[烛光生存狂]-【卫国战争老兵回忆】Iurii Mikhailovich Khukhrikov 大尉

http://www.iremember.ru/content/view/133/55/lang,en/

I, Khukhrikov, Iurii Mikhailovich, am a native Muscovite, in the fourth or even fifth generation. My ancestors were Dorogomilovo coachmen. My great grandfather, Stepan Khukhrikov, was a foreman of the Dorogomilovo coachmen. He drove cargo and passengers in the area of the Kiev Station. There used to be a Khukhrikov Lane, End, and Market in that area. The Khukhrikov Market was before the Borodino Bridge if you walked from the MID (the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), when descending toward the Moskva River. I was born in a military family. My father and uncle were military specialists. They had fought starting from 1914, and after the revolution worked in the Main Engineering Directorate of the General Staff starting in 1921. Father had the rank of a colonel, and uncle -- a lieutenant general. I was born in 1924 and lived and went to school at Chistye Prudy, opposite the Coliseum, now it is the Sovremennik Theater.

Iurii Mikhailovich Khukhrikov 大尉

我名叫 Iurii Mikhailovich Khukhrikov,我的第四或者是第五代的祖上就已经是俄罗斯公民了.我的祖父是一个列车员领班,他在基辅火车站工作.以前那里有一条路就叫Khukhrikov 路,路边有个市场,如果从外交办事处沿着莫斯科河走,在波罗汀诺桥前的就是 Khukhrikov 市场.我在一个军人家庭出生,我父亲是军工专家,他在一九一四年就开始在军队里作战.革命结束之后,1921年开始在总参工程部工作.我父亲是个上校,我叔叔则是一个中将.我出生于1924年,我在Chistye Prudy上学,就在体育馆的对面,现在那里是当代(Sovremennik)歌剧院.

From 1930 to 1941 I went to School No.311 on Lobkovskii Lane, now it's called Makarenko Lane. I went to school with Iurii Nagibin [a well-known Soviet writer] (that's his mother's last name, back then he was Frumkin). Also with Zhenia Rudneva [Evgeniia Rudneva -- future female night bomber pilot]. She was older than me, and was already in the Aviation Institute before the war. Such were the people with whom I got to go to school.

1930年到1941年间我在位于 Lobkovskii 路的311学校学习,现在那条路叫Makarenko路.当时我和 IuriiNagibin(苏联著名作家,Nagibin是母亲的姓,之前姓Frumkin)一起上学.另一个同学是Zhenia Rudneva(未来的“夜巫”部队——第五八八／近卫第四十六夜间轰炸机航空团--成员，出击次数六百四十五次,一九四四年阵亡).她比我大,她在战前已经进入航空学院.

In 1940, by fair means or foul, I joined an aviation club. They had turned me away from everywhere -- said I was too young. But I finally got what I wanted, and they let me in on the condition that I would bring a note from my parents saying they were not opposed. For the first time I took off into the air on a U-2 in September 1940, at the Kraskovo Airfield near Moscow.

1940年,由于偶然或者是愚蠢,我申请加入飞行俱乐部.他们拒绝了,说我太小,他们让我给父母写信,如果他们同意我才可以参加,我最终还是进去了.我第一次飞行是在1940年9月,莫斯科附近的Kraskovo机场,那是一架U-2教练机.

In 1941 I was already 17. We had already flown from Kraskovo to Scherbinka, near Podolsk. There was a very flat field there. We organized an airfield, set up tents, and continued flying. On 1 May 1941 I, as the aviation club student, participated in the last peacetime parade on the Red Square.

1941年我17岁.我们从Kraskovo机场飞往波多斯克〔Podolsk〕附近的Scherbinka,那里有一大片平地,我们将那里变成一个机场,自己架起帐篷,继续飞行.五月一日劳动节我作为俱乐部的成员,参加了在红场举行的庆典,当时我和其他人一起飞过红场上空.

In July 1941 I graduated from the club. They gave me a certificate of completion. It would help me out a lot later. All aviation clubs sent their students on to aviation academies. We were supposed to go to Tbilisi. But because the war started, all 1941 graduates were sent to Saratov, where we started flying SBs. They called it a "candle". It was completely unprotected, and besides that, made of duralumin -- any bullet or shell fragment caused a fire. I started flying it, and then an order came from the Defense Ministry: "Transfer the Saratov academy to the Airborne Forces". Soon they brought in gliders: US-4, US-5, Sh-10, G-9, "Stakhanovets". These were all sports models. There were also ones for airborne troops -- "RotFront-8" and "RotFront-11". Experienced instructors also came -- Iudin, Anokhin, and others.

1941年7月,我从俱乐部毕业,他们给了一张证书给我,这张证书以后会帮了我大忙.所有飞行俱乐部将学员送到飞行学校去,我们本来的目的地是第比利斯,由于战争爆发,我们被送往萨拉托夫(Saratov),我们在那里学习飞行SB轰炸机.我们把这种飞机叫"蜡烛",因为它的防护很差,任何子弹或炮弹打中它都很容易着火.然后国防部的命令下来,要将Saratov学校转隶到空降部队.马上大批的滑翔机送到学校来,US-4、US-5、Sh-10、G-9、 Stakhanovets式，全部是体育用的型号,还有一些专门供空降部队使用的型号:RotFront-8 型和RotFront-11型.有经验的教官也陆续到达,Iudin、Anokhin 等等.

