[烛光生存狂]-【卫国战争老兵回忆】弗拉基米尔·济马科夫[第二部分]

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特别提示：本帖子在 2018-9-5 13:08:57 由用户 白瑞德 编辑过

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It was Easter. We kept marching and one day found ourselves in a village. The housewife of the house where we stayed had cooked a lot of goodies for the holiday: fried potatoes, mamalyga [grits of boiled corn, Moldavian recipe]. She had also put on the table ham, salt fat, all sorts of pickled cucumbers and tomatoes. And she had brought a bottle of gorilka [Ukrainian word for moonshine]. My! That was a holiday! We hadn't seen such a nice picture for years! We took just a little gulp of their pretty good Ukrainian gorilka and slept for two days.

那是在复活节那天。我们一直在行军，有一天发现了一个小村庄。我们借住房东家的大婶为了庆祝节日做了好多甜点：炸土豆、mamalyga（一种摩尔多瓦的特殊做法，用煮熟的玉米磨成的玉米面烹制）。她摆了满满一桌子的火腿、咸肉、各种各样的酸黄瓜和西红柿。她还拿出来一瓶gorilka（乌克兰语，意为私酿酒）。我的天啊！那是怎么样的一个节日啊！我们已经好几年没见过这么热闹的景象了！村民提供的美味的乌克兰gorilka酒，我们只喝了一点就睡了两天。

Then it was time to go further. Four of our fellow soldiers seemed to have cooked up some plan. They told us, "Go ahead, we'll follow you in a while." We two men left the house and stood waiting for them on the road, because we didn't know which way to choose. We waited and waited, but our fellows didn't show up. Then here comes a character in German high boots, a German machine gun hangs on his neck. He asks,

--Well, boys, which division are you from?

--202th.

--Ah, "the fall-back division!" Let's go to the 180th and join our

reconnaissance!

--How is that? We are anti-tank rifle men!

--To hell with it! Stop shooting at tanks! Join our reconnaissance, we have

lots of fun there!

That is how I got into the 90th special reconnaissance platoon of the 180th division. I reported to the commander of the platoon that I'd come from the platoon of anti-tank rifles of the 645th infantry regiment, 202nd division. He promised to report to them that I had started serving for their unit from this moment. That simple.

The Germans were trying to break through our lines in the region of Pochaevcy-Shurzhency and our 202th and 180th divisions were having a hard time. But we gave the Germans a run for their money.

Oh! When we finished the Korsun-Schevchenkovsky operation[科尔孙-合甫琴柯夫斯基战役], there were an awful lot of corpses of soldiers and horses. It was a nightmare! Especially in one ravine. Awful! "Katushas" had come that way, fired two or three times and made a mess of everything down there!

In the spring of 1944 the Germans broke down our advance near Yassy (Iasi)[雅西]. We scouts had already been in the outskirts of Yassy but the Germans kicked us out with their tanks. Where had they gotten those tanks? They seemed to have left all their vehicles in the city of Uman and in the outskirts?! Look, they hadn't been stopped by swampy roads! We had been stopped by the mud, but not they! Or, maybe they had fresh forces? Anyway, they had pulled us 15 to 25 km away from Yassy with their tanks. We had to stop there until August.

We used to go on reconnaissance raids every other day: one day we went on foot, the other day we rode by horse. We wore vatniks [short quilted coat] and quilted pants all the year long, whether it was summer or winter. They protected us from small shell fragments very well. When a shel fragment flies more than 100 meters, it can just pierce the wadding, nothing more. If the shell explodes as far as 30 meters from you, it may just touch your skin, nothing more. Sure, when it explodes near you--Boy, nothing will save you! It will make a sieve of you, whatever you've put on. We had cuirasses. They weren't heavy and they were only 1.5 millimeter thick. I had one when I was serving in the anti-tank rifles platoon. Well, it was more an illusion than any real protection. We didn't have any camouflage, just the usual field uniform. The Germans wore camouflage ground sheets. I didn't see anything like this in our Army. So we wore German camouflage. Sometimes, when we were returning from a raid, we heard our soldiers shouting, "Germans!" We answered, "Look again, fools! It's us! We just passed this way!" We were to return to the same place of the front line where we had crossed it, so as not to be shot by our own troops.

The German scouts weren't fools, either, and often kidnaped our soldiers to get information about our troops. Our reconnaissance learned a lot from the Germans. I mean their camouflage, art of war, some special tips. They are very accurate people, never shoot more cartridges than necessary. Only without fail! On the other hand, when they happen to find out us in neutral territory, they don't care about the number of the cartridges and grenades. As soon as they started firing, we tried to crawl in all directions before they killed everybody.

Once we bumped into a German ambush. We had been crawling this way: one soldier ahead of the group and two others on both sides. And the first one bumped into this ambush. He was killed. We didn't think twice and ended that ambush to hell! Immediately, they started firing with launchers to us. Oh! Good heavens! It is awful when they start firing to the same point from all directions. Nowhere to escape! You are looking for any small pit to save your head in it. But we managed to get out of there, anyhow. Two of our fellows had been wounded in this case, but we had brought them with us. We had never left the wounded and dead on the battlefield.

