[烛光生存狂]-【卫国战争老兵回忆】德米特里·A·克鲁茨基

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【人类幸存者】

特别提示：本帖子在 2010-3-4 13:05:42 由用户 412886049 编辑过

I was born on November 7, 1920 in a peasant family, which lived in Voronezh area, now called Lipetsk area. My father, originally an NCO in the Tsar's Army, was commander of mounted reconnaissance unit of the 14th Infantry Division of the 1st Cavalry Army during the Civil War. However, his being an NCO in the Tsar's Army still had a great effect on his life and my life as well. In 1931 I completed the 4th grade of elementary school. In May of the same year my father was arrested and convicted of, as they said those days, "ahvitser" tendencies. Two years later he was released. I stayed in an orphanage until 1934. 1934 saw a major expansion of schools and I was sent to the 10 year factory worker school.

One year later I entered in the newly opened Communistic Political Education College, which was just across the street from our 10 year school. They were training us to be commissars, political workers. There I became Komsomol (Communistic Lenin's Youth Union) union candidate - people coming from peasant families could not straight away get into the Union, they had one year of probation period.

1937 was the year when a slogan "Country needs 300'000 pilots!" was cast.

Local Komsomol committee decided to send several students, including me, to Leningrad Lenin's Komsomol Pilot school They did not accept me there. I tried to enter another school, but they did not accept me anywhere. Everywhere they would answer: "enrollment for this year is completed." As I can understand now, there was some small stamp on my papers, to which I did not pay attention those days. This was a stamp which mentioned my family background. The situation was desperate: I did not have money, I slept on Mars Field and in the Summer Garden in a small warehouse that I accidentally found. All of a sudden, a Colonel in one of Leningrad's military schools, proposed me coming to MIkhailovski Castle one day later. So I came. I was received by Colonel Zlatogorski, and after an interview I was enrolled in Zhdanov Military Engineer School. Level of teaching was very good. In the school I became candidate for membership in the Communist Party and was appointed acting platoon leader.

I should say that period from 1937 to 1939 was a period of persecution of the officer corps an outrageous extermination of officers was taking place. The whole academy did not have a single officer! We, men with very little experience, almost ignorant, were appointed commanders! So, I graduated from the school. We had our last, solemn ceremonial session and in the morning we had a working meeting. So we came. I was sitting in the second row. Military Technician 2nd Rank came out and started to talk about new weapons. There were two large canvas shelters on the table in front of him. He was talking about airplanes, tanks and something else that we had in the Red Army. In the end he said: "And also we have this..." and he pulled out an SVT rifle. He said the rifle was like this and like that. Turned it around and put it back in the shelter. Then he got a PPD submachine gun out of the second shelter. He showed it to us, talked about it and put it back inside. That was the end of our introduction to new weapons.

We were promoted to Lieutenants, and I was sent to the office of engineer platoon leader to Rybachi peninsula. We, Communist Party candidates, were just 8 out of 200 graduates, and they promised to us to send us all to the Far East. It was very fashionable and cool those days! Khasan and Khalhin-Gol battles had just taken place! But those seven guys went without me. I was very upset then. That time I did not understand that it was because of my father's arrest. However, due to efforts of my battalion commander, who introduced me to Head of the school Vorobiev, they changed my destination and I went to Kandalaksha. It was a town, at least. I arrived in Kandalaksha on September 9, 1939 and was immediately appointed platoon leader in the 16th Independent engineer Battalion of the 54th Rifle Division. The situation in the area was already quite tense. Of course, I did not understand it those days, but people were talking about war those days. Military training commenced. I was a ski "star" - I could ski very well.

