[烛光生存狂]-T-35重型坦克

T-35

In December 1930, the USSR had undertaken work to develop a new breakthrough heavy tank, the T-30. This work began after the signing of an agreement between UMM RKKA and the General Design Bureau of the Artillery Department.

1930年12月，苏联开始着手发展一种新型的用于突破防线的重型坦克——T-30，该项目在UMM RKKA和火炮部总设计局之间签署了同意命令后开始执行。

The first proposals were for a 50-ton vehicle armed with a 76-mm gun and five machine-guns. However, a lack of experience with such vehicles hampered the finishing of a plausible design - even on paper! At the beginning of 1932, the first sketches and a wooden prototype were created, but the T-30 project was canceled due to design problems (almost insuperable problems with running gear) which appeared during its development.

第一个方案是50吨的战车上安装1门76mm火炮和5挺机枪。不过，缺乏经验妨碍了战车设计的完成——甚至在纸面上。1932年初，第一个草图和木质模型被创作完成，但是T-30还是因为在设计中遇到的问题（主要来源于传动装置）最终是被放弃了.

Another attempt was undertaken by the Auto-Tank-Diesel Section of the Economic Department of the OGPU. This was a special section that employed tank designers convicted during the Purges. As in the previous case, this project had too many serious problems and was also abandoned.

另一个尝试是由OGPU经济部中的自动坦克柴油机科承担着手研制的，特别部门中的坦克设计师在大清洗中被订罪。和先前的设计一样，这个计划也存在非常严重的问题并在不久之后也被放弃了.

Only foreign specialists could get the project off the ground. In March 1930, a small group of German engineers led by Edward Grotte arrived in the USSR. This group was assigned to the Special Design Bureau AVO-5 in Leningrad in the "Bolshevik" Factory. AVO-5 had already worked on the TG-1 project. As far as I understand, the TG-1 was intended only to teach Soviet engineers how to develop a heavy vehicle, it was not intended as full-functional production vehicle. In August 1931, when the TG-1 was completed and tested all the German engineers were repatriated from the USSR. The AVO-5 was then reorganized.

只有外国的专家才能使计划有新的发展。1930年3月，以Edward Grotte为首的一个德国工程小组来到了苏联。这个小组很快被分配到了位于列宁格勒的“布尔什维克”工厂的AVO—5特别设计局。AVO—5已经开始TG-1计划了。但就我的理解，TG-1只是打算用来教会苏联的工程师如何发展重型坦克，没有想要把它作为完全实用的可以生产的战车。1931年8月，在TG-1被完成并经过测试之后，所有的德国工程师被遣返回国。AVO—5不久也进行了改组.

The New design bureau was issued a directive by UMM RKKA: "By 1 August 1932, a new 35-ton heavy tank based on the TG-1 must be developed and built." The new project received the "T-35" designation. On February 28, 1932, G.G. Bokis (Deputy Chief of the UMM RKKA) was reporting to M.N. Tukhachevsky: "The work on the T-35 is going briskly, and should be completed on time."

UMM RKKA指示领导了一个新设计局：“到了1932年8月，以TG-1为基础的新型35吨重型坦克应当被研制和制造完成。”新的计划被称为“T-35”。1932年2月28日，G.G. Bokis (Deputy Chief of the UMM RKKA)写报告给M.N. Tukhachevsky ：“T-35应当被及时的完成” .

On August 20, 1932, assembly of the very first prototype under the T-35-1 designation had been completed, and on September 1, it was shown to a special commission of the UMM RKKA. The tank made an impression on all the members of the commission. Outwardly, the T-35 looked like the English A1E1 "Independent" five-turret tank. Many people believe that the T-35 was copied from the "Independent", however, the Russian Archives have no documents, which can confirm such conjecture. Without such documents, we have no right to suspect Russian developers; the question is still open.

1932年8月20日，第一辆原形车—T-35-1完成，到了9月1日，它被展示给了一个来自UMM RKKA的特别调查团，坦克给每一位成员都留下了非常深刻的印象。从外表上看，T-35和英国的A1E1“独立”5炮塔坦克非常的相似，许多人相信T-35是模仿“独立”的产物。不过，俄罗斯的档案馆里没有文件可以进一步的证实这推测的可信度，所以我们不能怀疑俄国的开发者。这个问题尚无定论.