There were very good boys chosen for the reconnaissance! I was short and couldn't cope with a German, so I always served in the security screen of the reconnaissance. But there were tall soldiers among our scouts! For example, there were two fellows from one regimental reconnaissance platoon, Fomichev and Alexandrov. They were very smart boys. They could go together and kidnap a German! There was a story. [Once we went on a raid.] We had been crawling silently for a while, and at last saw two German guards walking in the trench, to and fro. They stopped from time to time to have a look out of the trench. Then they continued walking. They had a shelter and a machine gun. And here were our Fomichev and Alexandrov, who had always been sent together with us into especially difficult raids. They say, "We take this one, without any noise. Who will take the other?" Well, we also had boys of that kind. Once the guards separated, our boys took care of them in a moment! He-he! [Laughs]

A.D. --Did you undergo any training in your spare time?

When we were in defense we had one coach, a well built lieutenant, of about 25 years old. He gave us some lessons of ju-jitsu: holds, back heels, how to make a person fall. He taught us how to use a knife and how to take a knife off an enemy. I also learned horseback riding there: how to mount, how to slash willow sticks [a cavalry exercise for learning how to handle a saber].

Our platoon was under the command of one staff sergeant. We nicknamed him Kochubey [the famous hero of Russian Civil War] behind his back, because of his picturesque wheat color moustache and his forelock. He wore traditional Kazak clothes and a kubanka [a round, brimless hat of cheap fur] with a red top. The commander of the division used to tell him, "Why are you walking around like a rooster? Put on a uniform. We don't have Kazaks here!" But Kochubey didn't listen to him Then he got lost somewhere and we received another commander, a Lieutenant Petr Domozhir, from the city of Nizhniy Tagil, my contemporary, born in 1925. He had served in the reconnaissance for the whole war. He was awarded with three military Orders of the Red Banner and the Order of Lenin. He was seriously wounded in one of the raids then and didn't return to the unit after he left the hospital. We were told that he had got an award--the Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union and was sent to study in Moscow.

A.D. -- How far did you go across the front line?

Not very far. We went along the front and behind it, no more than 8 km.

A.D. -- What weapon did you have when you went on raids?

A submachine gun and grenades, "lemons." We took plenty of "lemons" with us: three attached to the waist belt and about ten in a backpack. And we took as many cartridges as possible. We had to carry a lot of ammunition with us.

A.D. -- Did you have knives?

Of course, we did. First, I had an ordinary knife. It was roughly made but sharp. Then we advanced. I see, here lies a German--a long, huge, red haired fellow. Well, the bullet hits everybody alike, it doesn't care if you are tall or short. I see that he has a good knife and I cut it off his belt together with the sheath. When you throw that knife, it always flies with its point ahead. It was so sharp, you could shave yourself with it!

A.D. -- How many German soldiers did you kill yourself?

I used to kill them, but didn't keep count. Look, you shoot him during a battle and see that he has fallen. But how'd you know if is he dead or just hiding? Sure, sometimes you see that you have hit him.

I did have good eyesight. When we went on raids I served as a lookout. "Volodka, look sharp." I saw in the night, like a cat. The main thing was to find landmines. The strings from the mines were located very low in the grass. As the Germans launch a flare, you ought to stand still and look. Oh! here it is, a pretty little string, just ahead of you!

A.D. -- How did the Germans behave, when you captured them?

They resisted, of course. Physical strength of a person multiplies threefold in moments of hazard. But there wasn't a German who could escape such wolves as our Fomichev and Alexandrov! Nobody! No way! And it didn't matter how strong the Germans were. How did we bind them? Usual style--hands behind the back, the head taken by the hair and bent backwards, to make the German lose consciousness just for a moment. The main thing was to keep his hands away from his gun and knife.

A.D. --Didn't the Germans shave their soldiers bald?

No, they usually wore hair long enough, sometimes short. Actually, the Germans are accurate and cautious people. But sometimes we took them by surprise. I remember how we exploded one shelter. We had managed to approach silently. Their guards were asleep. We tied their hands, clapped their mouths, and threw them both out of the trench. Then our sapper accurately made a way and we threw grenades inside a shelter. After that two of us entered the shelter and fired with machine guns along the leveled beds. Maybe some of the Germans survived this, I don't know. When we were on the way to our trenches, the Germans began to fire with mortars, machine guns and "launchers" (They had a kind of grenade that could be attached to the rifle barrel and launched with the power of a blank cartridge. We also used this method. The grenade could be launched this way as far as 50 meters). We had barely escaped. I got a shell in my foot that time. I was lucky to have quilted pants on.

Actually, I was wounded three times and contused once. In spite of all this, I don't have any certificate to prove my wounds, because all of the wounds were minor and our platoon had its own medic who treated us. He was from Osetia (a region of Caucasus) and called Sasha Gevorkov, if I remember his name correctly. He served also as an interpreter, because he spoke German very well. He treated us. First I was wounded in the leg. My buddies cut and threw away the high boot. Sasha took the shell out of the leg and washed the wound with a solution of Rivanol. He said, "Volodka, go guard the horses [because it was an easy job]. You stumble like this for a couple of weeks and the leg will cure itself. " Then I got a bullet in my heel bone. It pierced the sole, flesh and stopped in the bone. He said,"If it hurts very much, it means the bone is split. I have taken the bullet away. In case the foot festers, I'll make a cut and clean it." But everything ended well, it cured itself like a dog's wound.

