[烛光生存狂]-波兰装甲部队起源(附带FT-17坦克简介)

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编号为1033的波兰FT-17

History of Renault tanks in the Polish Army:

The French light infantry tank Renault FT-17 (Renault FT M1917) was probably the most revolutionary tank design in the history. It was the first tank with an armament in a rotating turret, and its composition became the classic one. The prototype was constructed in 1917, and more than 3800 were produced. The tank was widely used in the battles of the First World War since 31 May 1918. After the WWI they were exported to many countries - they were used by most countries, which possesed armoured forces, usually as the first tank type. Most of the produced tanks were still in service at the outbreak of the WWII, although they were completely obsolete by then.

1917年定型的法国轻型步兵坦克雷诺FT-17（雷诺FT M1917）恐怕是早期坦克史上最具革命性的设计，它是第一种在旋转炮塔内安装武器的坦克，产量超过了3800辆。从1918年5月31日起，FT-17参加了第一次世界大战，在这之后它也被广泛的运用到世界各地的战争冲突中。FT-17在一战后出口到很多国家，也成为不少后来的坦克大国在草创阶段的坦克范本。到第二次世界大战爆发时，尽管它们已经显得过时但仍有很多FT-17在各参战国服役。

In April-May 1919, in the Polish Army of Gen. Haller in France, there was formed the 1st tank regiment. The unit based on the former French 505th tank regiment, and was equipped with 120 most modern at that time light tanks Renault FT-17. In June 1919 the 1st tank regiment, along with Gen. Haller's Army, returned to Poland, with all equipment. Thanks to this, Poland became the fourth biggest armoured power in the world.

1919年4月至5月，由黑勒将军（Gen.Haller）率领的波兰军团在法国成立了第一装甲团，这个团是在原法军第505装甲团的基础上改编而成，装备了120辆当时最为先进的雷诺FT-17坦克。1919年6月，黑勒将军带着这个装甲团回到了波兰，凭借这些坦克，波兰一跃成为当时世界第四大装甲兵强国。

The 1st tank regiment was equipped with 120 tanks FT-17: 75 armed with a 37mm gun Puteaux SA-18 L/21, and 45 armed with a 8mm Hotchkiss Mle.14 MG (the other source states 72 and 48 respectively). The regiment consisted of 5 companies, divided between 2 battalions. Each company had 3 tank platoons. One platoon consisted of 5 tanks: 3 gun-armed, including a commander's tank, and 2 MG-armed ones.

第一装甲段装备的这120辆FT-17中，有75辆安装37毫米的皮托（Puteaux）SA-18 L/21火炮，45辆装霍奇基斯8毫米Mle.14机枪（一些资料认为这个数值比应该是72：48）。全团由2个营组成，一共有5个连，每个连有3个坦克排，每排装备5辆坦克：其中3辆是安装火炮（其中一辆是指挥车），另外2辆安装机枪。

Polish FT-17 company arrived in the front area, 1919. The first tank is MG-armed, the further 3 - gun-armed

Use in the twenties:

Since August 1919, Polish FT-17's were used in the Polish-Soviet war. Among others, the tanks of the 2nd company, commanded by the French Cpt. J. Dufour, fought in a battle of Dyneburg town on 27-28. 09. 1919 (now: Daugavpils, Latvia). By 1920 most of the French personnel departed back to France. In 1920, FT-17 tanks were used in retreat combat in July - im defence of Lida, Grodno and Rowne. Then, they took part in the great Warsaw Battle in August 1920 (in a combat around Radzymin, and in attack of Maj. Nowicki's armoured group on Minsk Mazowiecki and Mlawa（姆拉沃）during). At that time, some damaged tanks were put on railway flatcars and used as parts of armoured trains. During the war 1919-1920, 8 tanks were destroyed, 12 were damaged and later repaired.