We immediately started flying gliders. We would be towed by U-2, R-5, SB, Douglas, and others. This way we gained experience. The plane would make a circle and at the height of 500-600 meters we would detach. We circled and were supposed to land near a landing sign. You couldn't afford to make a mistake in these gliders. For example, after making the last turn, if you miscalculated, you could fall before the landing signs, there was nothing to pull you up -- no engine! So you would fall. That's why we made our approach aiming to overshoot. And in order to descend, we banked and dived, which allowed us to lose altitude, and then landed with a minor deviation. We flew not in Saratov, but about 30 kilometers from the city, German villages were there. The residents had been deported. Villages remained unoccupied. That was where we lived and flew. Wide Volga steppe. A nice place to fly a glider.

拖曳机有U-2、R-5、SB、道格拉斯等型号,飞机会在空中转个圈,然后断开绳索让我们自己飞.我们继续盘旋,然后在降落标志附近降落.其间不能犯任何错误.比如说,如果你计算错误,你可能会在降落标志前机头下偏,因为没有发动机,所以你抬不起来,会继续跌下去.因此你进入降落航线的时候要对准降落标志后一点的地方,这样就算失掉高度也可以补救.我们不在萨拉托夫飞,我们在离城三十公里的地方飞行,那个地方由于战线的推移,居民都迁走了,村子里没有人居住.我们在那里居住,在那里飞行.伏尔加平原非常宽广,是一个滑翔飞行的好地方.

Besides that I went through training as a diversionary group commander: explosives, hand to hand combat, fought dogs. Yes! Yes! We put on gloves, coats, and fought dogs. Like everyone, in October 1941, I submitted a request to be transferred to fighter aviation. It worked! On December 31 I was transferred to a fighter aviation academy. There we immediately began flying UT-1, UT-2, I-16. Our Belyi Kliuch Airfield was located 18 kilometers from Ul'ianovsk, not far from the Volga. Excellent airfield, good approaches.

除了练习飞行,我同时担任其他训练活动的组长.例如爆破、徒手格斗、斗狗.不错,我们要穿上手套和大衣,练习和狗搏斗.和其他人一样,在1941年10月我申请去战斗机部队.申请被接受了,我在12月31日奉命前往一个战斗机航校.我们立刻开始练习飞行UT-1、UT-2、I-16飞机.我们所在的Belyi Kliuch基地距离乌里扬诺夫斯克十八公里,就在伏尔加河附近,那是个非常好的机场,道路修得很好.

Yes, I forgot to mention that in October I and my comrade Boria Bezrukov, with whom we had gone to school and the aviation club, and later found ourselves at the Saratov academy, had to deliver some things to Moscow. They were bales, boxes -- we came, signed, turned over the cargo. Then Boria and I decided, as patriots, to go to the front.

我忘了提到在10月份,我和我的朋友Boria Bezrukov 一起送一些货物到莫斯科.Boria是我以前学校的同学,一起上航空俱乐部的.后来在萨拉托夫航校又见面了.那些货物是一些包裹和盒子,我们送到目的地,让那些人签收,交接了货物.然后我和Boria 决定,作为一个爱国者,我们要上前线.

We infiltrated to the forward positions. Found rifles, fired them. 45mm guns were deployed next to us, real soldiers were there. Already experienced people. The Special Department worked well in that area. They found us out, that we were strangers:

"Who are you? Where from?" We told them everything that happened.

"What do you have?" That's where the certificates from the aviation club and the papers about our trip to Moscow helped us out.

"Get out and don't come back!" We picked up and ran. We got lucky with transport -- came to Saratov and no one found out about it. All of that took no more than a week, at least it went unnoticed. But I did get the "For the Defense of Moscow" medal. After I left for Ul'ianovsk from Saratov, Boria was killed. When we would fly gliders at night, 8 men sat in each glider as passengers. He happened to fly as a passenger. The glider caught up with the plane, the cable caught on a wing and tore it off. Everyone was killed.

我们混进了前线阵地,找到了步枪,并用步枪向敌人射击.四十五毫米炮的阵地就在旁边,附近都是些真正的士兵,真正经历过战争的人.特种部门运作得很好,他们很快发现了我们是陌生者,然后他们盘问我们:

"你们是什么人?从哪里来?"

我们老老实实的交代.

"你们有些什么可以证明你们的身份?"

我把我俱乐部的证书掏出来,这东西解救了我们.

"立刻离开这里,别再回来!"

我们收拾好然后赶紧离开,我们搭上了回萨拉托夫的火车而且幸运的没有人发现这件事,至少是表面上没有,不过我之后得到了一枚莫斯科保卫战奖章.在我离开萨拉托夫前往乌里扬诺夫斯克之后,Boria因为意外丧生.当时是夜间飞行,他坐在一架滑翔机里,是乘客而不是飞行员.拖索缠上了滑翔机的机翼,机翼断落,滑翔机里的人全部丧生.

We started to train in Ul'ianovsk -- and then an order came to retrain for IL-2.

A.D. The aircraft were delivered?

