavalry formations.

At the same time these corps were established for strategic deep strikes,the Red Army also laid the foundation for operational and direct support armored forces. Between 1931 and 1933 they formed 5 Independant Mechanized Brigades as follows:

2nd Mechanized Brigade - in Ukrainian Military District

3rd, 4th, 5th Mechanized Brigades - in Belorussian Military District

6th Mechanized Brigade - in Separate Red Banner Far Eastern Army

Since the Belorussian and Ukrainian Military Districts were expected to form Front (Western: Army Group) HQ in time of war, and the Far Eastern Army would shortly become the Far Eastern Front, these formations were obviously intended to provide the Front commanders with their own deep strike mechanized forces.

由于预期白俄罗斯军区和乌克兰军区在战时将改组为方面军（西方的集团军群）司令部，而远东集团军将很快变成远东方面军，所以这些编制很显然是设想来让方面军司令员们用自己的机械化军实施深远打击。

The rest of the army also got their own tanks. By 1 January 1934, in addition to the 2 mechanized corps and 6 independant mechanized brigades (including the 1st in Moscow), the cavalry divisions had 14 mechanized regiments and 5 mechanized battalions assigned to them, and the rifle (infantry) forces had formed 23 tankette battalions and 37 separate tank companies for the rifle divisions. There were another 6 separate tank regiments to add weight to infantry assaults as required. Overall, the mechanized forces formed 9.1% of the total

新用户注册返回首页
首页上一页下一页尾页页次1/1 转到第页