1919年8月波兰人的FT-17参加了波苏战争。波兰第2装甲连在法军Dufour上尉的带领下，在1919年9月27日至28日于第聂伯镇（现改名为陶格夫匹尔斯，拉脱维亚第二大城市）与苏军交战。到了1920年，大部分波军中的法国顾问回国，这一年波军一败涂地，FT-17坦克参加了7月的撤退战，在利达（Lida）、格洛多诺（Grodno）和Rowne等城市抵抗红军的进击。当时一些受损的车辆被临时装载到车皮上，充当临时装甲列车的火力点。从1919年至1920年，有8辆波军FT-17坦克被完全摧毁，12辆在被击伤后修复。

Polish FT-17's of the 2nd company at Dyneburg. Click to enlarge

In 1924, 6 radio command tanks Renault TSF were bought in France. They were based upon FT-17, fitted with a radio in a big superstructure in a place of a turret. They were not armed. Also, in 1929-30, some of the newer Renault tank designs were bought. They were 5 tanks Renault M26/27 and 24 tanks Renault NC-27. M26/27 was an unsucesfull development of FT-17, with the same hull and armament, fitted with a new track mechanism with Kegresse rubber tracks (they were proposed to the French Army under the desigantion NC-2). Renault NC-27 was a further development of FT-17, with a redesigned hull, new chassis and a turret armed with a coaxial 37mm gun SA-18 and MG (they were proposed to the French Army under the designation NC-1. Its further development led to the French D1 tank).

1924年，从法国购进了6辆雷诺TSF指挥坦克，这种车辆根据FT-17的底盘改制，用安装了电台的一个大型箱式结构代替了原先的炮塔，该车没有武备。另外，1929至1930年，波兰又买进了一些更加新式的法国坦克：5辆雷诺M26/27和24辆雷诺NC-27，雷诺NC-27是FT-17的改良型号，除了重新设计的车体、悬挂装置之外，还在新的炮塔上并列安装了37mm火炮和机枪。

雷诺TSF指挥坦克，TSF指“Télégraph Sans Fil”（无线设备）。

Polish modifications:

By 1925, Cpt. S. Kardaszewicz developed new small-link tracks for FT-17 tanks. The use of small-link tracks increased the tank's speed, improved fuel consumption, and lowered noise and shock level. At least 65 tanks were fitted with the new tracks since 1926 (it is not known how many tanks used these tracks in 1939).

1925年，波军S.Kardaszewicz上尉为FT-17设计了一种较细的履带，这一改进提高了坦克的行驶速度、更加节省燃料，而且减少了噪音和震动。从1926年起至少有65辆FT-17换装了这种履带，但是有多少这种改进型参加了1939年的战争则不得而知了。

In 1926, a series of 27 tanks FT-17 were built in the Polish works CWS. They were completed of the original spare parts, and regular steel plates. Because of it, they had almost no armour protection, and were called "iron tanks". They were used mostly for crew training.

1926年，波兰的CWS工厂利用备件生产了27辆FT-17坦克，但是它们使用的是低碳钢板，在战斗中等于没有装甲防护。这种坦克被谐称为“铁皮坦克”，主要用于训练坦克乘员。

An unusually-looking Polish modification developed and tested in 1926, was FT-17 with a smokescreen generator (called: a "gas" tank). It had two long cylinders with chemicals. The project was rejected, but the photos of this tank remained popular in the Polish and forreign military press for a long time. [photo on the right - source 2].

1926年，波兰在FT-17坦克的车体上进行了一次有趣的尝试，搭载了两个装载化学物质的圆柱型容器，称为“烟幕发生器”（别名毒气坦克）。计划最后被取消了,但是这种坦克仍旧出现在波兰和国外军事刊物上很长一段时间.

In 1933 there was developed a special rail chassis for FT-17 tank, to use it as an armoured rail vehicle. Such tanks on the rail chassis were designated: armoured draisine R. See more on armoured draisines page.

1933年，波兰为一些FT-17改装了可以在铁道上行驶的底盘，它们被当作装甲列车的一部分来使用。

In the thirties, the radio tanks TSF were scheduled to be rebuild to combat tanks, replacing the superstructure with a turret. A new turret with a coxial 37mm gun and MG was developed by the Polish in this purpose, but it is not clear, if these tanks were eventually rebuilt using these turrets. There were also tested some modernization projects of regular FT-17 tanks, including changes in hull and engine cooling system (FT-17 "Hanus"), suspension (from Vickers E tank) and new turrets (mentioned above), but none were accepted.

