[烛光生存狂]-二战苏联坦克/机械化军（Continue...）

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The Soviet Army started the war with the same system as the rest of the European military organizations.

苏联红军在战争爆发时与其它的欧洲军史力量具有相同的组织。

The Corps was an organization to assign divisions to for command and control purposes. During the early fighting in 1941 as the Soviet Tank Divisions were destroyed the Soviets changed their armored formations from Tank Divisions to Tank and Mechanized Corps. They were roughly the same size as the original divisions but the name was changed.

军是用于指挥和控制师级单位的一个组织。在1941年卫国战争早期，当苏联的坦克师接连被摧毁的时候，苏联将装甲部队的组成从坦克师改变为坦克机械化军。粗略的说它与最初的坦克师在规模上相等，但是名称改变了。

By late summer of 1941, The Red Army's armored force had suffered staggering losses, and there were few KVs or T-34's left in service. On 15 July, STAVKA (Soviet High Command), was obliged to recognize the obvious and disband the mechanized corps. Of the 22,000 tanks in existence at the beginning of 'Barbarossa', it is unlikely that more than 1,500 remained operational. In place of the huge and unwieldy mechanized corps, STAVKA created tank brigades as the largest tactical armored formation.

These new brigades were organized around a tank regiment and a motor rifle battalion with a nominal strength of 93 tanks. The tank regiment included a company of seven KV tanks, a company of 22 T-34 tanks, and the remainder of the unit was filled out with whatever light tanks were available. By September 1941, shortages led to reduction in the paper strength of these units to 67 tanks, though most brigades didn't even have that many tanks. In September, independent tank battalions were formed which could be assigned to cavalry or infantry units for support. They consisted of one medium tank company and two light tank companies with 29 tanks. These units were not entirely well received because they lacked any of the KV heavy tanks which had proved so successful in terrorizing ill-equipped German infantry units.

As a result, in November, they were reorganized and were supposed to consist of five KV, eleven T-34 and twenty light tanks. Severe shortages of tanks in the winter of 1941-1942 from attrition and the evacuation of the factories forced the paper strength of the tank brigades even lower.

The January 1942 table of equipment was only 42 tanks, and those assigned to support cavalry units were not supposed to have the precious KV tanks. By February 1942, the official tables of equipment reached their nadir at a mere 27 tanks. By early spring, the situation began to improve as the factories resumed production and Lend-Lease tanks became available in small numbers. The April 1942 tables of equipment returned the tank brigades to the January levels of 46 tanks, but more importantly, the T-34 strength was proportionately higher at the expense of the less valuable light tanks.

The most significant change brought about by greater availability of tanks was the GKO decision to begin forming the new tank corps. The term 'tank corps' is misleading by Western standards, the corps were in fact tank divisions and weak ones at that. Each had three tank brigades and a motor rifle brigade, but possessed only twenty KV's, 40 T-34's and 40 light tanks. Never the less Soviet tank corps strength continued to grow throughout the war, while the strength of the Panzer divisions shrank. In July, the establishment of the tank corps was raised to 168 tanks, and a battalion of the potent BM-13 Katyusha multiple rocket launchers was added.

The combat debut of the tank corps was also matched by the formation of the new tank armies which, in fact, were more comparable to British or American corps. They were of varied compositions, usually being based on two tank corps and a rifle division. The new tank corps and tank armies went into action in May 1942, and were not an unqualified success. The tank corps were often used in a timid, defensive fashion with little co-ordination between sub-units. As mentioned earlier, Soviet tank tactics were usually quite poor, stemming from lack of training and inherent design flaws in the tanks. The potentially powerful tank armies were also a disappointment and could not prevent the shocking defeat at Voronezh. Several of the new tank corps were wiped out. The fighting highlighted the incompatibility of the heterogeneous tank brigades. General Pavel Rotmistrov, who would head the Soviet armored force after the war, candidly explained this to STAVKA: 'The difficulty is that while there isn't much difference in speed between the light (T -60) tank and the medium (T -34) tank on the roads, when moving across country, the light tanks are quickly left behind. The heavy (KV) tank is already behind and often crushes bridges which cuts off units behind it. Under battle- field conditions, this has meant that too often the T -34 alone arrived; the light tanks had difficulty fighting the German tanks anyway, and the KVs were delayed in the rear. It was also difficult to command these companies because occasionally they were equipped with different types of radios or none at all.'

