[烛光生存狂]-KV改进型的战斗片段

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特别提示：本帖子在 2008-4-4 0:29:24 由用户 412886049 编辑过

In many publications it is possible to find references to the fact that these

vehicles (all or some) were moved to Chelyabinsk, and that the turrets and other parts of the KV-3 tanks were also evacuated there. Unfortunately, this information is not supported by archival documents. For example, in reports of the representatives of the military office at the Kirov Plant, which scrupulously recorded all information regarding the production of KV tanks, it is clearly stated that the T-150, KV-220-1 (as the KV-220 tank was designated in the military office documents) and KV-220-2 (as the incomplete KV-3 tank was designated in the military office documents) were not evacuated anywhere, and the entire time remained at the Kirov Plant. In early October 1941, when the production of KV tanks in Leningrad was practically halted, they decided to turn the experimental tanks over to the troops. All of them underwent necessary repair, during which serial KV-1 turrets were installed on the KV-3 and KV-220 (the KV-3 basically had no turret and the armament on the KV-220 had been disabled at the beginning of the summer). In accordance with reports of military representatives, "the experimental T-150 tank was issued to 123rd Tank Brigade on 11 October 1941; the experimental KV-220-1 tank (with factory No. M-220-1) was issued to 124th Tank Brigade on 5 October 1941, and the experimental KV-220-2 tank (with factory No. M-220-2) was issued to 124th Tank Brigade on 16 October 1941. All tanks were armed with the F-32 76 mm main gun."

Reports about the subsequent fate of these vehicles are exceedingly sparse. Only one recollection has been located, that of D. Osadchiy, commander of a tank company in 124th Tank Brigade (cited here verbatim): "In the fall of 1941 our brigade received several KV tanks as replacements, one of which was named "Za Rodinu" [For the Motherland]. It was produced as a single example at the Kirov Plant. It had the same capabilities as the KV tank, but it had heavier armor protection, a weight of more than 100 tons, and more a powerful engine with turbocharger. During movement in the upper gears the engine whistled and this whistling was very much like the whistle of a diving "Junkers". The first time after receipt of this tank during its movement in the brigade someone even gave the "air alert" signal. The tank came to my company and initially we wanted to make it my command tank. But alter it became the command tank of my deputy, experienced tanker Lieutenant Yakhonin. The tank was considered practically indestructible for enemy artillery and was intended for assault on fortified positions. In December 1941 (I don't remember the exact date), our brigade received the mission to break through the Germans' defense in the sector Ust-Tosno railroad bridge, force the Tosna River, and in coordination with units of 43d Rifle Brigade develop the attack toward Mga. The 2d Tank Battalion under the command of Major Pankin, a tank platoon from 1st Battalion, and the tank "Za Rodinu" from my company attacked in the first echelon. In this battle the tank received the mission to capture the railroad bridge across the Tosna River and hold the bridgehead for the arrival of the main body. The battle unfolded on open terrain. The frozen upper layer of peat barely supported the tank. When it approached right up to the bridge, it was greeted with the fire of German heavy guns and radio communications with the tank were lost. At this time I was at the battalion command post. When communications were broken with the tank "Za Rodinu", I attempted to reach the place of the engagement along the railroad embankment. When I managed to crawl to the tank, I saw that the turret had been blown off the tank and the crew was all dead."

Thus, the KV-220 or KV-3, which is not precisely known, was destroyed. Information regarding the fate of other KV tanks has not been found.

在能找到的许多出版物都提到这些车辆（全部或部分）都离开了Chelyabinsk，KV-3坦克的炮塔和其他部分也被运走。遗憾的是，这个说法没有得到档案文件的支持。在基洛夫（斯大林的“亲密战友”）(Kirov）工厂军代表的报告中，包括了所有关于制造KV坦克的资料，我们得出明确的结论：T-150，KV-220-1（军事代表文件中指KV-220）和KV-220-2（指KV-3）并没有疏散到别处，而是一直都待在Kirov工厂。