Yes. They brought in more than 30 from Kuibyshev.

I graduated from the Ul'ianovsk academy in 1943. Why so long? I was lucky! Many graduated after the war ended! They picked out only the most gifted, so they would teach us as little as possible -- there was no fuel.

我们在乌里扬诺夫斯克开始训练,然后上面命令,我们要转为训练飞行伊尔－Ⅱ.

问:飞机送到了?

答:是的,超过三十架飞机从古比雪夫运来.

我在1943年从乌里扬诺夫斯克毕业.为何那么久?我已经很幸运了!很多人直到战争结束才能够毕业!他们只挑选最好的学员,这样他们能够一点一点的教我们--汽油很缺乏.

德军Pak43型88毫米反坦克炮阵地群,自伊尔－Ⅱ飞机上拍摄

So they sent us to a reserve airfield at Diad'kov, which was 18 kilometers north of Dmitrov. That's where pilots learned combat skills -- bombing, shooting. All of that took literally several hours. Possibilities were limited. A buyer from the front would come -- and we would go with him. Zhora Parshin came for us -- he was an ace! A ground attack pilot! He shot down ten aircraft in an IL! He fought from the first day of the war and to the end. Excellent man. I met him often later in Leningrad on the Liteinyi Avenue. It was 1944 when he took us. We found ourselves in the 566th Ground Attack Aviation Regiment. This regiment was the first to get its own honorary name -- Solnechnogorsk. It fought there, at Moscow. Everyone died, to a man. From 1941 only Afonia Machnyi remained, and even he lost his mind after half a hundred sorties, from 1942 -- only Leva Korchagin remained, from 1943 -- a little more, and so on. During the war the regiment lost 105 pilots and 50 gunners. 28 of us came to the division -- 15 were killed. Such were the losses.

我被派到位于Diad'kov的一个后备机场,在德米特罗夫(Dmitrov)以北十八公里.我们在那里练习实战技术——轰炸、射击.每一项都需要至少几个小时,但练习的机会并不是很多.一个前线部队来的人会来带些新飞行员上前线部队.带我们走的是Zhora Parshin,他是一个王牌飞行员,一个攻击机的王牌飞行员!他用伊尔机击落了十架敌机,他从战争第一天开始就参战了,并一直战斗到战争结束,一个非常优秀的人.我以后常在列宁格勒的Liteinyi大道上碰到他.当时是1944年,他带我们来到第566对地攻击航空团,这个团的荣誉称号是"Solnechnogorsk",也是第一个得到荣誉称号的团.Solnechnogorsk 是当时566团战斗的地方,在莫斯科附近.每个人都阵亡了,每一个人.1941年的人只剩下Afonia Machnyi,不过他也精神失常了,他飞了大约五十次战斗任务.1942年的人只剩下Leva Korchagin.1943年的人多一点,情况就是这样.在整个战争期间566团损失了105名飞行员和50名机枪手.我那批一共28个人来到这个师,15个阵亡了,人员损失很大.

I was put into the 1st Squadron of the 566th Regiment. Mykhlik was the squadron commander. Future Twice the Hero of the Soviet Union. We were lucky -- it was a period between operations, there was an opportunity to train, fly in formation, go into the zone. War began, and we started working at full steam in the Baltics. The regiment mostly fought in the Central and Leningrad fronts.

我分配到566团1中队,中队长是Mykhlik,未来的两次苏联英雄称号获得者(出击次数一百八十八次).我们很幸运,当时是两次战役间的休整阶段,我们有更多的时间来训练,编队飞行,导航.战役开始后,我们全力投入到波罗的海地区的作战中.我们团通常在中部战线或列宁格勒战线作战.

We fought in IL-2. It was an excellent aircraft for those times! Carried 600 kilograms of bombs, 8 rockets, 300 23mm shells for VIa cannon (150 per gun), and 1800 rounds for each machine gun -- 3600 rounds. The gunner had a 12.7mm Berezin machine gun, 10 DAG-10 distance aviation grenades for the protection of the lower rear hemisphere. If a German appeared, you would press a switch, and a grenade would fall on a parachute and explode 150 meters away. Besides that, an infantry submachine gun and grenades.

我们使用的是伊尔－Ⅱ,这是当时一种非常好的飞机!能够携带600公斤炸弹,8枚火箭弹,300发23毫米机炮炮弹(VIa型机炮,每门150发),每挺机枪1800发子弹(一共3600发).后座机枪手负责操纵一挺12.7毫米Berezin式机枪(UB型重机枪,Berezin是设计者).十发DAG-10型对空榴弹,用来防护来自后半球的攻击.如果有架德国飞机跟着你,按一个键,榴弹便会弹出,然后张开一个降落伞,大约离开伊尔机150米后(通常是发射后三秒)榴弹就会爆炸.另外飞机内还有一支冲锋枪和一些手榴弹.

受到攻击的德军车辆集结地，自伊尔－Ⅱ飞机上拍摄

A.D. They say IL-2 was difficult to handle?

No. Not at all. I-16 -- yes. Especially when landing.

A.D. How useful do you think the rear gunner was?

The gunner was necessary. His usefulness is beyond question.

A.D. Did you already have all metal IL-2?