He was killed then. We returned to our trenches after one raid. Where is Sasha? A commander says, "Here, two of you guys go and get him." The Germans had stopped firing by that time. When the boys brought him, he was already dead. We couldn't find his wound at first. Then someone unfastened his belt and a whole clot of blood fell from under his shirt. It turned out that a grenade shell had cut the artery in his left armpit. We were so sorry for him, he was such a good boy, born in 1920.

I remember the reconnaissance raid before the advance very well. We went twice. Our first attempt failed, but the second one was successful. It all happened on August 15-16, near the city of Yassy. When we went the first time, our platoon commander was scared. He didn't lead us far and we returned between german divisions. Anyway, he reported that we went here and there in such-and-such time [though we didn't]. He reported that all the objectives were guarded. Well, he was dismissed and sent to an unknown destination. It was a dark case. Such cases were resolved by SMERSH. After this failed raid the Germans became more watchful. They guarded the points between their divisions with patrols and ambushes. There wasn't a hole to enter! We were already planning to be sent by air. Then one regimental scout reported that he had found a place where we could cross the front.

And we really crossed easily, without any noise. Had we made any noise, the Germans wouldn't have let us pass, that was for sure. We came to a German division headquarters that same night. They were so careless: in their rear they behaved like they had everything under control. They even slept naked. Let alone the rear, they slept naked on the front line! We raided many times. As we started firing, we saw the Germans getting out and running to their guns with nothing but underwear on. They lived on the front like civilized people! We slept with full uniform on. Some fellows took off their high boots, but many didn't. You know, you are sitting like this in an ambush or in a trench. Sometimes it is possible to have a little nap, but usually you are shivering from the cold, especially in winter. Sometimes two soldiers are sleeping and keeping observation in turn. In winter you'll never get to sleep, because it's very cold. Besides, fleas bite and don't let you fall asleep.

Well, we were 16 scouts. Four of us were taken to another operation. So, twelve of us left. Well, our Fomichev and Alexandrov killed the guard, threw grenades and thus wiped out the headquarters' platoon. They put all the important papers in a backpack, restrained the German general, took him on their shoulders and got away carrying all this. Aha. You see, we did make a noise! The Germans started to the place from the nearest villages. We left the village [where the German headquarters had taken place] and ran around a maize field. Our platoon's commander was a very smart fellow. He gave us a kind of a powder to work in our clothes and boots. Having worked in the powder, we went back across the field, lay down there and were laying for three days. We could neither eat nor smoke. Boy, it was deadly hot! We were thirsty, though we had a small supply of water. And we had to urinate where we lay. One can stand such a situation only when he is young. If we had left the place, we would have been captured somewhere. Well, three days passed and our officer led us and we came to that very point where we had crossed the front line. Perhaps, we should have tried it a bit to the right or left. The Germans were waiting for us right there. The officer orders me and Pavel Fedorenko, "You boys go ahead, we will stop the Germans awhile." They gave us the backpack with the papers. The general was left with them. Anyway, how could we bring him? What did they do with him? They stabbed him to death, I guess. There was one Pavljuk, he didn't care who he cut--a hen or a man, let alone a German soldier. Well, we both survived. Pavel had his arm and leg wounded on the way to our trenches. I don't know what happened to the rest of the boys. I didn't see any of them afterwards. People said that Fomichev and Alexandrov returned to the unit and I believe it, because they were cunning, smart boys, didn't lose heart anywhere. But I haven't seen them since, because I served at the divisional headquarters, so to say, and they were in the regiment which went ahead of us. That was a successful operation, because we brought back a whole bunch of important documents just before the advance started.

When our troops advanced, Pavlik and I were ordered to escort the captured Germans. We escorted them to our rear, about 70 persons at a time. They walked and obeyed like young calves. We would stop in a village and people gave us [me, Pavlik and the captives] some food. None of the captives had ever escaped me. Well, except once. I was nearly sent to a penitential battalion when it happened. I served in the unit's headquarters that time. One day Pavlik and I were ordered to come together, but he was sent somewhere else then.

帕夫利克和我负责把被俘得大约70名德国人押送到后方。一路上俘虏们就好象温顺的小牛，在一座小村庄停留的时候，村民们给了我们一些食物。在我手上没有一名俘虏逃跑。恩，除了那一次，因为这个我差点被送去了惩戒营。当时我被调到了指挥连（排），一天帕夫利克和我一起出任务，之后帕夫利克去执行其他任务了。

The commander of the unit's reconnaissance told me, "Zimakov, you'll have to escort four captives to the corps' headquarters. They are very dangerous people--God help you if you lose them!" It was in the fall and it was already afternoon. The officer told me the way. I could either escort them along the trunk road, which was 15 km long, or we could go along a path and it'd have been 7 to 8 km. I've chosen the latter way. Well, I think: here is my submachine gun, they won't get away from me. Besides, I was riding a horse. They had been searched, no weapons. Their hands and legs were left unbound.

