[烛光生存狂]-罗马尼亚潜艇简介

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NMS Delfinul

At the beginning of the war (22 June 1941), the Marina Regala Romana (Romanian Royal Navy) had only one submarine: the NMS Delfinul. It had been built in Italian shipyards, at Fiume, and had been launched on 5 May 1936.

在一九四一年六月二十二日战争伊始，罗马尼亚皇家海军只拥有一艘潜艇——“海豚”号〔NMS Delfinul〕，艇长为康斯坦丁·科斯塔切斯库〔Constantin Costachescu〕上尉，后来荣获三级勇敢的勇敢的米哈伊勋章〔the Mihai Viteazul Order 3rd class〕。这艘潜艇在意大利的阜姆建造，一九三六年五月五日下水。

On the other side, the Soviet ChF (Chernomorsky Flot = Black Sea Fleet) had 47 submarines. But the existence of this one Romanian submarine forced the Soviet fleet divert a lot of resources to anti-submarine duties in the first two years of war. For this reason it was used very carefully, since its loss was almost irreplaceable in that period. It was also obsolete from a technical point of view in some respects and this limited its operational capabilities. The diving time was relatively long and it wasn't able to recharge its batteries while moving.

而罗马尼亚潜艇部队的敌人，苏联黑海舰队却拥有四十七艘潜艇。似乎“海豚”号在过于强大的对手面前显得是那么微不足道。然而正是因为它的存在，迫使苏联舰队不得不调拨大量人力物力用于反潜作战。所以罗马尼亚海军对于“海豚”号的使用也就格外小心，因为一旦损失，就难以弥补。这也让我联想起北方航线上“提尔皮兹”号战列舰的作用——既存在的威胁。

Cpt. Constantin Costachescu led the NMS Delfinul in its first war patrol between 22-27 June 1941, in the area 60 miles East of Constanta (the main Romanian port and naval base). It was only a reconnaissance mission. On 26 June, at 0030 hours, it reported the presence of a Soviet task force, which was closing in on the city, allowing the coastal defense to prepare and achieve good results in the following engagement with the enemy destroyers and cruisers. The flotilla leader Moskva was sunk and the Kharkov and the Voroshilov were damaged.

一九四一年六月二十二日到二十七日在康斯坦萨〔罗马尼亚主要的港口之一和海军基地〕以东六十英里左右海域，“海豚”号执行了第一次战斗出巡任务。但是这次只是一次侦察巡逻。六月二十六日零点三十分，“海豚”号发现一只苏联舰队正在接近该城市，于是急忙通知岸防部队做好准备，结果取得了良好的战果。在与苏联巡洋舰和驱逐舰的激战中，罗马尼亚击沉了“莫斯科”号驱逐舰，击伤“哈尔科夫”号驱逐舰和“诺沃罗西斯克”号巡洋舰。

The next mission took place between 10 ?20 July, under the command of cpt. Corneliu Lungu. Delfinul had to patrol in the southern part of Crimea and to asses the AA and AS defense of the Soviet naval base at Norovosiysk. On 13 July it arrived Southwest of Idokopas Cape and on 15 it was South of Feodosiya. In that area the submarine spotted an enemy ship, which disappeared after a while. During the following night, it was surprised by a Soviet patrol vessel and made an emergency dive, but it escaped the attack. On 16 July, the gyrocompass broke down and it had to return home. Some 95 miles East of Cape Shabla, on 19 July, Delfinul discovered a small Soviet submarine, probably a Maliutka class ship, which it tried to attack with its 102 mm gun, but the heavy sea and the sudden appearance of two unidentified seaplanes forced it to disengage.

“海豚”号于一九四一年七月十日至二十日进行了第二次出巡，任务是在克里米亚南部海域巡逻。它侦察了位于诺沃罗西斯克的苏联海军基地的防空和岸防工事。在回程中，它遭遇到一艘苏联潜艇，并用火炮向其射击，但是由于两架水上飞机的出现，迫使它不得不下潜，与敌方脱离接触。

On 30 July, it had to leave port in another mission at 1600 hours, but the engine malfunctioned and it had to return to Constanta three hours later.