Yes. All aircraft were already equipped with radios. The only thing was that we sat on gasoline: a tank under me, a tank in front, a tank between me and the gunner. We were all in gasoline.

We started in the Baltics, went through Prussia, and finished in Wittenberg, from where we flew sorties to Koenigsberg and even Danzig.

问:有的人说伊尔－Ⅱ很难操纵?

答:不,完全不是.I-16就有点,是的.特别是在降落的时候.

问:你觉得后座枪手的作用大吗?

答:后座机枪手是必需的,这是毫无疑问的.

问:你飞的已经是全金属的伊尔－Ⅱ吗?

答:是的,所有的飞机都配备了无线电,只有一样不好,我们坐在汽油上:一个油箱在我下面,一个在前面,一个在我和后座枪手之间,周围都是汽油.

We got hit a couple of times. A shell hit a wing on the twenty-eighth sortie. We made it back miraculously -- the hole was about a meter in size. If a bullet hits, the smell of burned metal can be felt. I smelled it. Turned my head -- there it was, a hole. But I was lucky -- the shock wave and fragments went to the gunner. His legs were mangled. Communications were disrupted. We landed in Wittenberg. I taxied, turned off the engine, jumped out onto the wing -- the gunner, Viktor Shakhaev, Siberian, born in 1926, was just lying there. Guys ran to us, pulled him out. Barely saved his legs. But it turned out that I was also hit. A fragment scratched the back of my head. Where did it manage to penetrate? They wanted to put me in a hospital, but I refused. War ended for me in Wittenberg. I had flown 84 sorties.

我们最初是在波罗的海,然后穿过普鲁士,然后在维滕堡(Wittenberg)迎来战争胜利.我们从那飞柯尼斯堡(Koenigsberg)甚至到但泽(Danzig)执行任务.我被击中过几次.第28次战斗出击的时候,一发炮弹击中了机翼.我设法飞了回去,真是奇迹,那个洞有一米宽.当被炮弹击中的时候,你会闻到金属燃烧的气味.我一闻到那股气味,转过头来,一眼就看到那个洞.不过我很幸运,气浪和弹片飞向了后座枪手,他的腿受伤了.无线电也坏了,我将飞机降落在维滕堡.我降落之后将飞机驶到一边,关掉发动机,跳到机翼上.我的后座枪手瘫在那里,他叫Viktor Shakhaev,西伯利亚人,1926年出生.人们向我们跑过来,将他拉出机舱.很幸运,后来他的腿保住了.这个时候才发现我也受伤了,一个弹片击中了我的后脑,是怎么击中的?他们想拉我到医院去,我拒绝了.战争结束的时候我在维滕堡,我的战斗出击次数是84次.

In the end of May 1945 men were selected from the regiments of our division for the Victory Parade. They picked out men about 1 meter 80 centimeters tall and sent them to Koenigsberg to drill. Our sergeant was a brilliant drill instructor. So he drilled us. In the beginning of June we were put on a train and rode toward Moscow. There we were formed into a combined battalion of pilots of the 3rd Belorussian Front. Our commander was General Prutkov, commander of the 1st Guards Stalingrad Ground Attack Air Division. They gave us tunics, boots, caps. It was a merry, nice atmosphere. We lived in the Chernyshevskie barracks, not far from Shabolovka. Where did we walk? VDNKh, at the Crimean Bridge, some other places. Special Voroshilov rations in the mess, even white bread on plates. I must say at the front the food was also excellent. The parade was on June 24. I also went to the banquet.

1945年5月底,上面要从我们团挑选一些人参加胜利阅兵仪式.他们挑了一些身高大约一米八的飞行员,包括我,然后送我们到柯尼斯堡进行操练.操练我们的那个军士是一个非常好的教练.我们大约在6月初开始训练,然后坐火车前往莫斯科.在那里我们被编成一个临时的营,成员全部是来自白俄罗斯方面军的飞行员,指挥官是Prutkov将军,他是第一近卫"斯大林格勒"对地攻击航空师师长.他们给了我们制服、皮靴和军帽.那个时候真的很快乐,气氛热烈.我们住在Chernyshevskie军营,离Shabolovka不远.我们去过什么地方? VDNKh(全俄罗斯展览中心公园),在克里米亚桥旁,还有其他一些地方.伏罗希洛夫特别配给制度被抛到了一边,碟子里的都是白面包.我必须说明一下,在前线的伙食供应也是非常好的.胜利阅兵在6月24日举行,我还出席了一个宴会.

一架投弹后拉起的伊尔－Ⅱ(箭头处)

A.D. Did you fly as a wingman or a leader?

Everyone was at first a wingman at the front. Vasia Mykhlik and I flew about 40 sorties. He went to Moscow to get his Star (Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union - trans.) and came back only in the end of April. I was already a leader. The last two sorties I already led eight -- basically a squadron. That was May 8. The first sortie was at 10 in the morning, and the second around 2pm. To the Zemland Peninsula. We worked over its very edge. Returned. They refueled us for the third sortie. We taxied, waited for the order. The Chief of Staff Nikolai Ivanovich Borkov ran to us: "Iura, taxi back. It's over!" We turned off our engines, fired into the air in joy. The war was over! And then I flew ILs and MIGs for a long time.