而同样在30年代，波兰

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The French General Weygand had been sent to Poland to help Marshal Josef Pilsudski in 1919-1921 against the Bolsheviks. He was leading 600 other French officers who led/advised Polish troops during 1919/1921 in all the branches of the Polish army against the soviets. But these officiers and the men who went with them also fought with their Polish comrades against the Soviets. De Gaulle who was captain at that time for example spent 22 Months in Poland during 1919-1921. Other exemples officers in Poland in 1919-1921 were captain Albert Marchand, captain de Monthelie, lieutenant Jean Dufour, captain Perre (Perré in French) (commander of the 3rd company, 2nd battalion of the 1st Polish tank regiment), lieutenant Delbaux, capitaine R. Vogneron, lieutenant Bertat. Perre (an other man very important in the history of the French armored units beside Estienne, De Gaulle etc.) was the commander of the 2e DCR during the 3rd attack on Abbeville in June 1940 (interesting is to note that Abbeville was finally only liberated in 1944 by the 1st Polish armored division of general Stanislaw MACSZEK, History is funny sometimes).

In Poland Perre commanded a Polish FT tank company (alter a battalion I think) and was later member of the French advisors staff HQ introduced in the Polish HQ. Other men very close to Perre were with him in Poland : C. Poniatowski and Jean-François Perrette for example. They were officers in 1940 in the 2e DCR, I don't know their rank in 1919-1921. J.F. Perrette had been wounded in a French Schneider tank in 1918 and was again wounded in Poland in 1921 when he was commander of a Polish FT-17 against the Soviets. After that he returned to civilian life, he was a well-known rugbyman in 1923-1924. All these officers were good soldiers.

Some French officers and soldiers, after WW1 and Poland saw also action during the Rif war from 1921 to 1926 before having to face the Germans.

The Headquarters of the Polish Army in France issued the first order commencing the formation of the 1st Tank Regiment on March 15, 1919 using the historical opportunity, which presented itself after the end of the First World War. The fall of all three powers : Russia, Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire involved in partitioning of Poland allowed for the formation of strong and independent Polish armed forces.

The French provided the equipment and the officers of the 505e RCC (Regiment de Chars Combat) which served as a seed around which the Polish regiment could be built. The formation of the unit commenced on March 22, 1919 in Martigny-les-Bains in the department of Vosges. Ethnic Polish volunteers from France and the USA as well as Polish prisoners of war from German and Austro-Hungarian armies filled the ranks of the regiment. The Poles never before had their own armored unit ; hence they had to rely on the knowledge and expertise of French instructors. The unit was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Jules Maré (from March 21, 1918, until October 15, 1919) and later by Lieutenant colonel Adolf Engel.

Introductory work on the formation of the unit was completed by May 1, 1919. The regiment boasted 120 Renault FT tanks (The Renault FT tank was a brainchild of French General Jean-Baptiste Estienne) ; at that time the best armored vehicles in Europe. It was the first modern and one of the most successful tank of World War 1. This light tank was the first of the classic tank design which featured a turret with a 360-degree traverse. The FT-17 was often used in mass attacks. The main task of tank units was to eliminate machine gun nests and destroy barbed-wire obstacles, enabling infantry to cross no-man's-land. The principal advantages of the Renault tanks were their small size (hey could enter forested areas, where larger British Mark V or French Saint Chamond and Schneider were useless), agility on the battlefield, and large numbers.

The 1st Tank Regiment consisted of 5 companies each with 24 tanks. Each company had 3 platoons with 5 tanks each, one tank for the commander of the company, 5 replacement tanks and 3 tanks in the supply-and-recovery section. Each platoon received three tanks with 37mm SA18 guns and two with 8mm Hotchkiss machineguns. The regiment also had an organic workshop, and transportation sections. The commander of the unit was Major Joules Mare, a former commander of the French 505e RCC. The 1st Regiment was transported by train to Poland between June 1st and June 16th, 1919. On the arrival in Poland, the 1st Regiment numbered 34 officers and 354 NCOs and men of the French and 11 officers with 442 NCOs and men of the Polish. The process of gradual taking over the unit by the Poles began in October of 1919.

The 2nd Company of the 1st Battalion was the first unit engaged in the fighting. The 2nd company, with 24 tanks, supported action of the 58th Infantry Regiment of the 14th Wielkopolska Division, against the Bolshevik forces defending Bobrujsk (Bobruysk) on August 19th, 1919. The unit was instrumental in breaching the Russian lines and opening the way for an infantry attack. On August 28th, 1919, tanks accompanied by the infantry columns entered Bobrujsk to the enthusiastic welcome of the local population. The company was fighting under French Captain Dufour and all officers in the unit were French. After successful action, the tanks were transferred by train north, where the 2nd Company aided the 1st Legion Infantry Division in the storm of the forts of Dyneburg (Dvinsk). Major Joules Mare has directed this action personally, sometimes leading his tanks on foot.