On November 5 we turned in all our belongings at a warehouse and with official reason of going to a field training we sent south on a train. Instead of field training we arrived at Kochkana station, which is near Belomorsk. We marched on skies towards the border at Reboly. We skied some 40 kilometers. During the march we trained deployment, patrols and reconnaissance. Then trucks came and we went to Reboly. We were waiting for the war's start there. We were introduced to the Border guards. They gave us lectures, we had conversations, they would tell us about the terrain and other specifics of the theater of operations. We did not know either Finnish weapons, or Finnish mines, we had never seen a Finnish uniform before. In my understanding, as well as in understanding of many others, was a huge wooden fence up to the sky. Old hands in my platoon taught me a lot: these were Andrey Khluschin, Pavel Rachev, Melnikov, Remshu, Mikkonen. They were around 40-45 years old. They would call me sonny. Some two days before the offensive an order came to form a ski task force for patrol and reconnaissance. I picked up 42 men for the mission, who could ski. These were mostly Karels, Finns, Veps and Siberian hunters. I was appointed the commander o this small unit and fought entire Finnish war in this position.

So, when in reality at 6:00 on November 30 we arrived at the border in vicinity of Border sign No. 66, I asked the Border guards, who took us to Hiliki 1 (a village): Where is the fence? - There is no fence - just a path, this is it...It was easy to capture the first Hiliki village. We moved forward. We captured the second Hiliki village. When we were capturing the third Hiliki village, we surrounded Finnish forces and blew them to pieces! In that battle I was kneeling at a tree and shooting, when a fragmentation bullet hit my budyonnovka hat. The bullet pulled me so strongly, that I fell down. I was lying there and thinking: "How can it be? I am lying here and my men can see it?!" Those days it was considered that a commander should only be in front of his troops, shouting: "Forward! Hurrah!" and so on. We were advancing further with battles, and I would say that we could go to Kuhmoniemi (Kuhmo), but we received an order to assume defense. This is how we were encircled. The division was in two cauldrons: the 337th Rifle Regiment and our 16th Independent Engineer Battalion was the first cauldron. The second ring was the two rifle regiment, artillery regiment, tank battalion, scout battalion and the division's HQ were in 9 kilometers from us. The 5th Border guard Regiment covered the gap between our two strongpoints.

However, during the battles, one of these strongpoints was destroyed by the Finns. We advanced to the front line. We had to build defenses so that it would not be exposed to at least their machine gun fire. I was a young Lieutenant and did not understand this, but my battalion commander Kurkin was very experienced. As he said: "heavy MG firing from there and from there, I don't want them to be able to do that." We deployed our companies and made spaces between them larger. We dug three rows of trenches. We covered them with tree trunks in three rows. We also made dugouts and covered them with three layers of logs. We planted mines and built barbed wire fences. We had two 4MG antiaircraft trucks. Finns did not have air force - during the whole war we only saw their planes three times above us. Those 4MG trucks were set in the trenches at the open spots. They would f***ing cut down their infantry! After several frontal attacks Finns stopped walking on open spots and only walked in the forests. We set up coordination with the 337th Rifle Regiment under Major Churilov. In gener

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【人类幸存者】

Just after the Finnish War I received a battalion under my subordination. At that time the demobilization was declared, and new officers from the reserves arrived in the battalion.

There was a foreboding of a future war. Although the Finnish campaign was considered officially as a victorious one, we, the front-line soldiers and officers, knew its actual worth.

There were learned lessons from the Finnish campaign, and for the period of eighteen months between two wars evident improvements in the Red Army’s organization were reached. And the level of its combat readiness was improved. Our troops practiced training in earnest.

The Titovskii UR (Fortified District) had been built on the Murmansk direction2. Three defense lines were set up on the Kandalaksha direction. Another defense line was established on the Sortavala direction.

You couldn’t follow the usual way of establishing a defense in a land like Karelia. The outflanking maneuvers of a large military formation were impossible there. So, our defense in Karelia had been realized as covering the main directions – the roads. We made the defense lines along both sides of the road and fortified them with logs and stones. Shortly after the war began the division’s defense was disposed in depths but later we made it one-line with a reserve.

Thanks to such a defense the 377th Regiment of our division held the Finns at the border all July long, until we were outflanked and had no choice but retreat.