A.D. They say that there were 7 killed gunners for each killed pilot, is that true?

No. Let me explain. We had 105 pilots and 50 gunners killed, why? Because the regiment fought from the beginning to the end of the war. The first half of the war in one-seater aircraft. And the second half -- in two-seaters. And most of the time, they died together. A ground attack aircraft pilot, according to the statistics, managed to fly 7-8 sorties and then died. Such were statistics.

A.D. Were you escorted by fighters?

Always. Very often during the Prussian operation we were escorted by Normandie-Niemen.

问:你飞过僚机的位置或长机的位置吗?

答:每个人最初都是飞僚机的位置．Vasia Mykhlik带我飞了大约40次战斗任务．有一段时间他去莫斯科领他的星(金星奖章，苏联英雄称号)回来的时候已经是四月末了.那段时间里我成了长机.最后的两次任务我已经是一个领队,带领八架飞机,通常一个中队的出动数量.那是五月八日,我们第一次出击任务是在上午十点,第二次是在下午大约两点的时候,目标是泽姆兰(Zemland)半岛.

我们用完弹药,然后飞回来,加油准备第三次出动.我们驶到跑道尽头,等待准许起飞的命令.参谋长 Nikolai Ivanovich Borkov向我们跑过来:" Iura,转回来,结束了!"我们关掉发动机,向天开枪庆祝.战争结束了!以后我在伊尔机和米格机上飞了很长一段时间.

问:有资料说后座枪手的伤亡率比飞行员大7倍,这是真的吗?

答:不是的,让我解释一下.我们一共有一百零五名飞行员和五十名后座枪手阵亡,为什么?因为我们团从战争开始一直战斗到战争结束.战争前半段我们使用的是单座飞机,后半段使用的是双座飞机.通常是飞行员和后座枪手一起阵亡的.根据统计,一个对地攻击飞行员在飞行7-8次出击任务后就会阵亡,这就是统计的数据.

问:你们执行任务是会有战斗机护航吗?

答:都有的,在普鲁士战役期间我们经常由"诺曼底·纽曼"中队护航.

A.D. Were missions assigned to eights?

Not necessarily. Depended on the mission.

A.D. What missions did you get most often?

Usually the bombing of the forward positions. I went to reconnoiter on foot once. The infantry commander said: "You guys don't have to shoot. Fly here and show yourselves. That would be enough. And if you bomb, you'll always be welcome guests!" Sunk ships in ports, 4 times flew against airfields. That was scary business! They were well protected. Worked on armor concentrations. Well, against those targets armies -- hundreds of aircraft -- were sent, in order to wipe everything off the face of the earth.

A.D. What was more dangerous, enemy anti-aircraft artillery or fighters?

AA artillery. Of course, in the beginning of the war fighters really made the lives of ground attack pilots difficult. But by the end of the war -- AA artillery. That was scary business! Several dozen small caliber AA guns were deployed and would fire into the same spot. And all around black clouds from medium caliber AA guns. You would fly and not know which of them would... kiss you. Of course, we performed an anti-AAA maneuver.

We usually flew 50 by 30 -- 50 meter interval and 30 meter distance. When approaching the frontline we spread out -- 150 meter interval. And threw our planes side to side. Then we would get into a circle above the target and start working it. Little ones [fighters] would cover us. Those were the mechanics.

A.D. How many passes would you make?

It depended on the situation. There could be such counteraction -- Lord help us! Then it would only be one pass. You would use everything at once -- rockets, guns, bombs. If the counteraction was not that great, then several -- 4, 6 times. The leader would snake away, allowing the wingmen to catch up. We approached the target in formation, if weather allowed at the altitude of 1200-1400 meters, and departed after assembling, also in formation, at the same altitude.

问:任务需要由八架飞机执行吗?

答:不是这样的,出动架数根据任务的性质.

问:你执行得最多的任务是什么？

答:通常是轰炸前线阵地.我有一次去到前线的步兵部队中去,进行勘查.那个步兵军官对我说:"你们不一定要射击,在这里飞行,显示你们的存在,这样就很够了,如果你们能够炸他们一下,你就会成为这里受欢迎的客人."其他的任务还有攻击港口中的船舶,有四次是攻击敌人的机场.攻击机场是令人害怕的差事,敌人机场有着很好的防御火力.还有攻击敌军的装甲部队,这种任务会将整个航空军派出去,几百架飞机一齐出动,目的就是将所有东西从地表上抹去.

问:哪一个比较危险?战斗机还是防空火炮?

答:当然是高射炮.战争初期敌人的战斗机对我们攻击机的威胁的确很大,到了战争后期,高射炮是最大的威胁.是令人心惊,几打的小口径高射炮布置开,火力集中在一个点上.四围还有中口径高炮炮弹爆出的黑云,你飞行的时候不知道哪一发会……"吻"你一下.当然,我们也会做规避动作.我们通常编队飞行的时候保持30-50米的横向间距和三十米的前后距离.当我们到达前线的时候我们散开,一百五十米的横向间距,排成一条横线.之后攻击目标的时候我们在上空盘旋然后攻击.小家伙们(护航战斗机)会掩护我们.这就是我们的战术.

问:你会进入多少次?

