[烛光生存狂]-“钢铁洪流之源”——苏联第一种量产坦克T-18的研制及参战历程

The Malyi Soprovozhdeniya MS-1 (Small Escort MS-1), which later received the "T-18" designation, emerged as the first Soviet production tank. The name falls under the mid-1920s Soviet classification that categorised tanks into "Small," "Main," and "Maneuverable", the "Malyi Soprovozhdeniya" means Small Escort. Please notice that according to the Soviet nomenclature of that time, the MS-1 wasn't light tank but small support(escort) tank.

一提到苏联坦克，T-34，KV-1，JS-2，JS-3，T-55，T-62，T-72，T-80，T-90……，这一大串耳熟能详的型号就会立刻出现在我们的脑海里。它们在第二次世界大战、朝鲜战争、中东战争和海湾战争等历次战争中扮演了重要的角色，更是构成了苏联令人生畏的“钢铁洪流”。而这“钢铁洪流的源头”可以追溯到苏联的第一种量产坦克— —“MS-1小型护卫坦克”（俄语“Malyi Soprovozhdeniya MS-1”），后来被正式定型为“T-18”。原先这个古怪的名字取自20世纪20年代，“M”和“S”代表着“小”（Small）、“主力”（Main）和“高机动性”（Maneuverable），“Malyi Soprovozhdeniya”则意味着“小型护卫”。按照当时苏联对坦克的命名方法，MS-1被称为“小型护卫（支援）坦克”，而不是“轻型坦克”。

意大利“菲亚特”FIAT-3000轻型坦克

In May and June 1926, a three-year plan for tank production was developed, based on a concept of a breakthrough of the 10-km frontline that is defended by two foe's infantry divisions. A number of foreign armoured fighting vehicles were analysed as a possible basis for a mass-produced Soviet tank by a special council of RKKA High command, GUVP and OAT held in September 1926.

1926年5月到6月期间，苏联开始了一个三年期的量产型坦克发展计划，其意图在于开发出一种能够突破由敌人两个师兵力防守的10公里长的防线。同年9月，苏联红军最高司令部、苏联军事工业部委员会和苏联炮兵工业部委员会联合成立了一个特别委员会，负责此项计划，该委员会参考了大批外国坦克和装甲战斗车辆。

图哈切夫斯基视察测试中的T-16

The French Renault tank classified as M-Small in RKKA nomenclature, was found relatively suitable for infantry support purposes. However, the council members noticed a number of serious problems with the tank, like heavy weight (prohibiting truck transport), low speed, and weak armament. The original 37-mm Hochkiss or Puteaux guns did not provide accurate fire beyond a distance of 400 metres. Sormovo-built siblings (also known as the "Russian Renault") were mentioned as "having unsatisfactory workmanship, having insufficient armament, and being too expensive."

　　法国FT-17轻型坦克被委员会列为首选的是著名的法国雷诺FT-17轻型坦克，它被认为最适合于支援步兵作战。然而，委员会同样注意到雷诺FT-17轻型坦克具有许多缺点，比如重量超过了轮式卡车的承载极限，行驶速度很低以及火力太弱。而且，雷诺FT-17轻型坦克上安装的哈奇开斯（Hotchkiss）7.5毫米机枪和皮托（Puteaux）37毫米坦克炮在400米以外的射击精度极差。这些缺点同样被苏联索莫夫（Sormovo）工厂仿造的“俄国版雷诺FT-17”小型护卫坦克上所“继承”，而且相比之下，后者的生产工艺要糟糕得多，造价也更加昂贵。

The Italian FIAT-3000 was considered a more suitable prototype due to its lower weight and its higher speed. This tank was thoroughly studied by the OAT Design Bureau, and a 5-ton tank project lead by S. Shukalov was launched in mid-1926. The first prototype was built in the Bolshevik Factory and was delivered for testing in March 1927. This vehicle received the "T-16" index. Compared with the "Russian Renault," it had less size, less weight, less cost, and higher speed. Nevertheless, it still had a bunch of serious problems, so a number of parts and mechanisms were recommended for improvement. One more roadwheel was added to the suspension, and some of the details of the engine and of the transmission were altered. Because of its unsatisfactory powertrain performance, A. Mikulin (one of the leading tank engine designers) had to relocate to the factory to work there.

