[烛光生存狂]-【战史】1982年叙利亚在黎巴嫩的反坦克猎杀行动

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Syrian Attack Helicopters

In the early 1980s the Syrian Arab Air Force (SyAAF) operated one brigade with four squadrons of SA.342L/M Gazelles (976, 977, 988, and an unknown unit – probably 989 Sqn), and one wing of three squadrons equipped with Mi-25s (765, 766, and 767). Both brigades had units based at Marj al-Sultan and al-Jdaydeh airfields, but part of Mi-24s was permanently deployed to Sueda AB as well.

叙利亚武装直升机

20世纪80年代早期，叙利亚阿拉伯空军(SyAAF)拥有一个四中队建制的的SA.342L/M“小羚羊”直升机旅，包括976、977和988三个中队(第四个中队番号不明，可能是989)和一个由三个米-25中队(765、766、767)组成的直升机旅，基地位于Marj al-Sultan和al-Jdaydeh机场，此外还有部分米-25部署在Sueda空军基地。

Syria was a relatively new operator of combat helicopters, having obtained the first 18 French-built Aérospatiale SA.342 Gazelles only in 1977, in response to Israeli acquisition of Bell AH-1 Cobras. These 18 Gazelles entered service with the 976 Attack Helicopter Squadron, based at al-Jdaydeh AB, and were originally equipped with AS.12 anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs). Later on, additional SA.342s were supplied, enabling the SyAAF to organize a full brigade of three squadrons, and one unit used for liaison and cooperation with police. Also supplied to Syria by France were HOT ATGMs. HOT is essentially a French-German equivalent to the US-made TOW, this designation actually standing for “Hautsubsonique Optiquement Téleguidé Tiré d’un Tube” – or “high-subsonic optical remote-guided fired from a tube”, with semi-automatic command-to-line of sight (SACLOS) guidance, with guidance inputs being transferred via a thin wire connecting the missile with the helicopter. As delivered to Syrians, the HOT was considered one of the most advanced ATGMs world-wide, claimed as capable of penetrating 700mm of steel armour at 0° and 288mm armour at 65°. The missile was delivered in tubes, of which each Gazelle could carry four, mounted on stubs behind the cockpit.

当时武装直升机对叙利亚人来说还是件新玩意，1977年接收了第一批18架法国宇航公司SA.342“小羚羊”，以次作为对以色列获得贝尔AH-1“眼镜蛇”的回应。这18架“小羚羊”被编入了第976武装直升机中队，基地位于al-Jdaydeh，最初装备的是AS.12反坦克导弹(ATGM)。随着SA.342的陆续到达,叙利亚人组建了一支拥有三个中队的直升机旅，第四个中队用于和警察联络及协作。此后法国向叙利亚兜售了“霍特”(HOT)反坦克导弹，这种导弹与美国的“陶”式导弹相当，全称是“高亚音速、导管发射、光学跟踪、有线制导”(Hautsubsonique Optiquement Téleguidé Tiré d’un Tube)，采用发射管发射“瞄准线半主动控制”(SACLOS) 线导导弹。采用目视瞄准、红外半自动跟踪、导线传输指令制导方式，红外导引头在飞行中调节导弹和瞄准线之间的角偏差。“霍特”是当时世界上最先进的反坦克导弹之一，可以击穿700mm垂直钢装甲和288mm 65°倾斜装甲。每架“小羚羊”可携带4枚。

[霍特”(HOT)反坦克导弹]

根据法、德两国陆军参谋部提出的战术技术要求，由法国宇航公司与原联邦德国梅-伯-布公司(MBB)、现德国戴勒姆-本茨宇航公司(DASA)，于1964年开始研制这两种新型反坦克导弹，1971年完成“霍特”导弹基本型研制。1972年这两家公司组成一家单独的、名为“欧洲导弹公司”，专门负责“霍特”导弹的研制，同年生产了首批导弹和发射装置，交付法国和联邦德国军队在直升机上进行一系列飞行试验，1973年交付英国陆军在直升机上进行验证试飞，1976年开始投产，1977年进入全面批生产，1978年“霍特”1开始装备德国步兵，同年开始在多种直升机上进行改装试飞，1980年开始装备法国陆军SA-342“小羚羊”直升机。

在1982年的战争中“小羚羊”是叙利亚空军的主要反坦克武器。在1982年6月叙利亚与以色列4天的战斗中，装备该型飞机的3支部队起飞了约150架次。飞行员声称击毁了大量以色列坦克及其它车辆，不过也付出了损失5架直升机的代价。