Most of the French personnel departed back to France after their subsequent return to Warsaw, though some French officers remained as advisers. The 1st Tank Regiment did not take part in the fighting until the spring of 1920.

The most important developments in which the Renault FT tanks participated during the battle of Warsaw took place around Radzymin, east of the capital. The II platoon 5th company, from the reestablished 3rd Tank Battalion, assisted in a counterattack of 1st Litewsko-Bialoruska Infantry Division at Radzymin. Fighting at Radzymin was prominent in stopping the main Soviet thrust to capture Warsaw.

The Polish Army turned to the offensive on the morning of August 16th, 1920. They sliced through the weak defenses of the Mozyrska Group and turned northeast in order to encircle the Soviet forces storming Warsaw. By that time three companies with six tank platoons were gathered in Major Nowicki's Armored Group. The task of this new unit was to open communications between capital and Mińsk Mazowiecki to the southeast of Warsaw. The advance from Miłosna toward Mińsk Mazowiecki started on August 17th, with two tank companies attacking, one on either side of the railway tracks. Tanks were assisted by infantry and three armored trains. The enemy was quickly defeated and thrown back.

The Armored Group was next assigned to the 18th Infantry Division with the task of cutting off retreating III Cavalry Corps, which attempted to avoid encirclement by slipping east along the East Prussian border. Major Nowicki, established a cordon defense between Ciechanow and Mlawa using three armored trains, two tank companies on flat cars as improvised armored trains and one tank company patrolling on the ground. Polish forces were surprised when the III Cavalry Corps attacked on the foggy morning of August 22nd. Major Nowicki was killed by artillery fire in the armored train "Danuta" and Bolshevik cavalry broke through. Although successful this time, Ghai-Khan was finally pressed against East Prussia and forced to cross the border.

The 2nd Battalion, which did not participate in the Battle of Warsaw, defended Lvov and joined the offensive of the 6th Army in Ukraine. Tanks aided in capturing Zadworze and Sknilow. After completing this task

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Part II: Polish 1st Tank Regiment

Origins

An order of the Polish Army in France issued on March 15, 1919 formed the 1st Polish Tank Regiment (1er Regiment des Char Blindes Polonais) and this date is regarded as the beginning of the Polish Armored Forces. The 1st Tank Regiment was formed on the base of the French 505th Tank Regiment (505 Regiment des Char Blindes) with mixed Franco - Polish cadres. Major Joules Mare, commander of the 505th Regiment, also became a commander of the Polish unit. Formation of the 1st Regiment began in Martigny-les-Bains in department of Vosges on March 22nd, 1919. On March 28th the first volunteers started to arrive. The enlisted men originated from Polish nationals, POWs from German and Austro-Hungarian armies, and also from Polish American and French volunteers.

The 1st Regiment consisted of five tank companies, each of 24 Renault FT in three platoons. Each platoon received three tanks with 37 mm Puteaux guns and two with 8 mm Hotchkiss machine guns. Each company contained one headquarters tank, five replacement tanks, and three tanks in supply-and-recovery section. The regiment also had an organic workshop and transportation sections. The companies were numbered, in accordance with the numbers of Polish infantry divisions in gen. Haller's Polish Army in France ie.: 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7.

The 1st Regiment was transported by train to Lodz in Poland between June 1st and June 16th, 1919. On the day of departure from France, the 1st Regiment numbered 34 officers and 354 other ranks of French and 11 officers with 442 other ranks of Polish. The process of gradual taking over the unit by the Poles began in October 1919.

Battle of Dyneburg- August 30, 1919

The 2nd Company of the 1st Battalion was the first unit engaged in the fighting. The 2nd company, with 24 tanks, departed from Lodz on August 19th, 1919, and supported action of the 58th Infantry Regiment of the 14th Wielkopolska Division, against the Bolshevik forces defending Bobrujsk (Bobruysk). Unit was instrumental in breaching the Russian lines and opening way for the infantry attack. On August 28th, 1919 tanks accompanied by the infantry columns entered Bobrujsk to the enthusiastic welcome of the local population. The company was fighting under French Capt. J. Dufour and all officers in the unit were French. After successful action, the tanks were transferred by train north, where the 2nd Company aided the 1st Legion Infantry Division in the storm of the forts of Dyneburg (Dvinsk). Mjr. J. Mare has directed this action personally, sometimes leading his tanks on foot.