于是，委员会又把注意力集中到了意大利“菲亚特”FIAT-3000轻型坦克，他们认为这种坦克的份量更轻、行驶速度更快，因而更适合作为参考对象。苏联炮兵工业部下属设计局对FIAT-3000轻型坦克进行了彻底研究之后，在1926年中期启动了一项5吨级坦克设计方案，领导人是S·舒卡洛夫（S. Shukalov）。1927年3月，布尔什维克工厂（Bolshevik Factory）试制出一辆样车，被定型为“T-16”，随即开始对其进行测试工作。同“俄国版雷诺FT-17”小型护卫坦克相比，T-16外形尺寸更小、重量更轻、造价更便宜而且行驶速度更快。尽管如此，T-16的缺点也有一大堆，苏联军事工业部委员会要求对其许多部件和设备进行改进。设计小组据此在每侧悬挂系统中各增加了一个负重轮，并更换了发动机和传动机构的一些部件。但最终的测试结果还是没有多少改进，Mikulin发动机工厂的负责人A.Mikulin因此受到了一定的处分。T-16的设计就此画上了句号。

The early production T-18

A new tank was built by mid-May, and after a brief road test near Leningrad, it was sent to Moscow (probably May 20-25) for final testing and for approval under the index "Small Support Tank Model 1927 MS-1 (T-18)." It is noteworthy that a whole range of transportation methods (closed and open railroad carriages, truck bed and trailer, and on-tracks) were used during this Leningrad-Moscow trip. The armament was not ready yet, and therefore a mock-up gun was installed. The tank was intended to be painted, but the OAT issued an order "To paint only after acceptance for service!" Probably after the failure of the T-16, which was painted light-green right before the trials, the OAT management felt uncertain. Hence, the tank entered the proving grounds being covered with only light-brown primer. This method of presentation for untested vehicles later became standard procedure.

1927年5月，设计小组又完成了一种全新的设计方案并试制出一辆样车，在列宁格勒附件接受了简短的路面行驶测试后，该方案被命名为“1927年式MS-1小型护卫坦克”，其后被正式定型为“T-18”。大约在5月20日到25日期间，样车被命令送至莫斯科接受最后的检测。在从列宁格勒到莫斯科的运输途中，苏联人利用了封闭式和敞开式的列车，卡车拖车以及卡车直接运输等多种方式，“一举两得”，趁机对T-18样车的运输能力进行了测试。由于研制时间仓促，样车没有安装武器装备，只临时装了一门假炮。在T-16失败后，苏联炮兵工业部决定所有试验车型在没有通过最终检测前，不得涂装成苏军装甲车辆惯用的浅绿色。对于T-18涂装的命令被确定为“在正式服役前不得进行任何涂装！”于是，T-18样车在测试场接受最终检测期间只保留了浅棕色底漆，这成为了后来所有苏联坦克在接受测试期间涂装的惯例。

The pre-production T-18 on final trials. July 1927

A special committee was formed to conduct these tests, which were completed on June 11 to 17, 1927 in the Moscow region. As the vehicle was still unarmed, only extensive off-road testing was performed. The tank was deemed generally successful, and it was recommended to accept for service. No later than February 1, 1928, RKKA ordered 108 T-18 tanks to be manufactured during 1928-29 (30 before the fall of 1928). OSOAVIAKhIM sponsored the first 30 tanks, and these tanks participated in parades on November 7, 1929 in Moscow and Leningrad. Unofficially, this series was named "Our response to Chamberlain."

1927年6月17日，对T-18样车的最终测试在莫斯科附近完成，由于仍然没有安装武器装备，测试内容没有包括与射击相关的项目。特别委员会一致认为T-18的设计十分成功，并推荐将其量产在红军服役。1928年2月1日左右，苏联红军正式定购了108辆T-18轻型坦克，计划在1929年内全部交付。但在1928年秋，在苏联国防科技部的协助下，抢先完成了30辆，以便参加同年11月7日在莫斯科和列宁格勒的那场被称作“对张伯伦的反应”的阅兵仪式。

Initially, only the Bolshevik plant produced T-18 tanks. In April 1929, the Motovilikha Factory (formerly Perm' Artillery Factory) joined in the production and the summary output was increased. However, mass-production of the T-18 in 1929 was slow, so only 96 of the pl

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