Given that SyAAF purchased no Western-built aircraft or helicopters already since the late 1950s, the acquisition of Gazelles was quite surprising for many observers in the West. But, the fact was that this deal came as a result of Saudi efforts to orient as many Arab states towards West as possible, as well as Soviet inability to supply the number of Mil Mi-24 (ASCC-Code “Hind”) helicopters required by Syria. The Soviets needed any Hind they could get at the time for their units based in East Germany. Nevertheless, once the French started delivering Gazelles to Syria, the Soviets followed the suit, and in spring of 1981 the first squadron of four - later to rise to 12 - Mi-25s was organized at al-Mezzeh AB, near Damascus, followed by another unit, then based in al-Ladahiqiyah. The Mi-25 was considered a “monkey” version of the Mi-24, a downgraded variant supplied to “less reliable” customers. Its main anti-tank armament was the 9M17 Skorpion from the Falanga family of ATGMs (ASCC-Code “AT-2 Swatter”). This was a relatively primitive but simple ATGM with MCLOS radio-guidance. Each Mi-25 could mount four Swatters on launch rails mounted bellow wing-tips. The AT-2 was supplied in several variants, of which the B was sold to Syria. This version could reach targets out to a range of 3.500m, and had a claimed capability of armour penetration of over 500mm at 0°. Arabic Mi-25-pilots in generaly considered it useless, foremost because of its poor reliability. In addition, the Mi-25 was equipped with the YakB-12,7 machine-gun, mounted in a barbette underneath the front cockpit, as well as UB-32-57 rocket launchers for unguided rockets.

从20世纪50年代起，叙利亚空军从未购买过任何一种西方制造的飞机或直升机，因此这笔交易让许多西方观察家都大跌眼镜。实际上这完全是当时许多阿拉伯国家跟随沙特转向西方社会的结果，而且苏联也无法向叙利亚提供所需数量的米-24直升机(ASCC给它起的代号是“雌鹿”)，当时苏联人急需把这些装备运送到驻扎东德的部队手中。不过就在法国人开始向叙利亚提供“小羚羊”后，苏联就立刻跟进，1981年夏天第一个拥有4架米-25(稍后增加到12架)的中队就在大马士革附近的al-Mezzeh空军基地建立了，随后的另一支部队基地位于al-Ladahiqiyah。米-25被看作是“猴”版的米-24，是提供给“不可靠”客户的低级型号。其主要的反坦克武器是9M17 反坦克导弹(ASCC的代号是AT-2 “苍蝇拍”)，这是一种相当原始而简单的无线电指令制导反坦克导弹，每架米-25可以在短翼下携带4枚。卖给叙利亚的是AT-2B型，射程3500m，可以击穿500mm的垂直装甲。由于其可靠性太差，米-25的阿拉伯飞行员普遍认为它没什么用处。米-25的其它武器还有安装在机头下面可转动的12.7mm机枪塔，以及UB-32 57无控火箭巢。

After closely monitoring the Iraqi experiences with Mi-25s, the Syrians relatively early dropped the use of AT-2 almost completely, and were arming their Mi-25s with machine-guns and unguided rockets, or bombs only. For various reasons that stood in no relation directly to the SyAAF, the introduction of Gazelles and Mi-25s in service with SyAAF was not entirely complete by spring of 1982. In fact, eventually the Syrian Hinds were not to see any kind of combat service during the fighting against Israelis. Consequently, although there is a number of reports of the contrary – especially in the Russian and Ukrainian, but also in specialized Western publications - the SyAAF Mi-25s did not fly even a single combat sortie in 1982: when it comes to the SyAAF anti-tank operations Gazelles fought almost alone.

在仔细观察了伊拉克使用米-25的经验后，叙利亚人完全放弃使用AT-2，只为米-25配备机枪和无控火箭或是炸弹。因为一些和叙利亚空军无关的原因，到1982年春天“小羚羊”和米-25仍没有完全进入现役。事实上，叙利亚“雌鹿”没有参加过任何与以色列的战斗，虽然在俄罗斯和乌克兰及一些西方出版物上有相反的报道，但是叙利亚的米-25在1982年没有执行过任何战斗飞行任务，也就是说叙利亚空军的反坦克行动几乎完全由“小羚羊”独自完成。

Hunter-Killer Tactics

By early 1982 the Syrians were expecting some kind of a new Israeli operation in southern Lebanon. Their commanders calculated that the IDF would most likely launch an attack similar to the Operation “Litani”, from 1978, when the Israelis drove only some 40km deep into Lebanon in a search for Palestinian terrorists. However, the Syrians knew that in the case the Israelis would not stop on the Litani River a major clash wit

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特别提示：本帖子在 2009-10-6 22:00:37 由用户 412886049 编辑过

The Three Days Battle: Day One, 8 June

The war actually began already on 1 June 1982, with massive Israeli air strikes against PLO bases and ammunition depots along the Mediterranean coast. On the ground, however, the Israelis drove into southern Lebanon only around 11:00hrs of 6 June.