答:这要看情况,如果有很强的防御火力--上帝保佑!那就只会通过一次,你要立刻将所有东西发射出去,火箭弹、机炮、炸弹.如果防御火力不强,就会通过几次--四次、六次不等.长机会飞开,让僚机继续攻击.我们通常编队飞行到目标上空,如果天气允许会在1200-1400的高度上进入,然后散开编队攻击,或者在相同的高度上进行编队攻击.

德军三号突击炮,自伊尔-Ⅱ飞机上拍摄

A.D. What was the most vulnerable spot of IL-2?

The engine. Wings were fine, more or less. If a fuel tank was hit, that wasn't bad either, why? When approaching the target we opened carbon dioxide canisters, which filled the empty space of fuel tanks. If a bullet pierced the body and hit a fuel tank, the sealer would fill the hole, fuel would not leak out, there would be no vapor, and consequently no combustion.

A.D. How effective were rockets?

They were 82mm rockets. Of course, we fired them into the general vicinity. But at the forward positions targets were all over, so heavy was the concentration of forces and vehicles. A group would work -- one missed, another would hit the target for sure. We also carried RS-132, but only 2 of them. In that case we took less bombs -- only 200 kg. But usually we took RS-82, sometimes 16 of them.

A.D. And did you install 37mm guns?

We had 37mm guns, 40 shells per gun. I didn't fly one of those. They didn't work out.

A.D. Was the German infantry well covered?

They covered themselves in only one way -- concentration of AA defenses. Not single guns, but concentrated in quadrants. I would sometimes count up to 40 guns -- an uninterrupted stream of bullets. Small caliber AA artillery was especially dangerous.

A.D. Did you attack from a dive?

Always from a dive, 30-40 degrees. You wouldn't have time to fire everything at a steeper angle. 30-40 degrees -- that is the angle that provided the complete use of all weapons.

A.D. Did you use anti-tank bombs?

Yes. We took about 280 of them. There were also 25 kg, 50 kg, and 100 kg bombs -- 4 bomb hatches, 600 kg load. We would bomb from the altitude not lower than 1400-1500 meters. If there were low clouds, 400-600 meters, but then we put in delayed fuses.

问:伊尔－Ⅱ最容易被击中的地方是哪里？

答:发动机、机翼很结实,不管怎么说.如果油箱被击中,问题也不是很大.为什么?在差不多到达目标的时候,我们会打开二氧化碳气瓶的开关,二氧化碳会充满油箱中的空间.油箱是自封油箱,如果子弹打中了油箱,孔洞会自动修补好,汽油不会漏出来,自然就没有油气,也就不会燃烧.

问:火箭弹的性能怎么样？

答:通常使用82毫米火箭弹.当然,我们只是向大致的方向射击.不过被击中的目标都会被摧毁,不管目标有多厚的装甲.进行齐射的时候效果比较好,一枚打不中,另一枚会补上.我们也携带RS-132,不过一次只能带2枚。带火箭弹的时候,带的炸弹会少一些,只能带200公斤的.通常我们带RS-82,有时候一次带16枚.

问:你曾经使用过37毫米炮吗？

答:我们有37毫米炮,每门炮备弹40发.我没有飞过这种飞机.

问:德军的步兵部队能够得到很好的掩护吗?

答:只有一种武器能够掩护他们,高射炮.不是一门两门,而是一群.我曾经数到四十门火炮,能够组成一道不可逾越的火墙.小口径高炮尤其危险.

问:你攻击的时候是通过俯冲来进行的吗?

答:一般都是进行俯冲攻击,30-40度.在太陡的角度上,不能射击所有的武器.30-40度,这个角度你能够使用所有武器进行攻击.

问:你们有使用反坦克炸弹吗?

答:是的,我投过280枚.有25公斤级的、50公斤的、100公斤的——4枚一捆,总载弹量600公斤.我们会从不低于1400-1500米的高度上投掷,如果有低云,会在400-600米的高度上投掷,但要加上延迟引信.

A.D. About how many sorties did you fly per day?

Sometimes 3... but that was a lot. A lot.

If someone says it wasn't scary -- they're lying. The moment of expectation was the scariest and most unpleasant. For example they would say: "1400 such and such airfield". You sit there: 1400 -- nothing, 1430 -- nothing, 1500 -- no order! Or you sit in the cockpit, waiting for a rocket, and nothing. Legs start shaking. A real panic starts. After all, there was no guarantee that you wouldn't be shot down during the mission. When a rocket would shoot up into the air your head would start working in a different direction, panic would be turned off. Then there was an unpleasant feeling when we approached the target but would not be attacking it immediately. They would be prepared for us and fire. After the attack started -- that was it, the pilot was at work, looking for targets, pushing triggers, rockets, guns, machine guns, pulling the ASSh-41 (emergency bomb release. Bombs could be released by the buttons, or if you wanted to release them all at once, you pulled that lever).

A.D. How was the effectiveness of a sortie determined?

Everyone had a gun camera, which was working when you were firing the guns. If you set a vehicle on fire, it wold be recorded. If you worked a tank, that would also be recorded. Besides that, gunners could have wide area cameras. There would usually be a couple of them per group. It covered a large area, and after we landed the film was printed. Besides that, when approaching the front line we established communications with the observer, usually a representative of the air division. We could recognize his voice. He would literally aim us: "Guys, a little to the right. OK. Now." Gave us the permission to attack. Told us where the bombs were falling. On the second pass introduced corrections. His confirmations were taken into account.