The head of the Armored Force (GABTU), Colonel-General Ya. N. Federenko set about improving the situation in a number of ways. Crew training was increased, especially unit training. Technical improvements were suggested such as three- man turret crews, improved vision devices and provisions for more radios. To ensure closer support of infantry and tanks in the absence of armored troop carriers, hand- holds were to be welded to tanks to permit them to carry tank raiders (tank desant). In July 1942, the new tank brigade table dropped the KV; by this time, its armor was no longer invulnerable, and the increased armor of the KV-l Model 1942 had slowed it so much that it could not operate properly in combination with the fleeter T -34 and T- 70. The new tank brigades had 53 tanks. The KVs were shifted to independent tank regiments where they could be used for infantry support. The July changes also dropped the cumbersome tank regiment headquarters from the tank brigade organization in favor of a simpler configuration. In October 1943, some of the brigades began to be enlarged to 65 tanks by adding an additional company of the much prized T -34.

Another important change in Soviet mechanized doctrine was marked by the introduction of the new mechanized corps in September 1942.

This differed from the tank corps by reversing the composition of the brigades. A mechanized corps had three mechanized brigades and only one tank brigade. However, owing to a lack of armored infantry transporters, the mechanized brigades needed an entire tank regiment to help lift the assault infantry into action, and as a result, the mechanized corps had more tanks than the tank corps.' Each mechanized brigade had three motor rifle battalions plus a tank regiment. Besides the independent heavy tank regiments mentioned earlier, in September 1942, GABTU also introduced independent tank regiments composed of T -34s and light tanks. These were used to reinforce tank or mechanized corps, or could be attached to rifle and cavalry divisions to provide support. They replaced the earlier independent tank battalions which now began disappearing.

By the spring of 1942 it became apparent that larger groups than these diminutive tank brigades would be required if tanks were to make the decisive contribution to the Soviet war effort. On 31 March orders were issued for the activation of the 1st - 4th Tank Corps, each to consist of a headquarters, two tank brigades and a motor rifle brigade. These corps had an authorized strength of 5,603 men with 20 KV heavy tanks, 40 T-34 medium tanks (including 8 reserve tanks authorized but rarely present) and 40 T-60 orT-70 light tanks. The corps included no artillery, reconnaissance or engineer units, nor any service support elements.

The motorized rifle brigade was a n

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Tank Corps - Late 1942

Corps HQ (3 T-34)

3 Tank Brigades, each with 21 x T-60/70, 32 x T-34, 18 x LMG, 4 x MMG,

6 x ATR, 6 x 82mm Mortars and 4 x 76mm ATG

Motorized Rifle Brigade with 110 x LMG, 18 x MMG, 3 x HMG, 54 x ATR,

30 x 82mm Mortar, 12 x 45mm ATG,

12 x 37mm AA, 12 x 76mm guns

Reconnaissance Battalion with 20 Armored Cars.

Rocket Launcher Battalion with 8 BM-13 Katyusha Rocket Launchers.

Pioneer Mine Company

Fuel Transport Company

Two Maintenance Companies

NKVD Section

Tank Corps 1942 - 1945

April 1942: 40 x T-60, 40 x T-34, 20 x KV-1, 42 x 82mm Mortars, 4 x 120mm Mortars,

12 x 45mm ATG, 20 x 37mm AA, 20 x 76mm Guns

January 1943: 70 x T-70, 98 x T-34, 48 x 82mm Mortars, 4 x 120mm Mortars,

12 x 45mm ATG, 2 x 37mm AA, 24 x 76mm Guns, 8 x BM-13 Katyusha

January 1944: 208 x T-34, 1 x KV-1, 21 x SU-76, 16 x SU-85, 12 x SU-152/JSU-152,

52 x 82mm Mortars, 42 x 120mm Mortars, 12 x 45mm ATG,

16 x 57mm ATG, 18 x 37mm AA, 12 x 76mm Guns, 8 x BM-13 Katyusha

May 1945: 207 x T-34, 21 x SU-76, 21 x SU-85, 21 x SU-152/JSU-152

52 x 82mm Mortars, 42 x 120mm Mortars, 12 x 45mm ATG,

16 x 57mm ATG, 16 x 37mm AA, 36 x 76mm Guns, 8 x BM-13 Katyusha

Notes: The JSU-122 was the tank destroyer version of the JSU-152 assault gun and they were used interchangeably during the war. The SU-85 and SU-100 were both fairly rare. There were about 2000 of each model manufactured. To give an idea of scale there were about 12,700 SU-76's made, more than 1100 SU-122's, over 700

SU-152's and about 4,000 JSU-122/152's produced.