1941年10月初，当列宁格勒的KV坦克生产实际上已停止时，军方决定把这些实验型坦克投入到前线部队使用，在上战场之前，坦克都接受了必要的维修，其间KV-3和KV-220都安装了普通的KV-1的炮塔（KV-3基本上没有炮塔和武备，KV-220的则在夏季初已经损坏），按照军代表的报告：“1941年10月11日，T-150被分配给了第123坦克旅，KV-220-1（工厂编号M-220-1）在1941年10月5日分配给第124坦克旅，KV-220-2（M-220-2）在1941年10月16日分配给第124坦克旅。所有的坦克都安装有一门F-32型76mm坦克炮。”

关于这些坦克之后命运的报告非常少，只找到了一段回忆，作为当时第124坦克旅中的一位坦克连长，D. Osadchiy回忆到：“1941年秋我们旅接受了几辆KV坦克作为补充，其中的一辆被命名为“Za Rodinv”[为了祖国]，她是一辆Kirov工厂生产的实验型号，武器和普通的KV相同，但拥有更厚重的装甲，重量超过100吨。安装有一台涡轮增压的大功率发动机，当换到高档位时，发动机发出尖利的声响非常像容克俯冲式轰炸机俯冲时所发出的尖啸。当我们接收到这辆坦克之后，在它第一次随我们旅行军的过程中，（由于这辆坦克发出的声响），甚至有人发出了“空袭警报”的信号！坦克分给了我的坦克连，最初打算作为我的指挥坦克，但最后成为了副连长，一位很有经验的坦克手Yakhonin中尉的用车。这辆坦克被认为几乎不会被敌人炮火摧毁，因此我们倾向于用其突破敌人坚固的防线。1941年12月（我不记得确切日期）。我们旅接到命令：突破德国人在Ust-Tosno铁路桥的防线，横跨Tosna河，配合第43步兵旅向Mga方向发起的进攻。

Pankin少校指挥的第二营，第一营的一个坦克排和我们连的“为了祖国”作为第一梯队投入进攻。坦克接到的任务是占领Tosna河上的铁路桥，在对岸建立桥头堡，并坚守桥头堡直至主力部队到f_P}v.d!/&BJ来。战斗在开阔地带展开，由泥炭铺成的冻土层勉强能使坦克通行，当她出现在桥梁右侧时，遭到了德国人炮火的猛烈射击，我们与这辆车的通讯联系也随之中断。此时，我正在营指挥所，当和“为了祖国”号的联络中断后，我沿着铁路路基到达了交战地点，当我努力的匍匐接近坦克时，我发现炮塔已经被炸飞，所有的乘员都已经阵亡。”

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先改了这一篇，您先看看。

KV-9 Heavy Assault Tank

In the fall of 1941, after the misfortune with the development of the KV-3 and KV -5, the question arose of the creation of an artillery (assault) tank. The KV-9 heavy tank ("Object 229") was the next effort to rearm a mass production KV-1 with a more powerful gun system, in this case the U-11 122 mm Tank Howitzer, designed in December 1941 under the guidance of engineers V. Sidorenko and N. Usenko. Work on this vehicle was begun in November 1941 at ChTZ (with the participation of Uralmash engineers), and continued until April 1942. "Object 229" was recommended to accept for service under the designation KV-9.

In addition to the prototype, the plant was to produce a lot of 10 tanks, but in fact managed to produce only one additional KV-9. Plant No. 9, which was responsible for production of the U-11 howitzer, produced 10 of them. The basic idea during the creation of the KV-9 was an attempt to create a multi-purpose heavy tank capable of successful combat not only with enemy fortifications, but also with his tanks. The weight of the tank was 47 tons and it had a crew of four men: two in the turret and two in the hull. The tank had the easily replaced cast turret from the KV-1. For protection of the tank against antitank guns, its frontal armor had an enormous for the time thickness of 135 mm. The armor thickness on the turret roof was 40 mm. The tank was equipped with a TMFD telescopic sight. The U-11 cannon had semi-fixed ammunition from the M-30 Howitzer, its vertical elevation angle was -4° +19,5°. The tank's basic load consisted of 48 rounds for the main gun and 2,646 cartridges for the three 7.62mm DT machine-guns.

