[烛光生存狂]-【卫国战争飞行员回忆】亚历山大鲍里索维奇克拉斯诺夫

Alexandr Borisovich Krasnov: I was born in 1922, in Kiev.

亚历山大鲍里索维奇克拉斯诺夫Краснов Александр Борисович

于1922年生于基辅

— Who were your parents, what was their position in society?

—能介绍一下您的父母么，他们都是什么人？

When I was born, they were “no one”. Father became a high-positioned Party official. He was arrested and held in custody while

investigation was underway. Even though he was not found guilty and set free, he got angry at Party, refused to work as an official, and became a teacher at the university… He had a long life. Mom was a head of city healthcare service. What for am I telling you all this…

I left school prematurely, from 9th grade I went to the military school, because I was afraid to come too late there. In 1945, after the war I

passed all exams for the course of school.

我出生的时候，他们都处在“无名小卒”的状态。我父亲是党的高级干部。当时他被停职，正在接受审查。尽管最终他被证明无罪释放，但我父亲从此对党组织十分不满，拒绝继续从政，而是成了一名大学老师。他后来活了很久。我母亲是基辅市卫生保健部门的领导。这就是我的父母。

我在九年级毕业之后就提前离开了学校，进入军校学习，因为我当时怕自己可能会延迟毕业。1945年战争结束以后我通过了学校的全部考试课程拿到了毕业证。

— How did you end up in military school?

I was in 9th grade, studying in aero club at the same time. I wanted to get to the sky, abandoned school and in 1940 I applied to Chuguev

High Pilot School. This school prepared Lieutenants. But in December an order No 0253 was issued, and I still remember it. You must know it:

Timoshenko made flying schools out of Pilots High Schools. In High Schools cadets trained for three-four years, while in flight school I trained

for only eight month…

—您是怎么从军校毕业的呢？

我九年级的时候就已经在航空俱乐部学习了。我的梦想是在蓝天翱翔，因此我在1940年离开了学校，进入楚胡耶夫高级飞行学校学习。那所学校本来是培养飞行员的，学员毕业以后会被授予军官军衔。但当年十二月发布了一条0253号命令，我至今仍能记得其内容。你们肯定也知道：铁木辛哥命令将飞行学校从高级飞行学校中分离出来。在高级飞行学校需要训练三到四年时间，而当时我在飞行学校只学习了八个月。

— What about mandatory commission? Your father was in prison…

—那肃反委员会呢？你父亲当时还在监狱里吧

By this time he was already released and fully rehabilitated. But a bit earlier I was expelled out of aero club because of him. He was thought

of as people enemy, how could I become a pilot? As long as dad was under investigation, I and my mom were suffering. I worked as a turner

student at the plant, and we lived very hard. Dad was in prison for almost a year, proving his innocence. If he wouldn’t prove it, I would have no

father… He made it… I keep his documents till now.

当时他已经被释放了，而且完全恢复了名誉。但在此前不久我因为他的缘故被航空俱乐部除名了。他已经被认定是人民的敌人了，那我做为他的儿子怎么可能成为一名飞行员呢？在我父亲受审查期间我和我母亲一直承受着巨大的痛苦。我当时在工厂里当学徒工，我们俩的生活很艰难。我父亲在监狱里呆了将近一年的时间才证明自己的清白。但如果最终他被判有罪，那我就可能失去自己的父亲…幸运的是他最终还是被释放了。我直到今天还保存着他的证明材料。

— At which planes you trained?

I’m a fighter. Best fighters then were I-16s. I trained in it, first in dual-control UTI-4, and then graduated on I-16.

—你用什么型号的飞机训练呢？

我是个战斗机飞行员，最好的战斗机飞行员当时都驾驶伊-16，我就用那种飞机训练，一开始用的是双座型的乌特-4，后来就在伊-16上了。

— Did you fly out in UTI-4 straight away? You should have had trained in U-2 at first?