侦察排长告诉我：“济马科夫，你要押送四名俘虏去军指挥所。他们都是极度危险的人，千万别让他们跑了！”

Well, I had been escorting them like this and then we entered a sunflower field. You know, people grew very tall sunflowers in those places! And suddenly one of the captives turns and shoots at me with a pistol! My horse jerked as he turned, thank God. I fired back at him with my sub. And the rest of the captives burst out in all directions: one to the left and the other two to the right. I shot and killed the one on the left. Then I shot at those two men. The corn is whooshing, their heads are turning up and down through it. And it is getting dark. Well, I think that I should ride along their trail. The one who fired lies dead and the other fellow who ran to the left is dead too. Haven't run far. I'm riding further. Then I've found the third one. I climbed down the horse to touch his pulse. Dead. Still warm, but dead. I went further on, leading my horse by the rein. My submachine gun hangs on my neck, ready. (Our Shpagin SMG is a heavy thing and has a disc-shaped magazine that always bangs into the back when you carry it. I used to shoulder a German submachine gun until it was forbidden. But we always used them on raids, because they never failed. The PPS is also a good thing, light and easy to use.)

So, I keep following the trail and suddenly hear someone shouting at me "Stop!"

--"I am standing," I answer, but keep my hand on my gun.

-- Who are you?!

-- I have been convoying captives. Made two of them lie down and the other one lies near behind me. One of them shot at me, but my horse saved me.

-- We have just found one in the potato field, he was trying to hide--lay covered with potato bushes .

Those were the men from the internal security unit. They took the wounded German with them and gave me a paper that said I had had to liquidate the captives. The internal security units ("zagradotrjad") were the special forces that belonged to the People's Commissariat of Internal Affaires [1935 to 1945, then renamed]. They were looking for the deserters, so called "soldiers of the 5th Ukrainian Front," those who were wandering after leaving the hospital in the rear, drinking moonshine in the villages, that kind of people.

Once we robbed a peasant's wife. It was in the Ukraine. Our mess was far behind us and we were very hungry. And this old woman says, "Boys, I have a good colt, it is only two years old. The Germans took it away from me but the Red Army has returned it." "Where is the colt?" "It is here, in the shed." That night our two robbers stole the horse, led it out of the village, shot it and boiled the meat. The woman did cry! Well, we gave her another horse when we were leaving that village.

Well, I wasn't punished for those four captives. I returned to the division headquarters and gave them the paper.

-- Why couldn't you watch the captives better ?!

-- Why did you give me such people, then?! (Why they weren't searched properly for weapon, especially if you knew that they were so dangerous?) You should have sent two soldiers to escort them! I was lucky that my horse jerked, otherwise they would have killed me and escaped.

-- Too bad you lost them, anyway! he frowned.

On the 20th of August we broke the German front and advanced. All the reconnaissance advanced 30 km ahead of the division. That was the time when Romania capitulated. I should say that Romanians hated the Germans. The Hungarians liked the Germans, but the Romanians didn't, like we Russians. The Romanians were poor people, very poor. Near Budapest[布达佩斯] we went on a reconnaissance raid together with the commander of the division. And on the way we were bombed by a group of Yu-87s. There I was wounded for the last time. I was treated in a hospital located in a monastery near the city of Kiskunfelegyhaza[基什孔弗莱吉哈佐].

Three weeks afterwards, we were formed into a platoon and sent to the vicinity of Budapest. The city had already been surrounded. We were a special assault brigade. We were given cannons, submachine and machine guns, nothing else. And we used to be sent into the weakest points of our circle around Budapest. As our fresh forces arrived, we were moved to another point, then to another one. In March the Germans made an attempt to break out of Budapest through the sewer system under the city. The German troops were coming like an avalanche. They were approaching without shooting, but we kept firing at them. Then they started to throw their guns on the ground. I don't know exactly, but the number of dead Germans was enormous. We had a rest and went further. We saw piles of dead Germans in the forest, five soldiers in a pile. There were mortal battles in Budapest, there wasn't one undamaged building to be found in the whole city. Everything had been destroyed, absolutely everything! When we were having a rest in Pest[佩斯] we looked around the city--it was absolutely ruined! Everything! It's like a nightmare. Just a hair stands upward, did we do that? Yes, we did it, because the Germans resisted. I met my friend from the artillery reconnaissance then. He says,

-- Your reconnaissance has been killed in the city's underground, in the sewers. The commander of the division ordered them to take a building and they bumped into the Germans. They wiped out the Germans but perished themselves too.

-- Everybody?

-- Yes, even the soldiers from the combat trains.

In Austria, not far from the German city of Munich we met American and English troops. First we were drinking together for 3 or 4 days, then there was an incident: our soldiers were fist fighting with them for a Negro. One of them [an American or an Englishman ] kicked a Negro, our soldiers saw it and stood up for the Negro. Then our commander in charge of the city sent his platoon, quieted both sides, and built a fence between the foreign troops. We had to leave the town and set our camp in a forest.