KV9重型突击坦克

1941年秋，在遭受KV-3和KV-5的研发挫折之后，创造一种炮兵（突击）坦克的问题出现了，KV-9重型坦克（229项目）的主要目标是为大量生产的KV-1坦克换装威力更大的火炮系统。1941年12月，在V.Sidorenko和N.Usenko的指导下完成了U-11型122mm坦克炮的设计。1941年11月，这种车辆在ChTZ工厂开始制造（Uralmash工厂的工程师参与），并一直延续到1942年4月。“229型车”在被军方接收批准服役时正式命名为KV-9。

除了原型车之外，工厂计划再生产十辆，但实际上最后只完成了一辆。第9工厂负责生产U-11榴弹炮，共生产了十门。KV-9的设计方案试图使其成为一种多用途的重型坦克：不仅能成功对付敌人的防御工事也能对付坦克。坦克全重47吨，有四名乘员：两个在炮塔，两个在车内。坦克使用非常容易拆装的KV-1使用的铸造炮塔。为了抵御反坦克炮，前部装甲厚达135mm，在当时这种装甲厚度相当惊人的。炮塔顶部装甲40mm，使用TMFD型望远镜瞄具。和M-30一样也使用半定装弹药，火炮俯仰角为-4度—+19.5度。主炮备弹48发，三挺DT机枪2646发。

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又改了一篇。

KV-7 Heavy Turretless Tank (Variant I)

By the end of 1941, when the production of KV tanks had been shifted to the Urals, SKB-2 received the tasking to develop an improved KV tank for the purpose of mounting a more powerful gun and improving its mobility characteristics. By 1942 several experimental variants of the KV had been suggested. One of the first was the design of an artillery mounting, "Object 227," with a non-rotating combat compartment- a gun platform formed from 100 mm armor plates. Because at that time there were no more powerful mass produced guns, the decision was made to mount the 76 mm Tank Gun and, in that manner, increase the firepower and rate of fire of the combat vehicle. The chief designer of "Object 227" was G. N. Moskvin and designers L. I. Gorlitskiy and N. V. Kurin from Uralmash were involved in the armament. L. E. Sychev exercised overall supervision. Work was begun in mid-November 1941 and by 29 December this same tank, under the designation KV-7, was sent together with a KV-8 and a second variant KV-7 to Moscow for joint testing and display to I. V. Stalin. As a result of the tests, the tank was not recommended to accept for service. The KV-7 was armed with one 76 mm Tank Cannon ZiS-5, with two coaxially mounted 45mm Tank Guns Model 1938 mounted in an armored gun platform. The guns could fire singly or in salvo. The vertical lay was from -5° to +15° and the horizontal lay ± 7.5°. Ammunition for the 76 mm gun was set at 93 rounds, and 200 rounds for the two 45 mm guns. In addition, the tank was armed with three 7.62 mm DT machine-guns: one hull-mounted facing forward, one facing rearward in the combat compartment, and one in a cupola on the combat compartment hatch. The combat weight of "Object 227" was 45 tons and it had a crew of 6.

KV-7 Heavy Turretless Tank (Variant II)

A second variant of the turretless KV-7 was being worked on practically parallel with the first variant KV-7. It also mounted multiple guns: its armament consisted of two coaxially mounted ZiS-5 76 mm Tank Cannons. In addition, the tank was armed with two 7.62 mm DT machine-guns: frontal and rear-facing. The ammunition supply for both main guns was 150 rounds. As has already been stated, at the end of December 1941 the vehicle, under the designation KV-7, was sent to Moscow for testing, which was conducted in the presence of K. I. Voroshilov, chief of GABTU I. Fedorenko, and Chief of GAU N. N. Voronov. As in the case of the first variant, this tank was recognized as unsuitable (preference was given to the KV-8 flamethrower tank). J. Stalin, to whom a copy of the test results was sent, responded, "Who needs three cannons? It would be better to mount one, but good one," which put a halt to the idea of a multiple-gunned KV.

