[烛光生存狂]-苏联红军坦克部队的组织构造和编制情况

http://www.battlefield.ru/en/articles/350-soviet-tank-units-toe.html

Before the start of the Great Patriotic War the armored forces — 《avtobronetankovyje vojska»》— of the Red Army, (it should be noted that this name was changed to 'armored and mechanized forces — 《bronetankovyje i mekhanizirovannyje vojska》— at the end of 1942), consisted of the mechanized corps, several tank divisions, and the tank regiments assigned to cavalry divisions. The army tank formations and detachments as well as tank formations of the Reserve of the High Command (RGK) that existed prior to mid-1940 were used to raise the mechanized corps. At the start of the war there were 29 mechanized corps in different stages of formation. They consisted of 1 mechanized division, 2 tank divisions, a motorcycle regiment, an independent signal battalion, an independent engineer battalion, and other corps auxiliary units.

伟大卫国战争开始前红军的装甲部队（此时称汽车坦克兵，1942年底改称装甲坦克和机械化兵）。集团军属的坦克部队和1940年上半年前的大本营预备队坦克部队用来扩充机械化军。

As a whole a mechanized corps, including its auxiliary units, was supposed to have more than 36 thousand men, 1031 tanks, (including 546 KV and T-34), 358 artillery weapons and mortars, as well as 268 armored cars. However, the formation of such a large number of corps did not correspond to the available resources of personnel, tanks, weapons, and vehicles at the time. By the mid-1941 the great majority of these corps were still under-equipped. The shortage of weapons and equipment, as well as the highly mobile character of the early stages of the war made it necessary for the Soviet command to change the organizational structure of the tank formations. From the end of July through September 1941 the mechanized corps were disbanded. The tank divisions were attached to armies, and the motorised divisions were reformed as rifle divisions. At the same time 10 new tank divisions were formed from the mechanized corps stationed in the interior. They were supposed to have 2 tank regiments, a motorised regiment, an artillery/anti-tank regiment, a recon battalion, an AA detachment, and other units.

At the end of August 1941 the People's Commissar for Defense approved the establishment of regimental tank brigades at 93 tanks. The tank regiment of the tank brigades consisted of 3 tank battalions. One battalion was supposed to be equipped with heavy and medium tanks, the other two with light ones. Yet again in September 1941 the structure of tank battalions was changed, reducing the number of tanks in a brigade to 67. Several flaws in the organization of the regimental tank brigades surfaced after their deployment. In particular, the brigade commander and his headquarters often were unable to react quickly to changing situations owing to the existence of an intermediary regimental echelon in the chain of command which impeded efficient communication. Considering all of the above, the formation of tank brigades consisting of battalions began in September 1941.

At the same time independent tank battalions were raised. The main reason for their creation was the necessity of reinforcing rifle formations defending important objectives, as detaching tank units from one of the tank brigades led to dissipation forces, as well as complicating command and supply.

The first table of organization for an independent tank battalion was adopted in September of 1941. The tank battalion was to have 3 tank companies, (one of medium tanks and two of light tanks), with a total of 130 men and 29 tanks. The need for more powerful tank battalions including heavy tanks soon became obvious and such battalions were created in November 1941. They were to consist of a two-platoon company of heavy tanks, one company of medium tanks and two companies of light tanks, with a strength of 202 men and 36 tanks, (5 heavy, 11 medium and 20 light).

In 1941 and during the winter of 1942, independent tank battalions could have several varying organizations, depended on the conditions of their formation and the availability of equipment in the reserves used for their formation. Thus some independent tank battalions even had more tanks than tank brigades.

The formation of tank brigades for integration with cavalry and infantry began in January of 1942. They were intended to be lean, with minimal auxiliary units. Such tank brigades were to have 372 men and 46 tanks, (an infantry tank brigade would have had 10 heavy, 16 medium and 20 light tanks; a cavalry tank brigade — 20 medium and 26 light tanks). However it turned out to be impossible to form enough of such brigades. In February 1942 it was decided to create tank brigades consisting of 282 men, 27 tanks, and attach them to rifle regiments. However very few of such brigades were formed.

The experience gained in the winter offensive of 1941–1942 proved the validity of the deep penetration theories developed in the USSR in the late 1920s, but also showed that the lack of large tank formations under the control of fronts and armies did not allow the full exploitation of tactical or operational successes. Therefore in March 1942 the formation of the first four tank corps was begun. They consisted of a corps HQ, at first two and later three tank brigades, and a motorised rifle brigade. According to this organization, a tank corps had 5603 men and 100 tanks (20 heavy KV tanks, 40 medium — T-34 and 40 light — T-60 or T-70), but it had absolutely no artillery, engineer or recon units. Command of the corps was in fact to be carried out by a small group of officers who were to coordinate the actions of the brigades.

The first field experience in deployment of the tank corps gained in the spring of 1942 around Voronezh showed that the new formations did not possess the necessary tactical and operational autonomy under real fighting conditions, which resulted in reduced effectiveness.

In July 1942 the organization of a tank corps was augmented by a «Katyusha» detachment, (consisting of 250 men and 8 missile platforms BM-13), a recon battalion, and a motorcycle battalion. A little later 2 mobile repair shops and a company for fuel supply, (allowing refueling and changing oil in the field), were added to the corps. At the same time as the formation of the tank corps (in May of 1942) the tank armies started to be formed.

The first two tank armies (the 3rd and the 5th) were formed in May-June 1942. By the end of July of that year the 1st and 4th Tank Armies were formed under the Stalingrad front, and assigned to the 38th and 28th Armies, respectively. However they were disbanded a month later.

In the beginning the standard organization for tank armies depended on the orders for their formation and thus varied widely. The experience of their use in defensive and offensive operations around Voronezh (5th Tank Army), Kozelsk (3rd Tank Army), and especially in the Stalingrad counteroffensive (5th Tank Army) allowed important deductions regarding their fighting capabilities and organizational structure to be learned. The tank army's complement of rifle divisions, tank corps, and cavalry corps, (with their varying mobility and fighting capabilities), negatively reflected on the quality of organization, cooperation, command and supply. In the end, these tank armies turned out to unwieldy, hard to maneuver, and difficult to control.

The formation of mechanized corps began in September of 1942. Based on the experience gained with the tank corps, the new formations included the specialized and auxiliary units right from the start. However the new corps' organizations were not without variations. For example, the 1st and 2nd Mechanized Corps each had 3 mechanized brigades, 1 tank brigade, an anti-tank regiment, an AA regiment, a detachment of «Katyushas», a battalion of armored cars, a repair battalion, an engineer company, a fuel supply compa

新用户注册返回首页
首页上一页下一页尾页页次1/1 转到第页