The JS-2 was used in Guards Heavy Tank Brigades composed of 65 JS-2's.

Guards Tank Corps got the pick of new equipment when it was available. Such as the SU-100 tank destroyers.

Several Soviet tank corps were equipped with Lend Lease M4A2 Sherman tanks. One such tank corps was the 3rd Guards Tank Corps during the destruction of Army Group Center in June and July of 1944. There were 4,252 Shermans sent to the Soviets. These were equally divided between the 75mm and 76mm armed versions.

Note: That since the end of the war there has been a pair of nomenclatures for Soviet equipment starting with the J. The JS you see stands for Joseph Stalin. You will see these in the JS series tanks and the JSU series heavy assault guns. The J in Russian is an I. So when you see JS-1, JS-2, JS-3, JSU-122 and JSU-152 those nomenclatures are completely interchangeable with IS-1, IS-2, IS-3, ISU-122 and ISU-152. (MR)

PRIMARY SOURCES:

"Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two" by Steven J. Zaloga and James Grandsen

"Red Army Handbook 1939-1945" by Steven J. Zaloga and Leland S. Ness

"Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre" by Steven Zaloga

"IS-2 Heavy Tank, 1944-1973" by Steven Zaloga and Peter Sarson

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1st Tank Corps

第1坦克军

19 November 1942

89th Tank Brigade

117th Tank Brigade

159th Tank Brigade

44th Motorized Rifle Brigade

1942年11月19日

第89坦克旅

第117坦克旅

第159坦克旅

第77摩托化步兵旅

1 July 1943

89th Tank Brigade

117th Tank Brigade

159th Tank Brigade

44th Motorized Rifle Brigade

1437th Self-propelled Artillery Regiment

1943年7月1日

第89坦克旅

第117坦克旅

第159坦克旅

第44摩托化步兵旅

第1437自行火炮团

23 June 1944

89th Tank Brigade

117th Tank Brigade

159th Tank Brigade

1944年6月23日

第89坦克旅

第117坦克旅

第159坦克旅

1st Guards Tank Corps

第1近卫坦克军

1 July 1943

15th Guards Tank Brigade

16th Guards Tank Brigade

17th Guards Tank Brigade

1st Guards Mechanized Brigade

34th Guards Tank Regiment

65th Motorcycle Battalion

1001st Antitank Artillery Regiment

732nd Separate Antitank Artillery Battalion

455th Mortar Regiment

80th Guards Antiaircraft Artillery Regiment

1943年7月1日

第15近卫坦克旅

第16近卫坦克旅

第17近卫坦克旅

第1近卫机械化旅

第34近卫坦克团

第65摩托车营

第1001反坦克炮团

第732独立反坦克炮营

第455迫击炮团

第80近卫防空炮团

23 June 1944

15th Guards Tank Brigade

16th Guards Tank Brigade

17th Guards Tank Brigade

1st Guards Mechanized Brigade

1944年6月23日

第15近卫坦克旅

第16近卫坦克旅

第17近卫坦克旅

第1近卫机械化旅

1st Mechanized Corps

第1机械化军

25 November 1942

19th Mechanized Brigade

35th Mechanized Brigade

37th Mechanized Brigade

65th Tank Brigade

219th Tank Brigade

1942年11月25日

第19机械化旅

第35机械化旅

第37机械化旅

第65坦克旅

第219坦克旅

23 June 1944

19th Mechanized Brigade

35th Mechanized Brigade

37th Mechanized Brigade

219th Tank Brigade

1944年6月23日

第19机械化旅

第35机械化旅

第37机械化旅

第219坦克旅

1st Guards Mechanized Corps

第1近卫机械化军