Nevertheless, all officers of high rank whom I met both during the war and in the postwar times told me that nobody expected the German offensive happened so soon. Therefore many problems were left out. For example, nobody considered the guerilla actions and did not foresee the possibility of cutting off the Kirov railroad. Also the improvement of the control and communication means was almost negligible. Yes, we received two new radio stations; however, the wire and orderlies had held everything up.

My battalion’s location was at a distance of 8 kilometers from Kem on the way to Reboly. I knew that, according to the mobilization plan, the battalion’s destination is to fight on the Ukhta direction. To reach Ukhta we have to tramp 115 kilometers, and then from Ukhta to the state border 70 kilometers more. And our “wheels” were just horses and our feet. And the feet endured no more than 50 kilometers a day. So, if we reach the border on the fourth day of tramping, – everybody feels back pain and his eyes can’t see; and everyone wants to eat, and wants to sleep. And besides, how can we fight in an unfamiliar locality? There you are!

Unfortunately, any kind of preparation for the operations except establishing defensive covers was prohibited in 1941. What did I decide? I went to the head of division’s HQ and told him that I had no schemes and no maps and therefore I couldn’t estimate the theater of operations. Moreover, I should say openly that our topographical maps of that time were inaccurate.

- No doubt, you remember from the experience of the Finnish War, how many corrections we inserted in the maps at that time, I told him. – I need to reconnoiter that area.

- Keep your desire secret. Don't tell anyone, even your kommissar. Go home and think through what and how you need to do. After you are ready – come again, and we will discuss what to do. (We even hadn't a telephone at that time!)

I decided to organize an outing for officers – a hunting and fishing trip. I issued an order – “… the departure on Saturday at 10 a. m., and the return on 11 p. m.…”

I directed the main group of officers to the fishing trip. The officers of the rear detachments went hunting.

We boarded a truck and made our way toward the border. Frontier guards led us into the 15-kilometer zone, from where we started to go back along the waterway.

I managed to determine all of the bearings up to the 63rd kilometer; we allotted regimental sections; determined the artillery positions and locations of the regimental HQ and services. We also reconnoitered the network of local roads, and looked for trails. Next day the head of the battalion's HQ, Ermilov, did some additional reconnaissance. Then the two together revised our 1: 100 000 map and brought it to the division’s HQ. The revised map satisfied the commanders.

The division commander Panin said:

- Noone should know this. You were present at a conference when Antikainen3 made a speech, weren't you?

- Yes, sir!

- Do you feel what is going to happen?!

Antikainen addressed the conference in the clubhouse. While speaking on the Finnish War, he appreciated the formation of both the People’s Democratic government of Finland and the Finland People’s Army in 1939.

Zelentsov4 told about the aggressive policy of Germany, Turkey, and Japan. In his opinion, a three-party provocation was possible. He also informed us that some German units are in Finland already and a provocation is possible here, too. I will never forget his words: “Your task is watchfulness and combat training. We have to be ready for everything. Let’s gather in the harvest – we will see then…” – he cast a sidelong glance at us, then paused. We understood that our offensive would start in fall…

We were preparing for a war. We dug and covered trenches around our barracks. There were permanent exercises: alarms, making bridges, overpassing rivers, setting and clearing minefields etc.

On 22 June we have heard by the radio Molotov's speech about the German aggression. The battle alarm had been declared and straight away we began preparing to leave. The division had to move in the Ukhta direction. There were heard loud oral orders, numerous cries and moans…

According to the plan, my battalion had to follow the 118th Regiment. However when the division commander arrived, he declared that I was appointed the 1st Kem Operational Group Supply Battalion commander. So, I had to stay here and form that battalion and the supply station itself. Then he continued:

- You'll have six companies. Have three of them ready to leave you for combat. Your deputies should prepare the three other companies.

I was shocked:

- Why? I have a war experience! Everyone knows me!

He looked at me:

- I'm wondering about you. Are you a scout, who discusses orders?

What is the Supply Station?