KV-7（方案1）

1941年末，在KV坦克的生产工厂被转移到乌拉尔地区之后，SKB-2接受了关于安装更大威力火炮和改善机动性等方面的KV坦克的改进计划。1942年末，提出了几种实验性的KV。第一种称为227项目——有一个固定的战斗室，固定的炮台由100mm厚装甲板构成。因为此时没有更多的此类大威力火炮，，所以，军方决定仍安装76mm坦克炮，但是对这种火炮进行改进以增强火力和提高射速。227项目的总设计师是G.N.Moskvin。来自Uralmash的L.I.Gorlistskiy和N.V.Kurin负责武备。L.E.Sychev负责协调整个工程。生产攻错从1941年11月中旬开始，到了12月，227项目被成为KV-7和KV-8和KV-7（方案2）一起送到莫斯科参加了有I.V.Stalin的测试和展示。测试结果，坦克没有被批准服役。KV-7装备有一门ZiS-5型76mm炮，同轴装有两门1938型45mm炮，火炮能同时或单独射击，俯仰角-5度—+15度。方向角+-7.5度，76mm炮备弹93发，两门45mm炮为200发。此外，坦克有三挺DT机枪，一为前机枪，一为战斗室后机枪，另一在战斗室舱口旁，坦克全重45吨，乘员6人。

KV-7（方案2）

第二种无炮塔的KV-7的研制工作和KV-7几乎同时进行。她采用的也是复合火炮，武备由两门同轴安装的ZiS-5型76mm炮组成，此外，在前后两个方向分别安装有一挺DT机枪。出席现场的包括K.I.Voroshilov,GABTU局长I.Fedorenko和GAU局长N.N.Voronov。和前者一样也没有被批准服役（他们更偏好KV-8型喷火坦克）。斯大林在看了送来的测试报告的副本后说：“谁需要三门火炮？你们最好安装1门火炮，但是一定要保证火炮的威力和性能。CT ?=ent`C1 ]c\”在KV上安装复合火炮的计划停止。

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最近挺忙的吧，又改了一篇；可以考虑重开个帖子了。

KV-5 Heavy Breakthrough Tank

Work was begun on the KV-5 tank ("Object 225") in June 1941. The talented designer N. Tseits, one of the oldest workers of SKB-2, was named the senior engineer for this vehicle. Also in his group were K. Kuzmin (hull), L. Sychev (turret and gun mount), and N. Fedorchuk (running gear components). The experience gained in the development of the KV-4 design was weighed during the design of the KV-5. The result was a powerful tank of relatively unusual appearance. The hull of the KV-5 had a height of 9.2 metres. Therefore the driver-mechanic and radio operator-machine gunner received special cupolas that permitted them an adequate sector of view. The rhomboid-shaped turret was of relatively large size. Housed in it were the tank commander, who had a commander's cupola, gunner, and loader. The solid diameter of the ring was 1840 mm and the large internal space of the turret afforded all members of the crew normal working conditions. The tank was heavily armored-150-180 mm. With the beginning of the war, a whole series of collectives entered the project. Thus, the notion of a forged turret was abandoned and replaced by a welded turret design. In view of the absence of a 1200 h.p. diesel engine (it was still in development), the KV-5 was redesigned for the installation of two parallel-mounted conventional V-2 engines. By August 1941 the KV-5 design was practically fully completed, and the production of a number of the tank's components and aggregates was begun. But because of the difficult situation at the front around Leningrad, all experimental work at the Kirov Plant was halted and all efforts were dedicated to increasing the output of production KV tanks. The latest date found in the preserved drawings of the KV-5 is 15 August 1941, when the battle was being fought around Luga and Krasnogvardeysk.