A.D. And how did you break in new pilots?

The usual. After the school pilots were sent to a reserve air regiment. There they passed through a short combat course. Bombing and strafing ground targets with cannon and machine guns. Then a buyer would come in. We were considered to be relatively ready for combat work.

问:你每天要飞多少次战斗任务?

答:有时候三次……这已经很多了,真的很多的.如果有人告诉你他不害怕,他一定是在撒谎.等待的时候是最令人害怕和最难受的时候.比如,命令是说"1400-某某任务－某机场".你坐在那里:1400--没有命令,1430--没有命令,1500--仍然没有命令!又或者坐在座舱中,等候起飞的信号火箭,然后只是干等,脚开始在抖,令人不快的开始.当然,没有任何事情比在执行任务的时候被击落更糟糕的.当信号火箭射向天空的时候,你的脑子开始从另一个方向去想事情,恐惧感会被抛到一边.然后在进入目标区域的时候你又会感到不快.敌人的炮火很快开始迎接我们,然后我们开始攻击.就是这样了,飞行员们各司其职,寻找目标,扣动扳机,发射火箭、机炮、机枪,按下ASSh-41(紧急炸弹释放装置,能够一次性将所有炸弹投下,当你想一次过将所有炸弹投下,就拉这个装置).

问:如何判定一次攻击的成效?

答:每架飞机都有一架照相枪,当射击的时候同时进行拍照.如果你向一辆车开火,射击的情形会被拍下来.除此以外,后座枪手也有一架照相机,广角的,一般来说每个编队会有两架.降落后照片会被冲洗出来.除此以外在前线阵地我们会有对空联络员,通常是航空师派出的人员.我们认得他们的声音,他们会指挥我们:"弟兄们,再稍微偏右一点,现在好了."给我们攻击的许可,告诉我们炸弹的落点,对攻击的修正.他也同时记录攻击的成绩.

问:你们如何训练新来的飞行员?

答:一般来说,从航校出来的飞行员会先送到预备航空团,在那里他们会获得短时间的战斗训练,例如投弹、使用机炮和机枪扫射地面目标.然后部队的人会来,他们会在新飞行员中挑选合适的人上前线.

A.D. And in the regiment?

After the above procedure we were flown in to the regiment and allocated to squadrons. Squadron commander would fly with each one, taking measure of everyone's level of preparedness, and picked out his wingman. I immediately became squadron commander's partner. I flew only with him. I loved flying and was almost always first.

A.D. Were there any IL-10 in your unit?

Of course. But only after the war. Their qualities were the same. Same weight, gunner, crew commander, pilot. The structure was more compact. Wing area was a little smaller. Same armament. Two cannon and two machine guns. Slightly different range. But mainly it was the same thing.

A.D. Did you ever hit friendlies?

We had Twice the Hero [of the Soviet Union] Len'ka (Leonid) Beda, we had gone to school together. An untidy person. Although, you shouldn't say anything bad about the dead. Once a general came, we were formed up. The general noticed him:

"Last name?"

"Beda" ("Beda" means "trouble" in Russian -- trans.)

"I am asking you what your last name is!"

"Beda, comrade commander!"

Len'ka killed 118 men at the end of the war. It wasn't his fault, they told him before the mission: "Bomb that target". But he had to get there first. Maybe 30 minutes. While they were flying there, the situation changed. We captured that place, but no one reported to him. The group worked the target -- 118 of our soldiers died. He returned, they tore off his shoulder boards, but immediately investigated, returned them. Later he was the Air Force Commander of the Belorussian Military District.

问:在团里呢?

答:在完成调动程序后,新飞行员会被送到团里然后分配到各个中队中.中队长会和每一个人一起飞行,了解他们的能力,然后被挑选做各个老飞行员的僚机.我几乎是立即就成为了中队长的僚机,我只和他一起飞行.我喜欢飞行,我经常是第一名的.

问：在你的部队里有伊尔－１０吗?

答:当然有,不过那是战后的事情.两种飞机的性能相近.同样的重量,后座枪手、飞行员.结构更紧凑,机翼面积较小.同样的武装:两门机炮和两挺机枪.航程有些许差别.总的来说都是一样的.

问:你曾经误击过友方目标吗?

答:我们有一位两次苏联英雄获得者 Len'ka (Leonid) Beda,我们一起上学的,一个不修边幅的人.我并不是说他不好,不过有一次一个将军来视察,我们整队,那个将军注意到他

"名字?"

"Beda."(Beda 在俄语里是麻烦的意思.)

"我在问你的名字是什么!"

"Beda,指挥员同志!"

Len'ka 曾经在战争快要结束的时候发生过一次误击事件,118名苏军死亡.这不是他的错,上头出击前命令他:"轰炸这个目标".不过当他飞到那个地方的时候,大概是三十分钟后,情况已经变了,我们的人占领了那个地方.没有任何人告诉他这件事情,整个编队进行了轰炸.118名友方部队人员死亡.当他飞回来的时候,他的肩章被扯下,不过很快的调查有了结果,肩章迅速归还给他.他后来成为白俄罗斯军区的空军司令员.