Most of the French personnel departed back to France after their subsequent return to Warsaw, though French officers remained as advisers. The 1st Tank Regiment did not take part in fighting until the spring of 1920.

The 2nd Tank Battalion

During the spring of 1920 the southern wing of the Polish Army advanced deep into Ukraine and captured Kiev. Operation was undertaken in the hope of establishing a friendly, independent Ukrainian state on the eastern border of Poland. The 1st Tank Regiment units were kept in reserve during this drive. In May of 1920, the 1st Tank Battalion (1st and 2nd Companies) was stationed in Wilno (Vilno) and 2nd Tank Battalion (3rd and 4th Companies) in Kiev. Stationed in Kiev 3rd Company was employed for reconnaissance and patrol duties on the eastern bank of the Dnieper river. Red Army launched their counter-offensive in the Ukraine in May breaking through Polish defenses after a bitter five day battle. Budienny's 1st Cavalry Army, operating behind Polish lines after penetration of the front, precipitated Polish retreat from Kiev and Ukraine. The 2nd Tank Battalion got a dangerous task of acting as a rear guard to cover retreating infantry units and civilians fleeing the Bolsheviks.

The 3rd Company was evacuated to the Koziatyn railway center where it joined local garrison.

The 4th Company was used to strengthen the defenses around the town of Rowno. The detached II platoon, lead by Lt. Bronislaw Rafalski, covered the retreat of the 3rd Infantry Division on the road Korzec - Rowno. Fighting for Rowno lasted all day on July 5th until dusk when the general retreat order was issued. Tanks again were ordered to cover the evacuation. Fighting in the surrounding fields continued into the night. The 4th Company retreated without orders to an already abandoned railway station and loaded their tanks on flatcars. Although most of the tanks of the 4th Company were damaged, only one was lost during the fighting in Rowno.

The 3rd Company returned to the southern front from Lodz with a full complement of tanks on August 1st, 1920. Its first task was to support the 12th Infantry Division in defense of the western bank of the Seret river. Later the tanks were transported to Lwow (Lvov) to help in the defence of the city against approaching Budienny's 1st Cavalry Army.

The 1st Tank Battalion

The 1st Tank Battalion, stationed in Wilno (Vilno) in the northern part of the front, was engulfed by July 4th, 1920 Tukhachevsky's offensive. It was moved by rail to Grodno where the 2nd Company entered the garrison of the city and the 1st Company remained on the flatcars. On July 19th, Grodno was attacked by the III Cavalry Corps led by Ghai-Khan and weak Polish forces were soon overwhelmed. Gen. Mokrzecki, commanding the defense of Grodno, gave the order to the 2nd Company to counterattack.

Battle of Grodno- July 19, 1920

For the rest of the campaign both companies of the 1st Tank Battalion took part in a series of rear guard actions designed to cover withdrawal of infantry units.

Battle of Warsaw

Following the July, 1920 successful offensive in the Byelorussia the Soviet forces marched through Poland with the intention of expanding the Bolshevik revolution to countries of the Western Europe. By early August, 1920, the Red Army was rapidly approaching Warsaw and J. Pilsudski, head of State and Commander-in-Chief, planned a bold offensive action with the aim of splitting two Soviet fronts in the center and encircling their northern flank. This plan was based upon assumption that Warsaw could tie down a significant portion of the Soviet forces and while doing so, survive an onslaught. The Commander-in-Chief issued an order concentrating all tanks for the defence of the capital, but only 38 vehicles were gathered. The remainder were scattered around defending Poland in the south or temporarily out of action undergoing repairs in Lodz. Sixteen of the available 38 came from the 2nd Company, 10 from the recently established 5th Company and 12 from the 4th Company.

The Polish Army turned to the offensive on the morning of August 16th, 1920. Divisions of gen. E. Rydz - Smigly Operation Group sliced through the weak defenses of the Mozyrska Group and turned north - east in order to encircle the Soviet forces storming Warsaw. By that time three companies with six tank platoons were gathered in Mjr. Nowicki's Armored Group. The task of this new unit was to open communications between capital and Minsk Mazowiecki to the south-east of Warsaw. The advance from Milosna toward Minsk Mazowiecki started on August 17th, with two tank companies attacking, one on either side of the railway tracks. Tanks were assisted by infantry and three armored trains. The enemy was q

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