[烛光生存狂]-【兵器】苏联战斗雪地摩托

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The story of the appearance of aerosleds in USSR country begins in Tsarist Russia. Indeed, the first aerosleds were designed and built even at the beginning of the Twentieth Century, soon after the development of relatively compact internal combustion engines. These machines were hardly intended for military purposes, but rather as light, all-terrain transport and recreational means. The enormous expanse of Russia, coupled with a weakly developed road network and the harsh climatic conditions of the Far North long ago challenged designers with the task of creating a reliable and rapid means of winter transportation. Therefore, in 1912, shortly before World War I, mass production of transport aerosleds was begun in the Russo-Balt (Russian-Baltic Plant). Despite this fact, aerosleds were seldom used in the war (the believed first use occurred in 1915). In any case, this author was unable to find any significant number of facts regarding the military employment of aerosleds.

Soviet ski troop. Some NKL-16 aerosleds at the background.

The Civil War broke out soon after the end of World War I. The young Bolshevik Regime lacked in everything: provisions, fuel, and weaponry. Transport was almost ineffective in many regions. The winter of 1918-1919 was characterized by especially heavy snowfall, essentially severing communications with many outlying regions of the country. Analyzing the combat experience of World War I and having heard a report by A. S.Kuzin, "Concerning Machines that Can Move Across Snow," the Council of Labor and Defense issued instructions for the creation of a Commission for the Organization of the Design of the Aerosled (KOMPAS). The membership of the commission included such leading designers as N. E.Zhukovskiy, who became its scientific director; N. R. Briling, who was selected as director of KOMPAS (it was Briling himself who had laid the foundation for aerosled design in Tsarist Russia); and designers A. A. Arkhangelskiy, A. N. Tupolev, E. A. Chudakov, A. A. Mikulin, B. S. Stechkin, and A. S. Kuzin.

The commission was tasked with scientific-technical research, development of the construction process, and design and testing of an aerosled for employment in the military role. Work was begun for the creation of special snowmobiles. The first lot of forty aerosleds was completed by early September 1919. A short time later, in early 1920, work was begun on the preliminary design for the BK series aerosled [BK = Briling and Kuzin, some sources uses BEKA instead]. The sleds of this series took part in the suppression of the tragically famous Kronshtadt Rebellion occurred in March 1921, and one of the crew members was even awarded the Order of the Red Banner.

NKL-16 aerosled.

In addition to these new aerosleds, the Bolsheviks made use of the remaining old but serviceable aerosleds that had been handed down from the Tsarist Russian Army. These machines were used for maintaining operational communications, deliveries of ammunition and foodstuffs to the front line along roadless areas, and evacuation of wounded from combat positions.

Several types of aerosleds were created under the auspices of KOMPAS in the period from 1921 to 1923. The most interesting of these are the ANT-I and ANT-II, designed by A. N. Tupolev, and as well the ARBES and ARBES-II, designed by A. A. Arkhangelskiy and B. S. Stechkin.

By early 1923, two basic directions had been determined in aerosled designs. NAMI [Central Order of the Red Banner scientific-research automobile and auto-motor institute] showed a preference for wood construction and TsAGI [Central Aero-Hydrodynamic Institute] began to develop all-metal vehicles from kolchug-aluminum-a new and very promising (for that time) light casting.

The ANT-III became the first all-metal snowmobile. It was a three-place sled powered with an 80-h.p. "Rhone" Engine. The hull and skis were made from shaped kolchug-aluminum and the body was covered with a corrugated skin.

In 1924, the ANT series of aerosleds was enlarged by the addition of the ANT-IIIbis with a 50 h.p. "Khakke" Engine, the ANT-IV with 100 h.p. "Lucifer" Engine, and the ANT-V with a 100 h.p. FIAT Engine. The most successful of these machines was the ANT-IV. After exhaustive testing and a number of test drives of a production lot assembled by the Factory of Experimental Design of the TsAGI, these aerosleds went into mass production.

In 1930, the ANT-IV began for the first time in USSR to service a regular mail and passenger line, from Cheboksar to Kanash. The route from Cheboksar to Kanash was 85 km in length and took 2.5 hours to negotiate by aerosled. Horses required 10-12 hours to traverse the same route. Some 244 passengers and 1,132 kg of postal cargo were moved in just 35 days. The ANT-IV was employed successfully in Kazakhstan, Tatarya, and other Soviet republics.

In 1931, the Lucifer Engine was replaced by an engine of Soviet production, a 100 h.p. 5-cylinder M-11 radial aviation engine.