A.D. Have you ever encountered enemy aircraft?

I've never had to participate in a dogfight, but the rear gunner didn't sit without work -- after pulling out from an attack he fired at ground targets.

A.D. Were there any cases of cowardice?

There were single occurrences of cowardice. There was one time, when N. was leading a large group, about 20 aircraft, he turned away before reaching the target, the entire group returned to the airfield. Court martial. Gave him seven years. But he fought well afterward -- 4 Orders of the Red Banner. There were sly people as well. A small number, but there were some. He would gain altitude. We fly, attack, but he just hangs there, then descends to 1000 meters, releases the bomb load, gets in formation. But we see everything.

A.D. Did you beat him up?

Warned him. Told him: "Sasha, you do this one more time, we'll shoot you down". He was disrupting our interaction! We flew at a distance of 600 meters, he climbed, therefore the distance became 1200. Interaction was disrupted. The warning worked.

A.D. Were there penal ground attack squadrons?

No. They would send offending officers to us, not necessarily pilots. They would fly 10 sorties as rear gunners.

A.D. What was considered a combat sortie?

Only bombing enemy targets with photo confirmation.

A.D. Did you lose aircraft for technical reasons?

Technicians worked well. If a plane didn't return for technical reasons, something happened, that was very serious. Such occurrences were investigated.

问:你曾遇到敌人的飞机吗?

答:我从未试过卷入到一场空战中,不过后座枪手并非无所事事,当我们攻击结束拉起的时候,他就向地面的目标开火.

问:有没有一些胆小鬼的情况出现?

答:这种事情都是个别事件.有一次某个人带着一个大编队,大约二十架飞机出动,在差不多到达目标上空的时候他掉头往回飞,整个编队也跟着他返回.军事法庭判了他7年(似乎是戴罪立功),不过他之后干得非常好,获得过四次红旗勋章.也有些搞小动作的家伙,虽然只是很少数.一次有个家伙只会躲得高高的,我们飞行、攻击,他就呆在那里,然后降到一千米高度,投弹.然后加入到返航的编队中.不过我们全部看在眼里.

问:你们对他进行了惩罚吗？

答:我们警告了他.告诉他:"萨沙,如果你再这样干一次,我们就把你打下来."要知道他这样做就和编队分离开了,我们以600米距离飞行.他爬高,距离就变成了一千二百米,和其他人分离开了.那个警告起了效果.

问:对地攻击机中队里有惩罚措施吗?

答：没有.有的时候上面会派一些讨厌的军官(犯过错的军官?)给我们,不是我们需要的飞行员,他们会被派作后座机枪手,大约会执行十次出击任务.

问:如何确认一次出击?

答:只能以轰炸敌军目标的照片证明.

问:你曾经因为机械故障而损失飞机吗?

答:机械师们干得很好.假如有一架飞机因为机械故障不能返回,那就有事发生了,很严重,这种事情一定会进行调查.

A.D. Did you have to manipulate the engine's modes of operation?

Yes, of course. It was easy to do.

A.D. Did you use any special tactics?

Yes. You would make the first pass, second one, then they would say from the ground: "Wait a little, when the infantry passes, we'll redirect you to other targets". So we work this target, stay in the air, and then we work other targets based on the commands from the observation post.

A.D. Did you fly during operational pauses?

The most intense activity was during operations. Then we flew a lot, but for that time was needed, and corresponding preparation. Crews, equipment were being prepared. During pauses between operations we flew anyway. Performed tactical missions. Of course, with smaller forces. We would be sent to support infantry or to destroy columns on the march. For example, Pokryshkin flew more than 500 sorties. Participated in 84 dogfights. Shot down 59 aircraft. I also have 84 combat sorties. But if you translate our effectiveness into money, I wouldn't be short of him. Be sure of that. Of course, ground attack pilots' hands are covered in blood up to the elbows. But it was our duty, and I think we did a first class job. Did everything we could. Well, and God didn't pass us by with "crosses".

问:你有没有试过调节发动机工作模式？

答:当然有,这很容易做.

问:你有没有用过一些特殊的战术?

答:有的.我们会进入一次,两次,然后他们就会从地面指挥我们:"等一下,等步兵上来,我们会导引你们攻击另一个目标."我们就在空中等待,然后攻击地面观察员指示的另一个目标.

问:在战役间隙你会飞行吗?

答:战役期间是最忙的,当战斗需要和战备情况允许的时候,我们要飞很多次.人员和装备都需要准备.在战役间隙的时候,我们也会飞行,执行战术任务.当然,以小规模的编队执行.例如支援步兵和攻击行军编队.比如说,波克雷西金执行了超过五百次战斗出击任务,其中八十四次空战,击落五十九架敌机.我执行过84次战斗出击任务.当然如果以成效衡量,我会比他差.不过要知道,攻击机飞行员双手也是蘸满敌人的鲜血(原文直译为攻击机飞行员的手浸在血里，直到手肘).这是我们的责任,我想我的工作是第一流的.我们尽力的去做,幸好,上帝在我旁边走过的时候没有给我一个"十字"(指坟墓前的十字架).

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