On the third war patrol (12 ?20 August) Delfinul was again under the command of cpt. Constantin Costachescu, who had to disrupt traffic in the in the Odessa area. However, it had only two small opportunities during the night of 13/14 August and on 19, but it couldn't maintain contact. The sector was intensely patrolled by Soviet aircraft and MTBs. It also scouted the Crimean coast and, on 20 August, on the way home, while surfaced it was attacked with one torpedo by the submarine M-33 some 4 miles from Constanta. The torpedo passed by the ship's stern. The M-33 surfaced partially because and the Romanian sailors fired the machine-gun on it.

第三次出巡〔一九四一年八月十二日至二十日〕，“海豚”号只是在敖德萨附近海域徘徊，并没有试图攻击任何目标，但是却向德国空军和罗马尼亚空军提供了有用信息。在它的指引下，飞机轰炸了一些护航舰队，并击沉部分运输船只。它还在克里米亚沿岸进行了巡逻，八月二十号在距离康斯坦萨四英里海域发现了一艘苏联潜艇，并遭到该潜艇的鱼雷攻击。

The fourth mission (3-19 September) took the NMS Delfinul deep in Soviet controlled waters. This time it finally the opportunity to attack Soviet surface ships. After it had sighted two convoys, which it couldn't pursue, on 9 September, 0935 hours, it was surprised on the surface 5 miles off Cape Otrishenok by a Soviet cruiser, which cpt. Corneliu Lungu identified as the Komintern. The submarine maneuvered with care, because the area was filled with underwater rocks, but lost contact. The following days it had several other opportunities, but the bad weather prevented the attack. On 10 September it closed to firing range on a convoy made up of two large vessels 20 miles West of Otryshenok Cape, but a MTB in the escort saw the sub and headed towards it, forcing it to retreat. Another favorable situation was on 16 September West of Novorosiysk, when Delfinul sighted at 0505 hours an oil tanker and an MTB. The latter noticed the periscope and headed towards it. Again the submarine gave up the attack and lowered it. After a while, it raised the periscope, but this time a torpedo boat had joined the escort and cpt. Lungu decided that he should respect the orders he received and not take too many risks. Thus, he abandoned the pursuit. On 17 September it started the return trip, during which it was discovered several times by VVS-ChF patrol airplanes and possibly even attacked by submarine hunters.

在第四次出巡〔一九四一年九月三日至十九日〕中，“海豚”号深入苏联控制水域。这次它得到了攻击苏联水面舰只的机会。九日，它接近“共产主义国际”号巡洋舰并进行了攻击，但是没有奏效。隔日，它又攻击了一支护航舰队，结果同样没有斩获。九月十七日，它遭到巡逻飞机的攻击，但是逃脱。

The fifth war patrol took place between 2 and 7 November 1941 and was the one during which Delfinul made his first and last torpedo attack. Its mission was to harass Soviet convoys supplying Sevastopol. In the vicinity of Constanta, it spotted an enemy submarine on the surface, but because of the darkness it lost contact. By early morning on5 November, it had reached the area near Yalta. At 0636 it noticed a patrol vessel and continued its stakeout. Around 0805 hours, slt. Constantin Stegaru noticed a large transport vessel on an approximate course of 290 degrees heading towards Yalta. At 0815 hours, the ship turned left, closing in on the submarine and cpt. Costachescu decided to let it pass by and fire on it with one of the aft torpedo tubes. At 0843, the NMS Delfinul fired a torpedo with tube number 6 from a distance of 800 m. First they heard the torpedo's explosion followed soon by another one, which was more powerful. It is possible the ship was unescorted, because the first contact with the Soviet submarine hunters was made after an hour and their attack lasted from 1030 to 1840. There were 23 rounds and the crew counted between 80 and 90 depth charges. While the attacks took place, Costachescu sunk the ship deeper and while the enemy was listening, he shut down the engines. Thus he managed to eventually get rid of the pursuers. Then, they headed for the Turkish coast, where it entered a very powerful storm from which it barely made it to Constanta.

第五次出巡发生在一九四一年十一月二日至七日。这也是它最成功

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NMS Marsuinul

NMS Marsuinul (S2) was launched on 25 May 1941, but like Rechinul it wasn't complete yet and entered officially in the ranks of the Navy in July 1943 and was declared operational in April 1944. It was originally meant to be a mine-laying submarine, but the decision was taken to transform it into an attack sub. So the mine compartments became additional fuel tanks. This is why it has a superior range to the other Romanian submarines.