Aerosleds were used on many arctic expeditions from 1932 to 1935, to Novaya Zemlya and in Tiksi Bay. In 1934, the ANT-IV was delivered to Ualen on the steamship "Smolensk" to facilitate communications during the rescue of northern explorers from "Cheluskin" icebreaker. Aerosleds showed themselves well in expeditions of the Arctic Institute in 1934 and 1935 during its exploration of the Chukotka area that drains toward Chaunsk Inlet. This was despite the fact that the machines had to operate in temperatures as low as -40 C°. They achieved an average speed of 28 km/h (up to 40 km/h in the spring) with loads of 700 to 1000 kg of cargo. The two aerosleds used on the expedition traveled a combined 7,585 km.

Repairing an engine of the NKL-16. 37'th Rifle DIvision of the 32'nd Army. December 20, 1942.

In 1935, two production aerosleds with M-11 motors participated in the All-Union Aerosled and All-Terrain Vehicle Competition. They safely traversed more than 3000 km, displaying high reliability and exceptional mobility on trackless winter terrain.

A medical evacuation vehicle, the ANT-IVS, had been type-standardized in 1933. This "ambulance with a propeller" turned out to be irreplaceable both in peacetime and during the Winter War of 1939-40, and as well during the Great Patriotic War, especially in positions in Karelia and the Far North.

In addition to the ANT-IV aerosled, designer N. A. Andreev developed the OSGA-6 aerosled, which also was employed in the Soviet-Finnish War. [OSGA-department for design of speed boats and sleds.] These sleds conducted patrol on isolated sectors of the front, particularly on lakes. They were used to move assault troops, they brought forward ammunition, and directly participated in combat operations. Unfortunately, the author was unable to find any detailed description of the OSGA-6 aerosled.

The Red Army had several aerosled detachments that were employed with relative success in winter operations against the Finns during the Winter War. They were used primarily for maintaining communications between units and formations, and ferrying ammunition, provisions, and petroleum products to forces operating at great distances from their supply bases. These sleds also evacuated the wounded from the battlefield.

Sometimes aerosled detachments executed combat missions; launching surprise attacks against the enemy. All this taken together was a first test case. The Soviet leadership had only

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Aerosleighs in the Great Patriotic War

The theater of operations encompassing the northern and northwestern regions of the Soviet Union stretches for thousands of kilometers. These regions are characterized by a considerable number of large and small lakes, rivers and forests, as well as few roads and a thin population density. The winter period with a deep, stable snow cover lasts on average around four months.

All these factors serve to complicate combat operations in the northern and northwestern regions. Forces generally flow towards the few populated areas, with large stretches of the land remaining unoccupied. Observation and control of these areas requires units capable of fast movement across road-less, snow-covered terrain. The only units that satisfy these requirements are ski infantry and aerosleighs.

The first military use of aerosleighs occurred in 1915, at which time they were utilized primarily as transports or couriers. In the winter campaign of 1939-1940, the Red Army had several aerosleigh detachments used with reasonable success against the Finns. They were used primarily to maintain communications between forces, as well as to transport ammunition, food, fuel and gun oil to forces operating far from their supply bases and to evacuate wounded. Sometimes the aerosleighs carried out combat assignments, mounting surprise attacks on the enemy, his command posts and rear areas.

The most widespread use of the aerosleighs occurred during the Great Patriotic War, especially during the winter campaign of 1942-1943. It is during this campaign that they were first used as combat platforms on a large scale. Experience showed that the most successful aerosleigh detachments operated in open terrain: on the iced over lakes Ladoga, Il’men’ and Seliger, frozen rivers, and near the shores of the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea.

The movement of aerosleighs across rough terrain and forest roads 4-4.5 meters wide is very difficult and often impossible. Movement along narrow forest roads with frequent sharp turns and a large amount of brush and tree stumps, or else across brush higher than 6.5 meters, drastically decreases the average speed of the aerosleighs and leads to frequent damage to the sleigh skis and propeller blades.

The combat experience of aerosleigh detachments against the German-Fascist forces in the winter of 1942-1943 allows to draw several preliminary conclusions regarding their positives and negatives and to rectify any errors in their battlefield employment.

Presently, the aerosleigh detachments are divided into combat and transport units. The NKL-26 model is used by the combat aerosleigh battalions, which operate together with conventional armed forces (primarily ski infantry) and conduct independent combat support missions (reconnaissance, communications, etc.). The NKL-26 is armed with one DT (Degtjarev Tank) machine-gun. The transport aerosleigh battalions are comprised of the NKL-16 model, and are used to transport ski assault units and combat supplies such as fuel, food and ammunition, as well as to evacuate wounded from the frontlines. In addition, these units carry out patrols and serve as rear-area couriers.