In the Alps our troops had captured a great amount of the Germans who were hurrying to capitulate to the Aliens. Gosh! We had been searching for those Germans for a week! Stayed and searched them! We took all the weapons and jewelry, every German soldier was allowed to keep just one gold ring. Then we were searched by our troops.

A.D. -- Did you send parcels home?

-- I had shipped a parcel from the city of Galatz (Galati). It contained a small lady's watch and a bracelet. I had also sent a length of multicolored material. I had found it, so to speak. Nothing of these was received [by my relatives]. Near Wien, I came down with malaria and went into the hospital. At that time the war ended.

A.D. --What was the worst thing in the front?

-- To survive the bombing. You never know where it will explode. You can hide yourself in some slit trench, but a bomb targets you and all your pretty arms, legs and guts got scattered all around. We were bombed a lot of times. The main thing was that they chose the moments when our planes were absent. You are thinking,"Where are ours? Were they all lost?" And in the meantime the German planes are diving and bombing and bombing, again and again. The ground is trembling! They worked this way 10 to 15 minutes and got away. Well, our attack planes did give them trouble, too. When I came to our observation point I could see our ground attack planes diving and firing with rockets right above the German trenches. Explosion, explosion--Or, say, that "Vanusha," a six-tube mortar! As it starts howling, everybody knows what is gonna happen next and hides himself deeply in a trench.

A.D. -- How did you wash yourselves and your clothes?

-- No, I don't remember us washing in the winter. In the summer--yes, in the summer we did wash ourselves. We made saunas. I recall how we were staying on the bank of the river named Zhizha ("Slush")[The correct name of the river is Jijia]. I served in the reconnaissance then. Its water was a yellow color, but the river had a clear branch. Our boys used to make a dam across the branch and we would bath in that pond. Speaking of washing, we used the following method. We took a big metal drum, poured 3 to 4 buckets of water into it and placed a grate with our clothes above the water. Then we covered the drum with a lid or an old fur coat and made a fire under the drum. Not a flea survived that heat! Then you could put your clothes on again and walk for another couple of months.

A.D. -- Were you ill in the front?

--Sure, sometimes we were, though rarely. People used to catch cold from time to time. Well, a sick person stayed in bed for 3 or 4 days and then here he is, alive again. A medic sometimes asked, "Is there somebody ill?" That's all. Well, when you are young you are always healthy.

A.D. --What did your rations consist of?

--Pea concentrate. That is a kind of small brick, that can be made into soup when you add boiling water. We also had buckwheat bricks, they contained fat or margarine. You add boiling water to it and the meal is ready. Some soldiers ate it dry, didn't bother to boil it. It isn't bad to have a ration, by any means. Sometimes we had nothing at all and no possible way to deliver us any food, since there was bombardment and fire all around! And if your first sergeant is a bit too cowardly, you will stay hungry! Actually, at night we always received some food. When we were on the front line, we got a hot meal at least once a day.

A.D. --Did you have a telescopic sight attached to your anti-tank rifles in the unit?

--No, we didn't. Actually, those kinds of rifles aren't very good at a long distance. It is good to fire from the distance of, say, 200-300 meters, maybe even from 500 meters. You can see a tank: you spit on it and make a hole in it! But when the distance is longer, the bullet won't pierce a tank's armor.

A.D. --Where there any superstitions at the front?

-- I don't know. Some people carried pouches, I had nothing of the kind. But when the situation became really hard, I kept saying in my mind, "God save me! God help me!" That's it!

Interviewed:

Artem Drabkin

Anton Kravchenko

Translated by:

Anton Kravchenko

Proof-read by:

Claire Fuller Martin

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【人类幸存者】

感谢工农红军的帮助,立刻开工!

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【勤劳的小毛驴】

过了一段时间，我们队伍的四个士兵好像在密谋什么。他们跟我们说，你们先走，我们随后就到。我们两个人就离开了屋子，站在外边的路上等他们，因为我们不知道该走哪条路。然后过来了一个穿着德国式长靴，脖子上扛着德制机枪的家伙，他问我们

—嘿，小伙子们，你们是哪个师的？

—第202师

—阿，那个被敌人打退的师啊！跟我到180师吧，加入侦察兵吧，我们那可有很多乐子呢！

就这样我成了180师第90特种侦察排的一员。我向排长报告，我来自第202师645步兵团的反坦克枪排。他答应我向我的原部队报告我现在已经到他们这里服役了。这样事情就简单多了。

德国人试图在Pochaevcy-Shurzhency地带突破我军的防御，我第202师和第180师处境不妙。但是我们仍和德国人展开了激战。

啊！当科尔逊—舍甫琴科夫斯基战役结束的时候，战场上四处都布满了人和骡马的尸体，简直就是一场噩梦！特别是在一条峡谷里，太可怕了！喀秋莎曾经扫荡过这个地方，一共齐射过两三次，所有东西都被炸的七零八落！

1944年春天德军在雅西附近阻挡住了我军的攻势。我们的侦察兵已经抵达了雅西市郊，但是德国人动用坦克把我们赶了回来。他们从哪弄到的坦克？他们应该已经把所有的机动车辆都丢在了乌曼城的市内和郊区的呀？看，他们并没有被泥泞的道路所拖住！我们被泥浆所阻，他们却没有！或者，这是德国人的新锐部队？无论如何，德国人用坦克部队将我们从雅西向后击退了约15-25公里。我们被挡在那里直到8月份。