At the beginning of the war the Karelian Front consisted from two formations – the 7th Army and the 14th Army. The supply stations were formed for sorting freight. Each station had one battalion of 1100 men (54 officers among them) and an anti-aircraft company with 12 sets of four machine guns each. The company covered the railroad bridge in Kem.

So, I stayed. Men arrived. The majority of the recruits never touched the trigger! There were no weapons, no uniforms! Nevertheless, we launched the training.

Two companies received and dispatched the freight; they also defended the railroad station. The machine gun company together with two other companies formed the 1st Detached Battalion of the Kem Operational Group.

I was appointed a commander this formation because I was the only professional officer there.

On 1 July the Germans attacked us on the Kandalaksha, Kesting, and Ukhta directions. On 4 July the Finns started their attack on the Reboly direction against the 337th Regiment’s troops. My battalion was dispatched to help them. At first we all retreated up to the Rugozero (Rug Lake) where we stopped the enemy. The most terrible fightings were in the Andron Mountain area. We repulsed up to 11 attacks a day! Both sides’ losses were substantial. There, during a hand-to-hand fight, I was injured in my eyebrow with a bayonet.

It happened that the Finns crossed a river at our flank. We must not let them farther, otherwise they would grow the bridgehead. And we launched an attack. As we left our foxholes and ran toward the river, the distance between us and the Finns was about 400 meters. The Finns ran towards

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【勤劳的小毛驴】

特别提示：本帖子在 2010-4-20 23:02:15 由用户 近卫龙骑兵 编辑过

I was born on November 7, 1920 in a peasant family, which lived in Voronezh area, now called Lipetsk area. My father, originally an NCO in the Tsar's Army, was commander of mounted reconnaissance unit of the 14th Infantry Division of the 1st Cavalry Army during the Civil War. However, his being an NCO in the Tsar's Army still had a great effect on his life and my life as well. In 1931 I completed the 4th grade of elementary school. In May of the same year my father was arrested and convicted of, as they said those days, ahvitser tendencies. Two years later he was released. I stayed in an orphanage until 1934. 1934 saw a major expansion of schools and I was sent to the 10 year factory worker school.

我于1920年11月7日生于沃罗涅什地区的一个乡村家庭，现在叫利佩茨克地区。我父亲，最早曾经是沙俄军队里的一个军士，内战期间他指挥着第一骑兵军的第14步兵师下的骑兵侦查单位。他在沙俄军队服役的经历对于他的人生和我的人生都产生了巨大的影响。1931年我完成了小学的学业。同年五月，我的父亲由于历史问题被捕并被指控ahvitser倾向。两年之后他得以出狱。我则在孤儿院一直待到了1934年。1934年由于学校进行了大规模扩招，我进入10年制的工厂所属的学校上学。

一年以后我进入新开设的共产主义政治学院学习，正好穿过我原来所在的十年制学校的那条街上。在那里我受到了作为一个政治委员，一个政治工作者的训练。我后来成为了苏联共青团（原列宁共产主义青年团）的候补团员—那些来自乡村的青年一般没法马上入团，需要一年的候补期。

1937 was the year when a slogan Country needs 300'000 pilots! was cast.

Local Komsomol committee decided to send several students, including me, to Leningrad Lenin's Komsomol Pilot school They did not accept me there. I tried to enter another school, but they did not accept me anywhere. Everywhere they would answer: enrollment for this year is completed. As I can understand now, there was some small stamp on my papers, to which I did not pay attention those days. This was a stamp which mentioned my family background. The situation was desperate: I did not have money, I slept on Mars Field and in the Summer Garden in a small warehouse that I accidentally found. All of a sudden, a Colonel in one of Leningrad's military schools, proposed me coming to MIkhailovski Castle one day later. So I came. I was received by Colonel Zlatogorski, and after an interview I was enrolled in Zhdanov Military Engineer School. Level of teaching was very good. In the school I became candidate for membership in the Communist Party and was appointed acting platoon leader.