12 December 1942

1st Guards Mechanized Brigade

2nd Guards Mechanized Brigade

3rd Guards Mechanized Brigade

16th Guards Tank Regiment

17th Guards Tank Regiment

22nd Motorized Rifle Brigade

1942年12月12日

第1近卫机械化旅

第2近卫机械化旅

第3近卫机械化旅

第16近卫坦克团

第17近卫坦克团

第22摩托化步兵旅

2nd Tank Corps

第2坦克军

23 June 1944

25th Guards Tank Brigade

26th Guards Tank Brigade

4th Tank Brigade

1944年6月23日

第25近卫坦克旅

第26近卫坦克旅

第4坦克旅

2nd Guards Tank Corps

第2近卫坦克军

1 July 1943

4th Guards Tank Brigade

25th Guards Tank Brigade

26th Guards Tank Brigade

4th Guards Motorized Rifle Brigade

47th Guards Tank Regiment

1943年7月1日

第4近卫坦克旅

第25近卫坦克旅

第26近卫坦克旅

第4近卫摩托化步兵旅

第47近卫坦克团

2nd Mechanized Corps

第2机械化军

19 November 1942

18th Mechanized Brigade

34th Mechanized Brigade

43rd Mechanized Brigade

33rd Tank Brigade

36th Tank Brigade

1942年11月19日

第18机械化旅

第34机械化旅

第43机械化旅

第33坦克旅

第36坦克旅

2nd Guards Mechanized Corps

第2近卫机械化军

19 November 1942

4th Guards Mechanized Brigade

5th Guards Mechanized Brigade

6th Guards Mechanized Brigade

22nd Guards Separate Tank Regiment

1500th Antitank Artillery Regiment

755th Separate Antitank Artillery Battalion

273rd Mortar Regiment

1695th Antiaircraft Artillery Regiment

19th Separate Armored Car (Recon) Battalion

79th Separate Motorcycle Battalion

1942年11月19日

第4近卫机械化旅

第5近卫机械化旅

第6近卫机械化旅

第22近卫独立坦克团

第1500反坦克炮团

第755独立反坦克炮营

第273迫击炮团

第1695防空炮团

第19地理装甲汽车(侦察)营

第79独立摩托车营

3rd Tank Corps

第3坦克军

25 November 1942

50th Tank Brigade

51st Tank Brigade

103rd Tank Brigade

1942年11月25日

第50坦克旅

第51坦克旅

第103坦克旅

1 July 1943

50th Tank Brigade

51st Tank Brigade

103rd Tank Brigade

57th Motorized Rifle Brigade

74th Motorcycle Battalion

881st Antitank Artillery Regiment

728th Separate Antitank Artillery Battalion

234th Mortar Regiment

121st Antiaircraft Artillery Regiment

1943年7月1日

第50坦克旅

第51坦克旅

第103坦克旅

第57摩托化步兵旅

第74摩托车营

第881反坦克炮团

第728独立反坦克炮营

第234迫击炮团

第121防空炮团

3rd Guards Tank Corps

第3近卫坦克军

23 June 1944

3rd Guards Tank Brigade

18th Guards Tank Brigade

19th Guards Tank Brigade

1944年6月23日

第3近卫坦克旅

第18近卫坦克旅

第19近卫坦克旅

3rd Mechanized Corps

第3机械化军

25 November 1942

1st Mechanized Brigade

3rd Mechanized Brigade

10th Mechanized Brigade

1st Guards Tank Brigade

49th Tank Brigade

1942年11月25日

第1机械化旅

第3机械化旅

第10机械化旅

第1近卫坦克旅

第49坦克旅

1 July 1943

1st Mechanized Brigade

3rd Mechanized Brigade

10th Mechanized Brigade

1st Guards Tank Brigade

58th Motorcycle Battalion

35th Antitank Artillery Regiment

265th Mortar Regiment

405th Separate Guards Mortar Battalion

34th Separate Armored Car (Recon) Battalion

1943年7月1日

第1机械化旅

第3机械化旅

第10机械化旅

第1近卫坦克旅

第58摩托车营

第35反坦克炮团

第265迫击炮团

第405独立近卫迫击炮营

第34独立装甲汽车(侦察)营

3rd Guards Mechanized Corps

第3近卫机械化军

23 June 1944

7th Guards Mechanized Brigade

8th Guards Mechanized Brigade

35th Guards Mechanized Brigade

1944年6月23日