我们通常是以每隔一天的频率发动武装侦察：一天步行，一天骑马。我们一年到头都穿着vatniks（短棉服）和棉裤，不论是夏天还是冬天。棉衣能很好的保护我们免遭小弹片的伤害。如果有一枚弹片飞行距离超过100米，那顶多也就能穿透夹层，不会再深了。如果一枚炮弹在距离你30米远的地方爆炸，那也就能刚好打到你的皮肤。当然，要是一枚炮弹在你身边爆发—小子，那就没什么东西能保护你了。不管你穿着什么，都会被打成筛子了。我们还有装备有一种胸甲，并不沉，也就1.5毫米厚。我在反坦克排服役的时候有这么一套胸甲。当然，幻想更好的防卫措施是不可能的。我们没有任何伪装，就是穿着普通的野战制服而已。德国人装备着符合战场特征的伪装服装。我从来没有在我军内部看到过类似的东西。因此我们就使用德国人的伪装装备。有时候，我们结束袭击任务归队的时候，能听到我军士兵在大喊，德国人！我们回应道，再看看！笨蛋！是我们！我们不过是原路返回罢了!我们回到本方战线的时候会沿着出发的路线原路回来，以免遭到友军的误击。

德国侦察兵也不是笨蛋，他们经常会捕捉我军的士兵以获得我军情报。我们这些侦察兵从德国人那学到了不少东西。我的意思是他们的伪装、作战艺术、还有一些特殊的花招。德国兵是一群非常精打细算的人，绝不会不必要的浪费弹药。除非是绝对必须的时候！而另一方面，如果他们在战线的中间地带发现了我军，那可就不会吝惜子弹和手榴弹了。当德国人开火的时候，我们也会拼尽全力向四面八方爬去，免得让他们把我们全干掉。

有一次我们被德国人打了埋伏。我们当时是这么匍匐前进的：一个人在队形的最前列，另外两个人在两边。结果头一个人遭遇了伏击，结果他被被打死了。我们没有考虑的功夫，必须要马上离开这个地狱！他们马上用火箭弹轰击我们。噢！天哪！德国人从四面八方向同一个方向射击简直太可怕了！无处可逃！你得尽可能的找个坑护住脑袋。但无论如何我们得想办法冲出去。我们两个兄弟受伤了，但我们必须得带着他们一起走。我们从不把受伤或牺牲的弟兄丢在战场上。

侦察兵挑的都是些棒小伙子！我长得比较矮，没法和德国人搏斗，因此我总是在安全的掩蔽部里。但是我们的侦察兵里可是有大高个呢！比如说，有两个从我们团侦查排出来的兄弟，福米乔夫和亚历山德罗夫。都是些好小伙子。他们会一起出去抓个德国人回来！有这么个故事。（那次我们去出击。）我们当时要静默的匍匐前进，然后看到了有两个德国哨兵在战壕里巡逻，来来回回的走。他们时不时的会停下来看看战壕外边的情况。然后接着巡逻。他们有一个掩体和一挺机枪。然后福米乔夫和亚历山德罗夫，这两人经常是一起和我们执行特别艰难的任务。他们说，我们去悄悄的抓回来一个。谁去对付另一个？我们还有其他这样的小伙子呢。那俩哨兵一旦分开行动，立刻就被兄弟们给抓住了！哈哈！（笑）

A.D. –你在不执行战斗任务的时候接受过什么训练么？

我们在防御阶段的时候有一个教官，一个体格健壮的中尉，约莫25岁。他教过我们一些柔道的技巧：擒拿、绊摔、怎么打倒一个人。他教我们怎么使用匕首和怎么空手夺刀。我还在那学会了骑马：怎么乘马，怎么在马上用柳条手杖砍杀（这是训练怎么用马刀的一种骑兵训练科目）

我们排长是一名大士。我们私下里给他起了个“科丘别伊”的绰号（一个俄国内战时期的英雄），因为他的胡子和头发都是淡黄色的。他穿着传统的哈萨克式服装和一顶红顶库班帽（一种用比较便宜的皮毛制成的无沿圆帽）。我们师的师长总是跟他说，你为什么走起路来像一只公鸡一样？穿好制服。我们这可没有哈萨克人！但科丘别伊充耳不闻，结果他就丢了官位，上头给我们派了个新的排长，切赫多莫日中尉，下塔吉尔人，跟我同岁，1925年出生。他在整个战争期间都在侦察部队服役。他荣获过三枚红旗勋章和一枚列宁勋章。他在此后的一次行动中受了重伤，伤愈以后也未能归队。我们后来知道他获得了一枚勋章—苏联英雄的金星，而且被送到莫斯科上学了。

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此贴已由管理员在 2010-5-15 16:29:58 执行 +200分 操作