三天的战斗：第一天，6月8日

战争实际上在1982年6月1日就打响了，以色列空军对地中海沿岸的巴解组织的基地和弹药库进行了大规模的空袭。6月6日11:00左右，地面部队才开始进入南黎巴嫩。

For Syrian troops stationed in the country, however, the fighting began two days later, near Jazzin, in central Lebanon, as the IDF Task Force Vardi – a specially configured task force under command of Brig.Gen. Danni Vardi, the task of which was to take Jazzin and then push north along the eastern side of Lake Qaroun towards the Beirut-Damascus highway – attacked positions of the 76th Syrian Tank Brigade.

对于驻扎在这个国家的叙利亚部队来说，战斗两天之后在黎中部的Jazzin附近展开，由Danni Vardi准将指挥的一个战斗群对叙利亚第76坦克旅的驻地发动了进攻。其任务是攻占Jazzin，然后沿着Qaroun湖东岸往北向着贝鲁特-大马士革高速公路推进。

The Syrian positions in the area were not well-established: most of the units deployed in southern Beka'a Valley were ordered there only on the afternoon of 6 June, when news arrived that Israeli tanks were pouring over the border. The two armoured brigades of the 10th Syrian Division were ordered to take positions south of the Lake Karoun and attempt holding the Israelis so these could not reach strategically important area of Zahle.

叙方在此地区的防御部署并不完善：大多数（预定）部署在贝卡谷地南部的单位只有在6月6日下午，以军坦克部队涌入国境的消息到来之时才接到命令赶往那里。叙利亚第10师的两个坦克旅的任务是占领Karoun湖南岸，阻止以色列人推进到具有重要战略意义的扎赫勒地区。

While Vardi's force opened the attack on the 76th Brigade, in his rear Brig.Gen. Menachem Einan’s 162 Ugda was moving along narrow roads from south towards south-west, passing Jazzin with objective Beit en-Din, in the Shouf Mountains. Hampered by several massive traffic jams and fuel shortages Einan had experienced massive difficulties in organizing his movement so far and now his problems were to increase by a magnitude: shortly after 14:00hrs, the two lead columns of his unit that travelled on two parallel roads opened fire at each other in a case of mistaken identity. The results of this clash remain unknown, but it took Einan at least an hour to solve the chaos.

当Vardi的部队向第76坦克旅发起进攻的同时，在他后面Menachem Einan准将的第162师级战斗队(Ugda，与师相当，但其规模大小取决于具体任务)正从南面沿着狭窄的道路经过Jazzin 向西南方运动，目标是舒夫山脉中的Beit en-Din。由于受到严重的交通阻塞和燃油不足的困扰，Einan在组织进军时遇到了很大麻烦，随后他的问题又提高了一个数量级，14:00过一点，他指挥的在两条平行道路上行进的两支先头部队由于识别错误相互开火，交火的后果不得而知，不过Einan至少花了1个钟头来平息混乱。

Barely that the 162 Ugda began to move again, around 15:30hrs, several of its vehicles suddenly received heavy hits. Four SA.342s of the 977 Sqn SyAAF approached Einan’s columns flying between hills and trees before taking positions and then firing their HOTs before their presence was ever detected. An unknown number of Israeli tanks and armoured personnel carriers was hit in this attack, but the IDF subsequently reported only slight casualties (four injured, one of which seriously). Barely one hour later, Task Force Vardi was also attacked by SyAAF fighter bombers, the pilots of which reported, "leaving several tanks afire".