1937年国家提出了一个口号即“祖国需要30万飞行员！”

当地的共青团支部决定派包括我在内的一批学生去列宁格勒的列宁共青团员飞行学校学习，但是我没有获准进入该学校。我试着寻找其他学校学习，但是没有一个学校接受我。所有的学校都告知我：当年的入学登记已经结束了。当然现在我已经知道了，是因为在我的材料上盖着一些章，当时我并没有注意到这些东西。那个公章所显示的是我的家庭出身。当时的处境很让我绝望：身无分文，只能在战神广场和夏宫（该两处均为列宁格勒城的地标性建筑—译者注）附近偶然找到的小仓库栖身。然而突然有一天，一名列宁格勒军校的中校让我在第二天去米哈伊洛夫斯基镇去。我按照他说的去了，一个叫兹拉托戈尔斯基的中校接待了我，在这次会面之后，我正式入伍，进入日丹诺夫军事工程学校学习。这所学校的教学水平很高，而且在入学期间，我成为了联共的候补党员并被任命为排长。

I should say that period from 1937 to 1939 was a period of persecution of the officer corps an outrageous extermination of officers was taking place. The whole academy did not have a single officer! We, men with very little experience, almost ignorant, were appointed commanders! So, I graduated from the school. We had our last, solemn ceremonial session and in the morning we had a working meeting. So we came. I was sitting in the second row. Military Technician 2nd Rank came out and started to talk about new weapons. There were two large canvas shelters on the table in front of him. He was talking about airplanes, tanks and something else that we had in the Red Army. In the end he said: And also we have this... and he pulled out an SVT rifle. He said the rifle was like this and like that. Turned it around and put it back in the shelter. Then he got a PPD submachine gun out of the second shelter. He showed it to us, talked about it and put it back inside. That was the end of our introduction to new weapons.

必须的说在1937-1939年这段时间，是一个对军队的军官阶层进行暴虐迫害的阶段。整个学院没有一个军官幸免！我们这些毫无经验的几乎可以说对军队一无所知的军校生，被任命为部队的指挥官！因此在毕业的时候，我们举行了最后一次庄严隆重的毕业仪式，并在当天早上还开了一次工作会议。当时所有人都来了，我坐在会场的第二排。一名工程兵中尉来向我们介绍新式武器。在他的身前桌子上有两个盖着大帆布的箱子。他谈到了飞机，坦克和其他一些红军已经拥有的武器。在最后她说道：“而且我们还有这种武器……”这时他扯掉了帆布，露出了SVT步枪。他介绍这支步枪有这样或那样的特点。之后他把这支枪放回箱子，又从第二个箱子里拿出一支PPD冲锋枪。他向我们展示了这件武器，并且谈了谈它的特点，之后又收了回去。这就是我们当时关于新式武器装备的最后一课。

我们被晋升为中尉，被派到雷巴奇半岛上的一个工兵排做排长。我们这些候补联共党员，在200名毕业生中仅有8个人，上头许诺会把我们派到远东去服役。去远东服役在那个时候是多么的时髦啊！当时哈桑湖和哈勒欣河正在激战中！但是那七个兄弟被派去了，我却被留下了。我因为此事而心烦意乱，不知道是不是和我父亲曾经被捕有关系。但是由于我所在营营长的努力，他推荐把我推荐给了我们学校的头头沃罗别夫，但是后来上级把我改派去了坎达拉克沙。那至少还是个城镇。我与1939年9月9日抵达坎达拉克沙，并被立即任命为第54步兵师第16独立工兵营的排长。当时该地的气氛十分的紧张。当然，我在当时并不理解这是为什么，但是当时老百姓们都在谈论战争之类的话题。部队开始着手进行军事训练。而我是部队里的滑雪明星—我滑雪的本领很棒。

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【深谋远虑我猫总】

I have seen soldiers shedding tears just before an attack. However, during a combat no one got cold feet. We had no deserters in the battalion as well.

我曾经在一次进攻开始前看到士兵们在哭泣。

不是结束后

总体翻译的很棒，学习学习！

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【人类幸存者】

完美的演绎，对他们在我国东北的经历特别感兴趣

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