KV-5（225项目）开始于1941年6月，天才设计师N.Tseits,作为SKB-2中资历最长的一位,被任命为项目的总设计师。设计团队包括K.Kuzmin(车体)，L.Sychev(炮塔和炮架)和N.Fedorchuk（传动装置）。从研制KV-4设计上获得的经验被大量应用到了KV-5的设计中。结果出现了一种不太常见的大威力坦克，KV-5车高达9.2米(?)，驾驶员/机械师和无线电操作员/机枪手各有一个单独的旋转机枪塔，允许他们有足够的视野范围。中部有一个大尺寸的菱形的炮塔，炮塔中有3人：炮长，装填手和车长，车长有一个单独的指挥塔，坐圈直径达1840mm。宽敞的炮塔内部为三位乘员提供了足够的工作空间，坦克装甲厚150-180mm，战争开始时，铸造炮塔的概念被放弃，而改用焊接炮塔。鉴于1200马力的柴油发动机还处于研制阶段，KV-5重新安装了两台并排安放的传统的V-2发动机。1941年8月，KV-5的设计全部完成，一些坦克部件的生产和装配工作也已经开始。但是随着列宁格勒的情况越来越危急，Kirov工厂的所有实验型坦克的研制工作都停止，把所有的精力都用于提高KV坦克的产量上。

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KV-4 Super-heavy Breakthrough Tank

Designers began to work on the KV-4 design in April 1941. Since the Kirov Plant did not have experience in this area, the chief of the SKB-2, Zh. Kotin, assigned almost all the engineers of his design bureau to the design of this tank and placed it on a competitive basis. All the designers addressed this assignment with great enthusiasm. Their task was sufficiently difficult: the mounting of two cannons and 125-130 mm armor that had never been employed before on Soviet tanks led to the necessity to strengthen the chassis and conditioned a sharp increase in the weight of the tank.

1941年开始了KV-4的设计工作，因为Kirov工厂在这个领域没有任何经验。SKB-2局长Zh.Kotin指派了设计局内所有的工程师投入竞争设计坦克。设计师们对这一任务倾注了极大的热情，设计任务异常困难：安装二门火炮，125-130mm装甲之前从未在苏联坦克上运用导致必需加强底盘以应付增大的坦克重量。

The creative thought of the participants in the design was not limited, and the designers took advantage of this. In consideration of the required specifications, they developed and put forth a relatively diverse spectrum of ideas. They considered the design of 80-, 90-, and even 100-ton tanks. The lightest of the designs was submitted by engineer N. Dukhov- 82.5 tons. The heaviest was by the designer G. Kruchenykh- 107 tons. The layout decisions were also very diverse.

在设计时参与者的创造性完全没有限制，设计师充分的利用了这一点，他们的方案有80，90甚至100吨，其中最轻的设计是由N.Dukhov提交的为82.5吨，最重的是G.Kruchenykh的107吨。布局也各不相同.

Designers K. Buganov, G. Kruchenykh, F. Marishkin, G. Moskvin, N. Strukov, and S. Fedorenko, each working on his own design, suggested single-turret variants of the heavy tank with the mounting of the 107 mm Tank Cannon in the main turret, and a 45 mm Tank Cannon in a small turret located above the main turret, a "second floor" as it were. Designers A. Yermolaev, L. Sychev, L. Pereverzev, Bykov, and two workers whose signatures are missing from the working drawings, suggested a two-turret variant of the tank with the mounting of a 107 mm Cannon in a large central turret, as on the SMK tank, and a 45 mm Gun in a separate turret located in the bow portion of the hull. Designers N. Dukhov and M. Kreslavskiy in their designs recommended pairing the guns in one turret, and engineer N. Shashmurin proposed mounting the 107 mm Cannon in a casemate fashion in the hull on a pedestal with a 30-degree angle of firing to the horizon. This designer foreswore the 45 mm Gun and in its place mounted a 76 mm Gun in a production KV-1 tank turret on an enormous hull with significantly lengthened chassis components.

提议重型坦克采用单炮塔设计，把107mm坦克炮装在主炮塔上，在主炮塔上有一个小炮塔装一门45mm坦克炮。提议双炮塔结构。和SMK坦克的设计雷同，107mm炮装在一个大型中央炮塔内，45mm炮在一个单独炮塔内安置在车体前部。M. Kreslavskiy 设计组建议在一个炮塔内安装二门火炮。N. Shashmurin建议把107mm炮装在车体前部炮台基坐上能以30度角射击。庞大的车体使得底盘过于伸长，设计师用45mm炮取代了普通KV-1坦克炮塔内的76mm炮。

Two designers, P. Mikhailov and G. Turchaninov, in their designs recommended the mounting of the 45 mm Gun casemate fashion, having cut an embrasure for it in the frontal armor plate of the tank's hull, and they placed the 107 mm Cannon in a standard tank turret on the vehicle's hull. Only engineer N. Tseits rejected the mounting of a second gun. He suggested the mounting of the 107 mm Cannon in a standard tank turret, laying it out in circular form so that the entire basic load of 120 fixed rounds were stowed along the walls of the cylindrical turret. This design stood out for its originality and in the future created fertile soil for employment of an auto-loading mechanism.