—您一开始就用乌特-4飞行么？不是应该从乌-2上开始训练么？

I flew U-2 in aero club. But I can’t really remember them; I flew too briefly in them. Then UTI-4. When I flew out in I-16 myself, war

broke out. Well, Chuguev is pretty far from borderline, but Germans were moving very fast, so an order came to school, to pick out best cadets and present them to state commission for state exams. We all were eager to get to the front, you understand… Thanks’ God I was flying pretty well, so I passed state exams and was accepted to this group. We graduated as sergeants. Sergeant had two triangles. As I was good at flying I received a senior sergeant — one more triangle. I had them until 1943, while around me were lieutenants…

我在航空俱乐部飞的就是乌-2。但我记不太清楚了。我在乌-2上训练的时间太短了。然后就是乌特-4。等我可以开始用伊-16放单飞的时候，战争就爆发了。楚胡耶夫离国境线相当远，但德国人的推进速度实在太快了。因为上级给学校下达了命令，要求挑选出最优秀的学生并送至国家考试委员会以备使用。我们当时都非常渴望奔赴前线，你明白那种情绪吧……谢天谢地我当时飞行水平很好，因此我通过了考试委员会的考核。当时毕业生的军衔是中士，中士的军衔符号是两个三角形。但是因为我的水平比较高，因为军衔是上士—多一个三角形。到1943年时我才被晋升为少尉。

After me, there were two sets of pilots graduated as sergeants. Then they were graduated as Lieutenants again.

I was not lucky, because I stuck in ZAPs.

At first I was sent to ZAP in Kuybyshev at Kryazh airfield, where I was supposed to be trained to fly LaGG-3. But there were no planes,

we had only theoretical education, so pilots, and sergeants as I was, spent there several month. I asked to be transferred to old I-16s. I was sent to another ZAP to the North. But by that time there were American Tomahawks instead of I-16s. I began training to fly Tomahawks. It was very bad, heavy plane. I barely escaped from there to 20th ZAP to Novosibirsk, where I finally met Yaks and mastered it. Only then I made it to war.

在我之后的两届学生毕业的时候都是士官。而在他们之后，毕业生的军衔又变回了尉官。

我不是很走运，因为我被分配到了预备队航空兵团。

最开始我被分到了驻扎在古比雪夫附近的卡亚日机场的飞行团，在那里我接受了驾驶拉格-3飞机的训练。但是那里没有飞机，我们只能进行理论学习。因为飞行员和我们这些菜鸟们在那里等了好几个月。上级命令我转飞老式的伊-16。后来我又被调到了北部的另外一个预备队航空兵团。但是当时那个团开始用美国援助的P40“战斧”来取代伊-16。所以我又开始改装怕P40的训练。那是一种性能很差，很沉的飞机。因此后来我又从那个团跑到了在新西伯利亚的第20预备队航空兵团，最终在那里我开始飞行雅克战斗机，并最终熟练掌握。从那时候开始我才算真正的投入战争。

— At which Yak types you flew?

Yak-1 in ZAP. Later I flew Yak-7 and Yak-9. With an index “R” — reconnaissance, Yak-9r. Main part of the war I spent in

reconnaissance air regiment, which had an ARPGKKA abbreviation — Aviation Reconnaissance regiment of supreme command of Red Army.

There were only three such regiments in whole Soviet Union. I was a fighter-reconnaissance pilot. But I was sent to 519th regiment first.

—您飞的是哪个型号的雅克？

在预备队飞行团飞的是雅克-1，后来又飞过雅克-7和雅克-9。雅克-9R型，字母“R”代表侦察型的意思。我在战争中所经历的岁月主要都是在侦查航空飞行团里度过的，最高统帅部直属侦查航空团的字母缩写是ARPGKKA。在整个苏联红军中只有三个侦查航空兵团。我当时是个战斗/侦察机飞行员。但我最开始被调到了519团。

— How did you get there? You were picked out by “Merchants”? Or you were sent there from ZAP?

A group of 10 or 12 pilots was sent to the front after finishing training course. Near Kursk, to 16th Air Army. We were directed to

different divisions and regiments. I was alone sent to 519th regiment. It was in May or June 1943.

—你是怎么去的那呢？被战斗部队的接兵干部挑走的？还是说直接被调过去的？

有一批大约是10-12名飞行员在训练结束以后被派往前线。在库尔斯克附近的空军第16集团军。我们被分配到了不同的师和团。我被派到了第519团，那是1943年五六月的事情。

— How you were accepted in the regiment?

With neglect: "Neither can fly, nor shoot".

—你在那个团的待遇如何？

被忽略了“即飞不起来，也打不了仗。”

— Such attitude was common only in this regiment, or everywhere?

Everywhere. We were called "yellow mouths": we had no combat practice in ZAPs, two-three flights to the “zone” for aerobatics, one-

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