“小鲸”号潜艇也就是罗马尼亚加拉茨的海军造船厂一九三八年开始建造两艘新潜艇中的另一艘〔命名为Ｓ－２〕，于一九四一年五月二十五日下水，后来改名为“小鲸”号。同“鲨鱼”号一样，“小鲸”号潜艇的完工日期也被拖延，直到一九四三年七月才正式服役，一九四四年四月做好战斗准备。最初罗马尼亚准备将其建造成一艘布雷潜艇。但是后来还是改变决定，将其改建为攻击潜艇。所以原设计中的水雷舱变成了燃料舱。这也是为什么它的最大航程超过其它罗马尼亚潜艇的原因。

Marsuinul carried out only one war patrol between 10-27 May 1944. Its task was to continue NMS Rechinul's mission in the Batumi area, under the command of cpt. Grigore Ciolac. The war patrol started very badly when, after exiting the mine barrage, on 11 May, at 0100 hours, a German R-boot confused it with a Soviet submarine and fired its machine-guns on it. After signaling the day's password, the problem was resolved. In the morning, it was bombed by a German seaplane and forced to submerge. The situation became critical because several KFKs with Croat crews responded to the alarm given by the seaplane and launched no less than 420 depth charges from 0830 hours until late in the evening. The submarine descended to 80 ?90 meters below sea level and was rigged for silent running. There was a moment when the captain tried to surface, but, after getting to as much as 20 meters, the explosions got closer and closer and had to return to the safety of greater depths. Fortunately the damages it had suffered were not serious.

After the KFKs ran out of depth charges, they abandoned the pursuit and the submarine headed to Zunguldak and from there to, sailing along the coast. NMS Marsuinul was discovered and attacked for the first time by the Soviet patrol boats on 14 May, at 1110 hours. Then again, around 1500 hours, it was again found and pursued for three hours. Thus the captain decided to retreat for one day near Trabzon, by the Turkish coast. It returned to the area of operations, where it was again located on 17 May, 40 miles North of Cape Yasun and attacked at 0412 hours, having to seek refuge again. But this time it was pursued and on 18 May , around 0400 hours, several submarine hunters launched depth charges in its vicinity. In the evening Marsuinul tried for the third time to approach Batumi, but the following day it was discovered and attacked. The crew counted 43 explosions.

On 20 May it was near Turkish territorial waters, 40 miles North of Cape Yasun. During the night, around 0200 hours, the crew thought to have seen a torpedo and avoided it. There is no record of such an attack on that day from the Soviet side. Two hours later it was depth charged and 31 explosions were counted. The following day, also around 0200 hours, the submarine was again discovered and attacked until 1400 hours. 43 depth charges were launched. From Constanta, cpt. Ciolac received the order to enter the area of operations for the fourth time.On 22 May, the submarine hunters located NMS Marsuinul at 0455 hours, some 45 miles West by Northwest of Batumi. For three and a half hours, 82 depth charges were launched, of which 74 exploded in the vicinity of the ship's hull. But the day wasn't over yet. It was again detected and attacked between 1831 and 1858 hours.

The evacuation of Crimea was over and there was no need to risk a submarine in a screening mission. Thus, on 23 May it received the order to return home, being under constant pursuit. The trip to the area near Zunguldak was made on a very heavy sea, for 37 hours. The weather got better after it left the route along the Turkish coast and headed directly for Constanta on 25 May. The following day, while sailing on the surface, the submarine was surprised by a Soviet seaplane, which dropped 6 bombs and forced it to submerge. Because of this, Marsuinul missed the rendezvous with the escort in the evening and entered the port the next morning.