The main turret was supposed to be armed with a powerful 76.2 mm PS-3 tank gun and one DT machine-gun, but because of a lack of PS-3 guns, a dummy gun was mounted instead. Later, the shortage of PS-3s remained, and the 76.2 mm KT Tank Gun used instead.

主炮塔上装备了大威力的PS-3 76.2mm坦克炮和1挺DT机枪。因为PS-3的缺乏，所以由一个样品来代替。这之后PS-3仍旧不足，所以最后用1门76.2mm KT坦克炮来替代.

The transmission of the T-35-1 had been developed with experience gleaned from the TG-1. It consisted of the M6 petrol engine, the main friction clutch, the gearbox and side clutches. Driving the tank was quite easy due to a well-designed pneumatic system.

T-35-1的转动装置的是从发展TG-1是得的经验发展而来，采用M6汽油发动机，主离合器，变速箱和侧减速器，由于采用了经过精心设计的压缩空气系统驾驶坦克变得非常的容易.

Tests conducted in the autumn of 1932 revealed some defects in the transmission. Moreover, it was too complex and expensive for mass production, and all work on the T-35-1 had been canceled and the vehicle sent to Leningrad as a study aid for tank corps trainees.

在1932年秋天的测试中暴露了很多传动装置方面的缺陷。此外，它复杂的生产工序和高昂的价格使得T-35-1的研发工作不久就被终止，坦克被送到列宁格勒用于帮助坦克兵团的训练任务.

In February 1933, new work on the T-35-2 began. As per Stalin's order, standardization of tank turrets for the T-28 and T-35 was implemented. On the T-35-2 the new M-17 tank engine, a new gearbox, and an improved transmission were installed. All other parts were the same as on the T-35-1. This tank was also intended to be arm with the 76.2 mm PS-3 gun. The vehicle was completed in April 1933, and on May 1, it was shown on military parade in Leningrad while the T-35-1 was shown on parade in Moscow.

1933年2月，新的T-35-2的研发工作开始了，根据斯大林的一个命令，T-28和T-35开始使用标准化的坦克炮塔。T-35-2安装了新型的M-17坦克发动机，一个新的变速箱和改良过的传动装置，其他的部分和T-35-1相同。这辆坦克也打算安装PS-3 76.2mm火炮，坦克在1933年4月完成。5月1日，它参加了列宁格勒的军事阅兵。同时，T-35-1参加了位于莫斯科的阅兵.

Both the T-35-1 and the T-35-2 were prototypes. Almost simultaneously, the first production model, the T-35A, was developing using experience from these prototypes. In May 1933, the Soviet Government ordered mass production at the KhPZ Factory. All documents and the T-35-2 prototype were sent here.

T-35-1和T-35-2都是原形车。几乎与此同时，在这些原型车的经验基础上发展出了第一个生产型号——T-35A。1935年5月，苏联政府要求在KhPZ工厂进行大规模生产。很多文件也显示T-35-2原形车也被送到了那里.

The T-35A had many changes, which distinguished it from its predecessors. The new vehicle had a longer chassis, smaller turrets, an improved hull, and some other alterations. In essence, it was a new vehicle, and so it had some teething troubles during its manufacture. I wish to notice, each T-35 was unique, since minor improvements were made in every tank, and therefore they were not true production vehicles because they didn't pronouncedly follow the base blueprints.

T-35A和前任相比有许多的改进和区别，新的坦克有着更长的底盘，更小巧的炮塔，经过改良的车体以及其他的一些改进。从本质上说，这已经是一种新型的坦克了。在生产期间也遇到了很多的困难。值得注意的是，每一辆T-35都是独一无二的，每一辆坦克上都有些较小的改良。因此它们都是不真正的生产型坦克，它们都没有服从基本的设计蓝图.

Different parts of the T-35 manufactured at different factories:

-Armored hulls at the Izhorskij Factory;

- Gearboxes at the "Krasnij Oktyabr" Factory;

- Engines at the Rybinskij Factory.

T-35不同的部件由不同的工厂生产：

-装甲车体是Izhorskij工厂生产

-变速箱是"Krasnij Oktyabr"工厂生产

-发动机是Rybinskij工厂生产

According to the production plan, all these factories should have started manufacture in June 1933, but due to unforeseen problems, they began in August 1933. Final a

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