第7近卫机械化旅

第8近卫机械化旅

第35近卫机械化旅

4th Tank Corps

第4坦克军

19 November 1942

45th Tank Brigade

69th Tank Brigade

102nd Tank Brigade

4th Motor Rifle Brigade

1942年11月19日

第45坦克旅

第69坦克旅

第102坦克旅

第4摩托化步兵旅

4th Guards Tank Corps

第4近卫坦克军

1942 - 1945

12th Guards Tank Brigade

13th Guards Tank Brigade

14th Guards Tank Brigade

3rd Guards Motor Rifle Brigade

1942 - 1945

第12近卫坦克旅

第13近卫坦克旅

第14坦克旅

第3近卫摩托化步兵旅

4th Mechanized Corps

第4机械化军

19 November 1942

36th Mechanized Brigade

59th Mechanized Brigade

60th Mechanized Brigade

62nd Mechanized Brigade

55th Separate Tank Regiment

158th Separate Tank Regiment

61st Separate Motorcycle Battalion

1942年11月19日

第36机械化旅

第59机械化旅

第60机械化旅

第62机械化旅

第55独立坦克团

第158独立坦克团

第61独立摩托车营

4th Guards Mechanized Corps

第4近卫机械化军

1942 - 1945

1st Guards Mechanized Brigade

2nd Guards Mechanized Brigade

3rd Guards Mechanized Brigade

9th Guards Tank Brigade

1942-1945年

第1近卫机械化旅

第2近卫机械化旅

第3近卫机械化旅

第9近卫坦克旅

5th Tank Corps

第5坦克军

25 November 1942

24th Tank Brigade

41st Tank Brigade

70th Tank Brigade

5th Motorized Rifle Brigade

1942年11月25日

第24坦克旅

第41坦克旅

第70坦克旅

第5摩托化步兵旅

1 July 1943

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坦克军（一共31个，1个被歼灭未重建，6个改为机械化军，最终24个）

坦克第1军 - 组建于1942年3月

坦克第2军 - 组建于1942年3月；1943年9月成为近卫坦克第8军

坦克第3军 - 组建于1942年3月；1944年11月成为近卫坦克第9军

坦克第4军 - 组建于1942年3月；1943年2月成为近卫坦克第5军

坦克第5军 - 组建于1942年4月

坦克第6军 - 组建于1942年4月；1943年10月成为近卫坦克第11军

坦克第7军 - 组建于1942年4月；1942年12月成为近卫坦克第3军

坦克第10军 - 组建于1942年4月

坦克第13军 - 组建于1942年4月；1942年11月改编为机械化第13军（即近卫机械化第4军）

坦克第21军 - 组建于1942年4月，于哈尔科夫战役中被歼灭后从未重建

坦克第22军 - 组建于1942年4月，1942年9月改编为机械化第5军（即近卫机械化第9军）

坦克第23军 - 组建于1942年4月

坦克第24军 - 组建于1942年4月，1942年12月成为近卫坦克第2军

坦克第8军 - 组建于1942年5月；1942年9月改编为机械化第3军（即近卫机械化第8军）

坦克第9军 - 组建于1942年5月

坦克第11军 - 组建于1942年5月

坦克第12军 - 组建于1942年5月；1943年7月成为近卫坦克第6军

坦克第14军 - 组建于1942年5月；1942年11成为机械化第6军（即近卫机械化第5军）

坦克第15军 - 组建于1942年5月；1943年7月成为近卫坦克第7军

坦克第16军 - 组建于1942年6月；1944年11月成为近卫坦克第12军

坦克第17军 - 组建于1942年6月；1943年1月成为近卫坦克第4军

坦克第18军 - 组建于1942年6月

坦克第25军 - 组建于1942年6月

坦克第27军 - 开始组建于1942年6月，但是未组建完成1942年9月被改编为机械化第1军

坦克第26军 - 组建于1942年7月；1942年12月成为近卫坦克第1军

坦克第28军 - 组建于1942年7月；1942年9月改编为机械化第4军（即近卫机械化第3军）

坦克第19军 - 组建于1942年12月

坦克第20军 - 组建于1942年12月

坦克第29军 - 组建于1943年2月

坦克第30军 - 组建于1943年3月；1943年10月成为近卫坦克第10军

坦克第31军 - 组建于1943年5月

机械化军（最终14个，其中3个由近卫步兵师改编，6个由坦克军改编）

近卫机械化第1军 - 1942年11月由近卫步兵第1师改编

近卫机械化第2军 - 1942年11月由近卫步兵第22师改编

近卫机械化第3军 - 1942年12月由机械化第4军改称（原坦克第28军）

近卫机械化第4军 - 1943年1月由机械化第13军改称（原坦克第13军）

近卫机械化第5军 - 1943年1月由机械化第6军改称（原坦克第14军）

近卫机械化第6军 - 1943年6月由近卫摩托化步兵第3师和第49机械化旅合编

近卫机械化第7军 - 1943年7月由机械化第2军改称（机械化第2军于1942年9月组建）

近卫机械化第8军 - 1943年10月由机械化第3军改称（原坦克第8军）

近卫机械化第9军 - 1944年9月由机械化第5军改称（原坦克第22军）

机械化第1军 - 1942年9月由坦克第27军改编

机械化第7军 - 1943年1月组建，9月才组建完成

机械化第8军 - 1943年2月组建，10月才组建完成

机械化第9军 - 1943年1月组建，9月才组建完成

机械化第10军 - 1944年12月于远东组建，1945年6月才组建完成

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