整个二战中，“小鲸”号潜艇只在一九四四年五月十日到二十七日之间执行过一次战斗出巡。它的任务是接替“鲨鱼”号在巴统附近海域巡逻，艇长为格林戈·克拉克上尉〔Grigore Ciolac〕。这次任务从一开始就灾难连连，出航第一天“小鲸”号就被一艘德国Ｒ艇误认为苏联潜艇，并用机枪射击，导致“小鲸”号不得不发射信号弹进行敌我辨认。第二天，一架德国水上飞机用炸弹攻击了它，又迫使其下潜。当克罗地亚舰只加入到对它的攻击行列后情况越来越糟糕。从八点三十分到傍晚，“小鲸”号遭到至少四百三十枚深水炸弹的攻击。在接下来的航程中，它先开往宗古尔达随后又转向巴统。五月十四日，该潜艇第一次被敌方发现，并遭到攻击。它后撤了一段距离后再次返回该海域，结果于五月十七日再次被发现和攻击。五月十九日，同样的事情接连不断，潜艇乘员一共记录了四十三次深水炸弹爆炸。五月二十日，它遭遇到一艘水面行驶的苏联潜艇。双方交火，但是都躲开了敌手的鱼雷攻击。五月二十二日，“小鲸”号第四次返回该海域，又被苏联巡逻船发现，在六个半小时内遭到了八十二枚深水炸弹的攻击。但是这还不是它霉运的终点。当天晚些时候，它又被追击了一个小时。当克里米亚撤退结束后，不需要这艘屡受惊吓的潜艇再冒险了。五月二十三日，“小鲸”号接到命令，要求驶回母港。当时的海况很糟糕，但顽强的潜艇在历经八百枚以上深水炸弹、三十二枚航空炸弹和三枚鱼雷的攻击〔作者注：应该还算上己方的机枪扫射〕后仍然毫发无损的返回港口。一九四四年八月二十九日，它被苏联没收，划归黑海舰队，重新命名为ＴＳ－２。一九四五年底归还罗马尼亚后又重新在海军服役，直到一九五○年退役。

Specifications

Crew 45

Displacement on surface 508t

Displacement in imersion 630t

Length 68.7m

Width 6.5m

Draft 3.6m

Max speed on surface 16 knots

Max speed in imersion 9 knots

Range 8000 miles

Guns 1 x 88mm

Machineguns 1 x 20mm

Torpedo tubes 6 (4+2) x 533mm

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特别提示：本帖子在 2009-1-20 22:02:17 由用户 412886049 编辑过

NMS Rechinul

NMS Rechinul (S1) and NMS Marsuinul (S2) in port

In 1938, at the naval yards in Galati, Romania, started the construction of two new submarines: S1 and S2. S1, which was renamed NMS Rechinul was launched on 5 May 1941. However it was not yet complete and only on 9 May 1943 entered officially in the ranks of the Navy. Then it had to go through a testing period and was declared ready for action in April 1944.

一九三八年，罗马尼亚加拉茨的海军造船厂开始建造两艘新潜艇：命名为Ｓ１和Ｓ２。其中Ｓ１改名为“鲨鱼”号，于一九四一年五月五日下水。但是完工日期却一拖再拖，直到一九四三年九月它才正式入役。而且服役后又花费了一段时间来试航和训练。结果到一九四四年四月才做好战斗准备。

The first war patrol of NMS Rechinul took place between 20 April ?15 May 1944, under the command of lt. cdor. Corneliu Lungu. Its mission was to observe the activity in the port of Zonguldak, from where almost all ships carrying Turkish coal exports left. Turkey was under pressure from the Allies to join the war on their side. In this case, the Axis submarines and torpedo boats would have been launched an attack against the traffic originating from this port. But because the Allies couldn't offer protection for their coastline, the Turks declined the offer.

“鲨鱼”号潜艇的第一次战斗出巡发生在一九四四年四月二十日到五月十五日，艇长为科内柳·伦古少校〔lt.cdor.Corneliu Lungu〕。它的任务是观察土耳其宗古尔达的港口活动，这里集中了几乎所有土耳其的煤炭出口。一旦土耳其迫于压力加入到盟军一方，轴心国潜艇和鱼雷艇将对该港口发起攻击。由于盟军无法为其沿岸提供保护，因此土耳其暂拒绝了盟军的要求。四月二十八日，“鲨鱼”号潜艇接到命令，驶往苏联巴统海军基地附近海域，并于第二天到达。在那里它发现了两艘苏联巡洋舰，但是无法追踪，随后还遭到一架巡逻机的攻击，几艘鱼雷艇也展开了对它的搜寻。五月三日，“鲨鱼”号再次发现两艘船只驶离港口，但是由于海面有雾而丢失目标，因而返回指定海域。五月五日，“鲨鱼”号摆脱两艘巡逻船，第二天又躲过一艘巡逻艇和一架巡逻机。在接下来的几天，同样的遭遇又重复了好几次。很显然，自从一九四一年“海豚”号潜艇的出巡后，苏联反潜力量无论从数量还是质量上都有长足的进步。五月十三日克里米亚的撤退结束，不再需要潜艇进行掩护了，因此“鲨鱼”号经由克里米亚南部海域返回了母港。