P. Mikhailov和G. Turchaninov设计组建议把45mm炮装在炮台内，通过车体前部装甲板的射击孔射击，把107mm炮装在标准坦克炮塔内，只有N.Tseits反对安装第二门炮，他建议把107mm炮装在标准炮塔内，设计成圆形是为了让全部的120发炮弹沿着炮塔壁排列安放，创造性的设计为之后安装自动装填构件提供了足够的空间。

In a collective design submitted by three authors (P. Tarapatin, K. Kuzmin, and V. Tarotko), the 107 mm Cannon was positioned in the turret with a limited angle of rotation (130°). The designers V. Pavlov and D. Grigorev reached the same decision, but for the 45mm gun and not the 107 mm Cannon. Outside of the design parameters, some designers recommended the mounting of a flamethrower on the tank.

建议107mm炮放置在炮塔内只能旋转130度。除了设计参数外，一些设计师建议在坦克上安装喷火器。

There were also some original suggestions for the armor of the KV-4 tank. For example, K. Buganov and F. Marishkin selected a means of armor plating the tank turret in a form so that its ring was deep in the hull, which excluded jamming with the strike of projectiles and shrapnel, as happened during the tests of the KV-1 tank at Kubinka. G. Kruchenykh and N. Strukov recommended a tank turret that was rhomboid-shaped with rounded angles, and engineer S. Fedorenko designed a turret with a non-traditional curved form with the mounting of two DT machine-guns and a 45 mm Gun on an original turret mounting, which permitted a rifleman to conduct fire without exposing himself from the hatch.

In their designs these workers frequently resorted to other methods that had not been encountered earlier in tank design. For example, engineer P. Mikhailov developed an original tracked loop for their vehicle. Five designers placed the engine and transmission in the front portion of the hull, which was an unusual decision for heavy tanks. Engineer N. Tseits suggested the placement of the engine in the stern and the transmission in the bow. L. Pereverzev recommended the pair of drive sprockets in the stern of the vehicle be removed from the hull and fastened to mounts, which gave some economy in the armor protection of the vehicle as a whole but at the same time made this most important component of the vehicle particularly vulnerable. An analysis of the preserved drawings (about 20 variants of the KV-4 tank design have reached us) attests that many of the designs contain valuable from the design point of view decisions and fully deserve patenting at the inventor level. Work on the KV-4 project was conducted in the troubling prewar days and therefore authorship of the most interesting suggestions remains unconfirmed.

在他们的设计过程中，工程人员经常的针对其在前期的坦克设计中从未遭遇过的问题，采用新的方法。对于KV-4的装甲防护也有一些新颖的建议，建议把发动机和传动装置放在车体前部，这在重型坦克的设计上不太常见。N.Tseits提议发动机在后部传动装置在前部。建议把车后的一对主动轮从车后撤消，在节约了整个车辆装甲防护的同时也意味着造成坦克这一最重要的部位异常脆弱。在分析保存下来的设计蓝图（大约有20个KV-4坦克设计图）。

The artillerymen completed their task for the KV-3 tank first. It is a fact that the design bureau of Plant #92, under the supervision of V. Grabin, had worked out the design of the F-42 107 mm Tank Cannon in the fall of 1940, created on the base of the F-39 95 mm Tank Cannon. (This cannon had undergone successful testing in the T-28 tank turret in the summer of 1940). By the beginning of 1941, in accordance with a decision of the NKO, the 107 mm Cannon was prepared and successfully underwent factory testing on a field casemate. In March 1941 it was tested in the turret of a KV-2 tank. By the middle of June 1941 the ZIS-6 Cannon underwent factory testing, after which it was sent to the Artillery Scientific Test Range at Leningrad. An interesting fact: in his memoirs "Oruzhie Pobedy" ("Weapons of Victory"), V. Grabin writes about 600 completed ZIS-6 cannons, which because of a lack of needed tanks went to the blast furnace in the fall of 1941. However, the chief designer of Plant #92 clearly dissembles: in calculating the work of his plant for 1941, by the way, signed by V. Grabin, it was said that "five serially-produced ZIS-6 cannons were manufactured in July-August 1941, after which their produc