The specific tasks accorded to each type of aerosleigh units during the Great Patriotic War were as follows:

Combat Aerosleigh Battalions (CAB):

1. Area reconnaissance.

2. Flank security for infantry and tank units.

3. Guard patrols of lake shorelines and areas not occupied by our forces.

4. In conjunction with ski infantry, pursuit of retreating enemy forces.

5. Command post protection and communication with forward units.

Transport Aerosleigh Battaliions (TAB):

1. Troop transport and evacuation of wounded from the battlefield.

2. Supply and weapon delivery to the frontline.

3. Towing or transporting machine-guns, mortars and anti-tank guns.

4. Patrolling areas not occupied by our forces.

5. Deploying smokescreens.

The following are examples of CAB and TAB units carrying out these tasks during the winter campaign of 1942-1943.

1. COMBAT RECONNAISSANCE

Operations of the 18th CAB and 28th TAB near Zubec

The actions of the 18th CAB constitute an example of a successful combat reconnaissance by an aerosleigh battalion. On March 15, 1943, commander of the 18th CAB was given a mission of covering an assault group of SMG ski infantry (a platoon of the 119th Separate Ski Battalion) being transported by the 28th TAB to a point 2 kilometers southwest of Gumboric with the aim of reconnoitering enemy rear areas near the Zubec strongpoint. To distract the enemy, the remainder of the 119th SSB was to simulate a frontal attack on Zubec.

At the start of the operation, the 18th CAB was stationed in a forest 0.5 kilometers southwest of Majak Svirskij, while the 28th TAB was in a forest 1 kilometer northeast of the Novaja Svirica island.

The mission was accomplished as follows.

A company of transport aerosleighs loaded with SMG infantry, covered by a company of combat aerosleighs from the 18th CAB, moved out from the jump-off point on the Chemba island. The remaining aerosleighs remained in their initial staging areas. Simultaneously, the 119th SSB began to simulate a frontal attack on Zubec. Upon reaching the designated area, the SMG infantry dismounted and began carrying out their mission, while the aerosleighs returned to the jump-off point.

Having encountered no enemies on the eastern shore of Lake Ladoga, the SMG infantry turned south to conduct a combat reconnaissance of Zubec itself. At the same time the combat aerosleigh units patrolled along the shoreline and on the flanks of the ski infantry, preventing enemy reinforcements stationed in nearby Gumboric from moving up. The units were supported by our artillery, which shelled Gumboric. An enemy attempt to reach the Zubec garrison with small ski detachments was thwarted; these groups were scattered and destroyed with machine-gun fire from our aerosleigh detachments.

The cooperation between the aerosleigh units and ski infantry resulted in a successful combat reconnaissance of local enemy defenses. Having completed their mission, the infantry withdrew under the cover of aerosleighs.

Actions of the 53rd CAB near Spaspiskopec

On March 14, 1943, commander of the 53rd CAB received the following order: “using one company of combat aerosleighs supported by an infantry assault group, carry out a surprise attack on the enemy at Navolok and capture prisoners.”

To accomplish this mission, the commander formed a taskforce of 15 combat aerosleighs and 40 SMG infantry, with the infantry riding on the aerosleighs’ skis. At 0330 hours on March 15, 1943, the taskforce moved out from Zheleznyj island towards Navolok. The remaining units of the CAB continued to carry out patrols near their staging area on the eastern shoreline of Lake Il’men’.

While on the march, the taskforce lost its way and emerged to the south of Spaspiskopec. The taskforce commander decided to not waste any time regaining its planned route and to carry out a surprise attack of the enemy in Spaspiskopec. Having dropped off the infantry, the aerosleighs sped to the enemy’s flanks and opened fire with machine-guns. Under this covering fire, the infantry mounted a rapid attack of the enemy positions. The taskforce’s sudden appearance threw the Germans into a state of confusion and panic. This allowed the SMG infantry to quickly penetrate the village. However, the enemy quickly regained his composure and opened up on the supporting aerosleighs with machine-guns, mortars and artillery weapons.

The aerosleighs continued to engage the enemy for 40 minutes, drawing off most of his fire and allowing the SMG infantry in Spaspiskopec to take prisoners. Having accomplished their task, the infantrymen withdrew under cover from the ae

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