就在15:30左右，第162师级战斗群刚开始重新移动时，突然遭到了猛烈打击。4架叙利亚空军第977中队的“小羚羊”从山脉和树丛之间接近了埃南的部队，在被发现之前占据攻击位置发射了“霍特”导弹。数量不详的以色列坦克和装甲运兵车被击中，不过后来以色列国防军报告的伤亡很小(4人受伤，其中一人重伤)。几乎就在1小时后，Vardi战斗群也遭到了叙利亚空军战斗轰炸机的攻击，根据飞行员的报告，“有多辆坦克起火燃烧”。

沿着狭窄道路以长纵队前进的以色列部队是叙利亚(和巴勒斯坦)伏兵的好靶子。叙利亚的埋伏有效的结合了突击队和直升机的攻击，显然是相当的成功。

In fact Einan's Ugda was attacked by only the second section of SyAAF helicopters that had a contact with enemy on that day. The first section was active over Lebanon already around 14:00hrs. It sneaked upon the Israelis by flying at low level along the canyons on north-western side of Mt. Hermon/Mt. Jabel Sheikh, and then attacked a column of the Special Manoeuvre Force, commanded by Brig.Gen. Yossi Peled, which consisted of two brigades of paratroops and infantry configured for anti-tank operations, and had a task of reaching the Beirut-Damascus highway along the Syrian border, thus outflanking Syrian positions in the Beka'a Valley. Syrian helicopters launched their attack when the Israelis were stopped by elements of the 91st Syrian Tank Brigade on the road from Hasabaiya towards Rashayya, but its results remain unknown.

事实上Einan的师级战斗群遭到的攻击是当天叙利亚直升机第二次与敌人接触，第一次是在14:00左右发动，直升机在Mt. Hermon/Mt. Jabel Sheikh南面沿着峡谷低空飞行悄悄接近以色列人，袭击了由Yossi Peled准将指挥的佯动部队，该部队有两个旅的伞兵和反坦克步兵，其任务是沿着叙利亚边境直达贝鲁特-大马士革高速公路。当时以色列人在从Hasabaiya到Rashayya的公路上被叙利亚第91坦克旅的阵地阻挡，但是这次袭击的结果不得而知。

The final Gazelle strike of the day was delivered around 17:30hrs, by two pairs that executed a pincer attack against mechanized IDF units on the road from Shab’a to Rashayya and from Barouch to Ayn Dara. The results of all these operations remain unknown, but in general the Israelis denied suffering any losses.

当天“小羚羊”的最后一次攻击在17:30左右，两个双机编队分别对正在从Shab'a到Rashayya和Barouch到Ayn Dara的公路上行进的以色列机械化部队发动了钳形攻击。所有这些行动的结果仍然不得而知，以色列人通常会否认任何损失。

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Day Two, 9 June

Around midnight of 9 June, the 162 Ugda reached the Druze village Ayn-Zhalta, in the middle of the Shouf Mountains, and only some 15km south of the Beirut-Damascus highway. With this, the two armoured brigades of the Syrian 10th Division south of Lake Karoun were encircled. However, as the leading M-60s of 162 Ugda rolled down the road into the village they suddenly detected several T-62s: within seconds a fierce battle at close quarters developed in which a number of tanks from both sides - including three T-62s - was hit. As the Israelis pulled back to re-group the Syrian commandos attacked, engulfing the column in a barrage of RPGs. Namely, Einan’s Ugda drove directly into the centre of the Syrian 58th Mechanized Brigade, part of the the 3rd Armoured Division. The results of this initial clash are uncertain, then there is no reliable data about the Israeli casualties: the Syrians are said to have lost at least three T-62s and 20 soldiers, while the Israelis pulled back to Barouch. Certain is also that the Syrian resistance was fierce enough to cause the IDF in the morning to move a part of the Task Force Vardi with help of CH-53D helicopters behind the right flank of the Syrian position. As the Israeli paras - driving M-151 jeeps armed with TOW-ATGMs – were concentrating along the Ayn Zhalta–Barouch road, around 09:30hrs they were hit by the next SyAAF Gazelle attack that left several M-151 jeeps destroyed. However, Vardi managed to reorganize his force and deploy it in three blocking positions north and east of Barouch. At least in theory, Vardi’s force was now also only 15km away from the Beirut-Damascus highway. If it could reach it, it would not only cut off the Syrian units in the Beirut area from supply bases in Syria, but also have an open way into the rear of the 1st Syrian Armoured Division.