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KV-3 重型坦克和KV-220重型突破坦克

KV-3 Heavy Tank and KV-220 Heavy Breakthrough Tank

The T-150 was constructed on the base of the production KV and differed from it only in the magnitude of thickness of the hull armor, which had been increased from 75 to 90 mm. Because the thickening of the armor plates was accomplished externally, all the internal dimensions of the vehicle remained unchanged. In addition, the T-150 had modified mounting brackets for the chassis components and a commander's cupola with periscope and three vision blocks. In connection with the increase in the tank's weight, which had reached 50 tons, a V-2 Engine whose output had been boosted to 700 h.p. was installed. From 15 January to 14 February 1941 the vehicle underwent range testing (199 km total movement), which exposed a number of substantial deficiencies in the functioning of the engine. For example, during movement on a hard-surface road in 3d and 4th gear, at ambient air temperatures of -9° to -12° the lubricant in the engine became overheated. For this reason the tank was withdrawn from testing, and the Kirov Plant and Plant No. 75 in Kharkov were directed to improve the cooling system and increase the temperature drop of the lubricant that passed through the engine.

T-150是在KV的基础上生产的，所不同的是车体装甲从75mm 增至90mm。由于只是装甲变厚，所以车体内部空间没有发生变化。此外，T-150使用改进的车架，炮塔上增加了一个带有潜望镜和3个观察窗的车长指挥塔，坦克的总重量增至50吨。V-2 发动机的功率提高到了700马力。从1941年1月15日到2月14日，坦克进行了总长达199公里的行驶测试，其间暴露了一系列发动机重大的缺陷，在硬质路面挂三或四档行驶、室外温度为-9℃ -12℃时，发动机内的润滑剂会过热。为此，坦克试验暂时中止。基洛夫工厂和哈尔科夫的第75工厂接到命令，改进冷却系统，以增加润滑剂流过发动机前后的温差。

The KV-220 externally differed from ordinary KVs by the greater length of the hull, an increase of one support roller in the track, and a new turret with the 85 mm F-30 main gun. The weapon was specially designed for arming this tank in the design bureau of Plant No. 92, under the supervision of Grabin. It was tested successfully in the T-28 tank in the fall of 1940. Because of the steep growth in the weight of the tank, which now reached 62 tons, the V-5 engine with 700 h.p. was mounted. Testing of the KV-220 commenced on 30 January 1941 and was halted the very next day because of engine failure.

KV-220 在外表上和普通KV不同，它的车体更长。每侧增加一个负重轮，采用一个安装有F-30型85mm主炮的新型炮塔，火炮是第92设计局在V.GRABIN的指导下为这种坦克特别设计的。1940年秋已装在T-28上进行了成功的测试。由于坦克重量急剧增加到62吨。安装了700马力的V-5发动机。1941年1月30日，KV-220进行了测试，但由于发动机损坏，第二天测试即告中止。

On 15 March 1941 the SNK and TsK VKP(b) by their resolution No. 548-232ss required the Kirov Plant to transition to mass production of the T-150 tank in June under the designation KV-3. The following technical specifications were established:

"Combat weight - 51-52 tons, length - 6.76 metres, width - 3.33 metres, height - 3.0 metres, ground clearance - 0.4 metres, armor - 90 mm, armament - one F-34 76 mm main gun, three DT machine-guns, one PPSh submachine-gun, 114 main gun rounds, 2900 machine-gun cartridges, maximum road speed - 35 km/h, cross-country speed - 15-20 km/h, maximum slope gradient - 40 degrees, range - 250 km (10 hours), V-5 engine with 700 h.p., turret with commander's cupola, KRSTB radio set (with mounting of 71-TK-3 possible), and a guaranteed vehicle life of 2,000 km."