On 28 April the submarine received the order to move in the area of the Soviet naval base at Batumi, where it arrived the following day. It was informed that two Soviet cruisers were in the area, but it failed to make contact. On 30 April, at 1546 hours, a patrol aircraft attacked it and, one and a half hours later, two torpedo boats searched for it, without success. On 3 May, at 2035 hours, it had again spotted two ships coming out of the harbor, but lost them in the fog after several hours, so it returned to the designated mission area. On 5 May Rechinul avoided two patrol ships at 2054 hours and the next day a patrol airplane and a patrol boat. The same thing the following days, when the submarine encountered several seaplanes or boats. It was clear that the Soviet anti-submarine defences had grown in number and quality since the time of Delfinul's patrols in 1941 ?1942. By 13 May, the evacuation of Crimea was complete, so there was no need to cover it with the submarines. Rechinul sailed home, via southern Crimea, and arrived in Constanta on 15 May.

The next war patrol was also the last war patrol of a Romanian submarine in WWII. It was also the longest, taking place between 15 June ?29 July 1944. The commander was cpt. Nicolae Turcanu. It was a surveillance mission at Novorosiysk. On 18 July the submarine arrived in the designated area of operations, taking up positions near Cape Utrish, Northwest of the port. The following day, around 1420 hours, it avoided a seaplane and on 25 June two patrol ships. Thus, cpt. Turcanu decided to go Southwest of Novorosiisk, in the area of Cape Idokopass. On 27 June, it noticed two torpedo boats at 1053 hours and, five hours later, several explosions were heard in the distance. The following morning, around 0330 hours, two submarine hunters appeared in the area and, at 0500, launched the first depth charges. There were 16 in total, of which 4 fell close to the submarine, causing minor damages. On 1 July it went back to Cape Utrish, but on 4 it was again at Idokopass. It was searched for and attacked between 0135 and 0730 hours. Two days later, explosions were heard further away and Rechinul moved to the area of Cape Utrish, where it remained until 10 July, when it again changed position. It repeated the maneuver on 16 July and then on 18. This frequent change of area of operations prevented the ChF from locating it. On 18 July it was at Cape Idokopass, when it was finally found and the following day was attacked with 38 depth charges between 0335 and 0410 hours. Thus, on 20 July the submarine headed North, where it was again discovered on 23. The next day it was hunted from 0920 to 1225 hours and the crew counted 43 explosions, out of which 2 very close. On 27 July it received the order to return home and arrived at Constanta after two days.

下一次战斗出巡，也是该潜艇在二战中最后一次出巡发生在一九四四年六月十五日到七月二十九日，是一场漫长而又艰苦卓绝的旅程。潜艇指挥官由尼古拉·楚尔卡努上尉〔Nicolae Turcanu〕担任。 “鲨鱼”号的任务是监视诺沃罗西斯克地区。六月十八日，潜艇到达指定海域。第二天它摆脱一架巡逻机，接着在六月二十五日又躲过两艘巡逻艇。六月二十八日，它第一次遭到十六颗深水炸弹的攻击。因为它频繁地在苏联两个港口之间变换位置，因此苏联海军无法有效追踪。七月十八日，“鲨鱼”号返回亚杜克帕斯〔Ydokopass〕海角，结果被发现并遭到猛烈的攻击。第二天它遭到三十八颗深水炸弹的攻击，七月二十四日又遭到四十三颗深水炸弹的攻击。七月二十七日，饱受折磨的“鲨鱼”号接到命令，返回母港。一九四四年八月二十九日，它被苏联没收，划归黑海舰队，重新命名为ＴＳ－１。一九四五年底归还罗马尼亚后又重新在海军服役，直到一九五一年退役。

Specifications

Crew 45

Displacement on surface 585t

Displacement in imersion 680t

Length 58m

Width 5.6m

Draft 3.6m

Max speed on surface 17 knots

Max speed in imersion 9 knots

Range 7000 miles

Guns 1 x 88mm

Machineguns 1 x 20mm

Torpedo tubes 6 (4+2) x 533mm

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