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【勤劳的小毛驴】

A.D. – 你最远在前线曾经走过多远的距离？

不怎么远，我们在战线前后不超过8公里的范围内活动。

A.D. –你在行动的时候携带什么武器？

一支冲锋枪和几枚柠檬式手榴弹。我们随身带不少柠檬式手榴弹：皮带上别上三枚，背包里放上十枚。而且我们也会尽可能多的带弹夹。我们会随身携带好多弹药。

A.D. –你带匕首么？

当然带。首先，我有一柄匕首。做工粗糙但是很锋利。后来有一次在进攻的时候，我看到那躺着个德国人—一个大个子，红头发的家伙。反正子弹是不长眼睛的，不管你个子高还是矮。我看见他身上有一柄不错的匕首，连刀鞘一块给弄了下来。用这把刀扔飞刀的时候，飞行的轨迹非常准确。而且刀刃也很锋利，用它刮脸都可以！

A.D. – 你曾经亲手杀过多少德国士兵？

我经常杀人，但是也没记过数。这样，在战斗的时候向一个人射击，看见他躺下了。但是你怎么知道他是被打死了还是仅仅是隐蔽起来了呢？当然，有些时候你能看清楚你打中了对方。

我的视力特别好。当我们执行任务的时候我总是当监视哨。沃罗季卡，注意警戒。我在夜里的视力就像猫一样。主要的工作是搜索地雷。从地雷上引出的线低低的隐藏在草丛里。当德国人打照明弹的时候，你应该原地不动然后仔细看。哦！这有一条，恰好是一条细线，就在你鼻子底下！

A.D. – 你俘虏德国兵的时候，他们一般都是什么表现？

他们当然也会反抗。人的体力在遭遇危险的时候会瞬间爆发到平常的三倍。但是没有一个德国人能从向狼一样行动的福米乔夫和亚历山德罗夫手里逃脱！没人能！用什么办法都不可能！甭管那个德国人怎么强壮都没问题。我们怎么绑住他们？通常是这样—双手绑在背后，系住头发让脑袋向后，只需要一会德国人就失去意识了。主要的事情是把他的枪和匕首夺走。

A.D. –德国人会让士兵们剃光头么？

不，他们会留长发，有时候是短发。实际上德国人是认真又严谨的民族。但有时候我们会用出敌不意的方法捕俘。我记得有一次是这么炸掉敌人的掩体的。我们得默默接近敌人，敌军的哨兵睡着了。我们绑住他们的手，塞住他们的嘴，扔出战壕。之后我们的工兵正好开辟了一条路，我们把手榴弹扔进了掩体里。然后我们有两个人冲进掩体，用机关枪沿着床的高度猛扫。也可能有德国人在我们的攻击下能幸存下来，不过我不知道。我们在返回本方战线的时候，德国人开始用迫击炮、机关枪和榴弹发射器（德国人有一种榴弹发射器，可以装在步枪枪管上，用空包弹来发射。我们也用过这种武器。这样可以把手榴弹打50米远）。我们差点就撤不下来了。那次我的脚挨了一枚弹片。那次我很走运的穿了一条棉裤。

实际上，我曾经三次负伤，一次被撞伤。但是尽管如此，我没有任何证件证明我曾经战伤，因为我每次都是轻伤，我们排的医护兵就可以处理我们的伤势。他来自奥塞梯地区（位于高加索），如果我记得不错的话，他名叫萨沙格沃尔科夫。他同时也是个翻译，因为他的德语说得很好。他为我们疗伤。第一次我伤在腿上。我的兄弟把我的高筒靴给剪了下来然后扔掉。萨沙把弹片从我腿上取下来然后用利凡诺溶液（一种用于冲洗创面及粘膜的药品—译者注）清洗伤口。他跟我说，沃罗季卡，去照看马匹（因为那是个轻松的活计）。你可能一两周的时间会一瘸一拐的走路，然后腿就痊愈了。后来有一枚子弹击中了我脚后跟的骨头。那发子弹打穿了鞋底和脚，停在了骨头里。他说，如果伤的很重的话，那就意味着骨头被打碎了。那发子弹就留在了我脚上。万一脚要是化脓了，我就得剔除化脓的部分然后清洗伤口。但后来我就痊愈了，就像狗身上的伤口一样自己就好了。

他后来牺牲了。我们一次执行任务之后撤退。萨沙在哪？一个指挥员说，这样，你们两人去把他找回来。当时德国人停止了射击。等那两个兄弟把他找回来的时候，他已经死了。我们最开始没找到伤口，后来等解开了他的武装带，在衬衫下边发现了一大块已经凝固的血迹。一枚手榴弹弹片切开了他左边腋窝下的动脉。我们很难过，他是个多好的小伙子啊，1920年出生。

我很清楚的记得在进攻开始前的武装侦察的情况。我们去了两次，第一次努力失败了，但第二次得手了。这两次行动都发生在8月15-16日间，雅西城附近。我们第一次出击的时候，排长吓得要命。他没有深入多远的距离，就从德国人那边把我们带了回来。总之，他向上边报告我们用了多久的时间，从这里到那里云云（尽管我们压根就没干什么）。他报告所有的目标都为敌军严密的守卫着。然后，他就被解职了，不知道派哪去了。那真是一件糟糕的事情。这样的情况后来被斯马尔什解决了。那这次失败的行动之后德国人提高了警惕性。他们在各个师之间的支撑点部署了大量的巡逻哨和暗哨。简直滴水不漏！当时已经准备把我们空投到敌后了。后来一名团里的侦查员报告他发现了一个可以渗透过去的地方。