1941年3月15日，苏联人民委员会和联共（布）中央委员会通过了第548-232号决议，要求基洛夫工厂从6月起转入大批量生产命名为KV-3的T-150坦克的任务中来。详细的技术指标规定如下：

战斗全重51-52吨，长6.76米，宽3.33米，高3米，距地高0.4米，装甲90mm 另备有一门F-34型76mm 炮，三挺DT机枪，一挺PPSH冲锋枪，火炮备弹114发。机枪2900发。最大公路时速35公里/小时。越野时速15-20公里/小时。最大爬坡度40度，最大行程250公里（10小时）。700马力的V-5发动机。炮塔上装有车长指挥塔和KRSTB 无线电（可能装的是71-TK-3）估计使用寿命为2000公里。

In contrast to artillerymen, tankers were falling far behind in the development of a new heavy tank. Therefore they decided to employ the KV-220 (the more so that they were much alike they were much alike they were much alike in construction) to accelerate the work of testing the new assemblies and aggregates of the KV-3. On 20 April 1941 a new engine was finally mounted in the KV-220 and the tank, loaded up to 70 tons, the loaded weight of a KV-3, was submitted for testing. By the end of May 1941 it had been driven 1330 kilometres. In the report of the plant test personnel it was noted that the tank had "a poor-shifting transmission, the support roller spindles and suspension arms had bent, the torsion bars had twisted, and the engine lacked sufficient power for a 70-ton tank." On 20 May the KV-220 was brought in for repair, in the course of which the vehicle received a V-2SN Diesel Engine with supercharger producing 850 h.p. The tank was subjected to testing again beginning on 30 May and by 22 June 1941 had traveled a total distance of 1,985 km. But because of problems that arose during the preparation of the forged turret, the work period was extended. The plant began preparation for mass production, but fate intervened.

相对于炮兵，坦克兵觉得在研制新型重型坦克上落在了后面。因而他们决定使用KV-220.1941年4月20日，KV-220装上了新型发动机，重量达到70吨。被提交测试。到1941年5月底，它共行驶了1330公里。在一份工厂测试人员关于坦克测试的报告中写到：“传动装置转动很难，扭杆被扭断，缺乏一种用于驱动70吨坦克的发动机。”5月20日，KV-220 送回修理。其间安装了V-2SN柴油发动机增压器达到850马力。从5月30日起再次进行测试。到6月22日共行驶了1985公里。但是在预备锻造炮塔式出现了问题。研制工作被延长。当工厂开始准备量生产时，情况有了变化。

In fact, in March 1941 the command of the Red Army received intelligence information that work was being completed in Germany for the creation of tanks with heavy armor, and they were already being issued to the forces. These intelligence reports especially emphasized that Soviet tank and antitank cannons would not be able to defeat their armor. Much later it became clear that Soviet intelligence had fallen victim to German disinformation, that none of this corresponded to reality. The Germans were not at this time involved in the development of heavy tanks. The following was quickly realized: in the spring of 1941 the German "Panzerwaffe" began to receive captured French V-1 tanks, which had 80 mm armor. In addition, experience showed that the French V-1 and British "Matilda" were destroyed by the fire of the German antitank cannon (much later it became clear that the were not antitank cannons, but the Flak-18 and Flak-36 88 mm AA-gun). It seems that this was the cause of rumors regarding "the new German tanks with heavy armor." But then the higher leadership of the USSR and Red Army, made uneasy by this information, decided to undertake adequate measures. On 7 April 1941 the SNK and TsK VKP(b) adopted resolution No. 827-345ss, in which new parameters for the KV-3 tank were specified, and established the design requirement for the KV-4 and KV-5 super-heavy tanks. On 9 April this resolution was enlarged upon by the broader Order No. 231 to the People's Commissariat of Heavy Machine Building:

1941年3月红军统帅部接收到情报说德国人已经生产出重装甲坦克并已经<

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不错不错，可以把英文贴上来我看一下，不过最好分分段落，否则太乱了。对了，《兵器》的文章你看过了？

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