第二天：6月9日

6月8日到9日的午夜左右，第162师级战斗群抵达了Shouf山脉中部的Druze村庄Ayn-Zhalta，距离贝鲁特-大马士革高速公路仅15公里。至此Karoun湖南岸叙利亚的两个坦克旅被包围了。就在领头的M-60开上进村的道路时，突然发现了几辆T-62，一场激烈的近距离坦克战随即爆发，双方都有多辆坦克被击中，包括3辆T-62。当以色列人后撤重新集结时，叙利亚突击队发动了攻击，用RPG弹幕吞没了以色列纵队。原来埃南的Ugda直接开进了叙利亚第58机械化旅的中央。这场短兵相接的结果不能确定，关于以色列的伤亡情况没有可靠的数据，叙利亚人至少损失了3辆T-62和20名士兵，而以色列人后撤到Barouch。可以肯定的是叙利亚人的抵抗非常猛烈，以至于当天早晨以色列国防军不得不将瓦尔蒂特遣队的一部分用CH-53D直升机送到叙利亚阵地右翼的身后。当驾驶装备“陶”式反坦克导弹的M-151吉普的以色列伞兵正沿着Ayn Zhalta–Barouch公路集结时，在09:30左右他们再次遭到了叙利亚“小羚羊”的袭击，多辆M-151被击毁。不过瓦尔蒂终于将自己的部队重新组织起来，并部署在Barouch北面和东面的三处集结地。至少在理论上，他现在离贝鲁特-大马士革高速公路只有15公里，如果能够到达那里，他不但可以切断在贝鲁特的叙利亚部队与叙利亚补给基地之间的联系，也打开了通向叙利亚第一装甲师的身后的通路。

The problem was that the Israelis could not advance, at least not immediately: the 162 Ugda continued battling Syrians in Ayn Zhalta – in part because of another Gazelle-attack that left six Israeli tanks destroyed - until evening. It was only then that Einan’s units broke through towards Ayn Dara, a village only few kilometres south of the strategic highway. However, while advancing the Israelis were first ambushed by elements of the Syrian 51st Brigade and several anti-tank teams that went after M-60s and Merkava tanks for the most part: in a series of sharp clashes they hit a number of vehicles.

问题是以色列人不能前进，至少不能立刻前进，第162 Ugda继续在Ayn Zhalta与叙利亚人激战，直到傍晚。期间“小羚羊”再次袭击，摧毁了6辆坦克。到这时埃南的部队才突破到Ayn Dara，这个村子在那条战略公路南面只有几公里。但是以色列人在推进的同时，首先会遇到叙利亚人的埋伏，第51旅和多个反坦克小组在大部分路段上紧咬M-60和“梅卡瓦”，在一系列剧烈冲突中击中了很多车辆。

Meanwhile, furhter to souther-east, two Syrian armour brigades encircled south of Lake Karoun were fighting for their naked survival, keeping the main group of Israeli forces busy. In the words of Syrian officers that survived this battle, the fighting was savage: the two front T-62-companies from his battalion were completely destroyed, and his company lost several tanks as well. In return, the Syrians destroyed six and captured three M-60s. By the noon, their situation worsened when surviving Syrian tanks began to run out of ammunition and fuel while under increasing Israeli pressure. Concerned with the situaiton of the 76th and 91st Tank Brigades, the Syrian General Headquarters ordered a brigade of the 1st Armoured Division, equipped with T-72 tanks, and moving along the road from Damascus towards the Lebanese border, to move straight ahead, cross the border and hit the right flank of the Israeli units advancing along the eastern side of Beka'a.

The Syrian counterattack that came from east towards west, passing few kilometres north of Rashayya, is described as the "most savage tank battle of the whole war" by Syrian veterans. The T-72s clashed with several companies of M-60s, destroying some of these in process while suffering only a few losses in exchange: in fact, the officer in command of one of leading Syrian companies was subsequently decorated for his unit successfully penetrated the Israeli ring around the 76th and 91st Brigades, without loosing a single tank in the process. During the Syrian breakthrough south and east of Lake Karoun, on the afternoon of 9 June, several officers noticed an Israeli F-16A falling in flames behind the Israeli lines, the pilot ejecting in the process - only to be recovered by IDF ground troops. The cause of this loss remains unclear until today, but no local air-defence units claimed any kills, while a number of Syrian veterans - interviewed independently - recall this event very vividly.

Despite the Syrian success, and the fact that the two armoured brigades managed to escape throught the corridor that remained open for several hours, the 10th Armoured Division of the Syrian Army paid a heavy price, losing almost 200 T-62s in the course of the fighting. At least 90 of these were captured intact. Eventually, this unit has had to be pulled back and swiftly re-armed with T-55 tanks from strategic reserve stocks. In turn, the 1st Armoured Division was ordered back behind the Syrian border, to regroup and continue its trip to Zahle.

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【精明机警的小猎犬】

印象最深的就是身上背着RPG的摩托车机动小队

个人还是觉得在大规模战争背景设计下的坦克装甲在局部战争中略显不足很步坦脱离也是以色列坦克损失惨重的原因吧

还是在一定意义上影响了后来西方坦克设计的发展方向

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