后来我们真的很轻易就渗透了进去，悄无声息。要是我们弄出点什么响动来，德国人毫无疑问是不会放我们过去的。我们在一天晚上摸到了德国人的一个师部。他们太大意了：在后方他们的行为就跟一切尽在掌握一样。他们甚至还脱衣服睡觉。而且不光是后方，他们甚至在前线都脱衣服睡觉！我们展开了数次袭击。当我们开火的时候，我们看到德国人只穿着内衣裤跑出来奔向自己的武器。他们在前线就跟文明人似的生活！我们睡觉的时候可是穿着制服睡，有的兄弟会把长筒靴脱了，但很多人不脱。你知道，你就得保持着这么个姿态在伏击点或者战壕里呆着。有时候可能能打个盹，但一般来说你都会被冻得瑟瑟发抖，尤其是冬天。

有时候两名士兵会轮流睡觉和观测。冬天的时候你根本睡不着，因为非常冷。除此之外跳蚤的定要也会让你睡不着。

我们有16个侦察兵。其中四个人被抽去参加另外一个行动。因此我们还剩12个人。接下来，我们的福米乔夫和亚历山德罗夫干掉了哨兵，用手雷消灭掉了司令部直属排。他们把所有重要的文件都塞进了一个背包里，捆住一个德国将军，他们就带着他和所有东西回来了。啊哈，你看看，我们可出了名了！距离当地最近的一个村子里的德国人出动了。我们离开了村子（就是德军师部所在的那个）然后跑着绕过一片玉米地。我们排长是个很机智的人。他给我们一种火药装在衣服和靴子里（似乎是为了驱虫—译者注）。带着这些火药，我们穿过田野撤退，趴在里边然后在那里埋伏了三天。我们既不能吃东西也不能抽烟。伙计，那真是热的要死！我们渴极了，但是只有很少一点水能喝。而且我们只能在趴着的地方小便。

只有没经验的家伙才会站起来。如果我们离开的话就不知道在什么地方会被俘虏。之后，三天过去了，我们的排长带着我们从正确的地方回到了本方战线。或许我们可能在那一点稍偏左或偏右的位置尝试一下。德国人就在那个地方等着我们。排长命令我和帕维尔费多连科，你们俩先走，我们在后头拖住德国人。他们把装满了文件的背包交给我们。他们把将军留在了旁边。无论如何，我们怎么把他带走呢？他们怎么处理那个人？我猜他们把他给捅死了。有个叫帕夫柳克的人，他可不在乎用刀捅的是什么—一只母鸡还是一个人，更何况是个德国军人。还好，我们都得以生还，帕维尔在撤回本方战壕的过程中，胳膊和腿都受了伤。我不知道剩下的其他人身上都发生了什么，我后来再也没见过他们中的任何一个。人们说福米乔夫和亚历山德罗夫后来归队了，我相信这种说法，因为他们都是那种非常狡猾、聪明的小伙子，无论在哪都不会丧失勇气。但我后来再也没有见到过他们，因为我后来被调到了师部，所以会这样，而且他们是在团队里，在我们的前方。这是一次成功的行动，因为我们就在进攻发起前的时候带回来了一整捆重要的文件。

我军进攻的时候，帕夫利克和我受命押解被俘的德国人。有一次我破门把被俘得大约70名德国人押送到后方。一路上俘虏们就好象温顺的小牛，在一座小村庄停留的时候，村民们给了我们（我、帕夫利克还有那些俘虏）一些食物。在我手上没有一名俘虏逃跑。恩，除了那一次，因为这个我差点被送去了惩戒营。当时我被调到了指挥部直属单位，一天帕夫利克和我一起出任务，但之后帕夫利克被调到了其他的地方。

侦察排长告诉我：“济马科夫，你要押送四名俘虏去军部。他们都是极度危险的人，你要是把他们弄丢了那就只有上帝能救你了！那会已经是秋天了，而且是下午时分。指挥官告诉我怎么走，我既可以选择大约15公里长的大路，也可以选择7、8公里的小路。我选择了后者。然后我想：我带着冲锋枪呢，他们根本就不可能跑掉。除此之外，我还骑着马，他们又赤手空拳，跑了也会被抓住。他们的手和脚也都被捆住了。

然后我就这么押着他们，走进了一片向日葵。你知道，就是种的那种特别高的向日葵！突然一个俘虏转身用手枪朝我开枪！谢天谢地，因为他一转身拽了一下我的马。我用冲锋枪向他还击。剩下的俘虏突然向四面跑去：一个人向左另外两个人向右。我开枪把左边的一个人打死了。然后我向另外两个人开枪。向日葵在飞快的晃动，他们的脑袋在其间忽隐忽现。这时候天黑了，我想我得循着他们留下的踪迹追击。那个朝我开枪的已经被打死了，另外两个向左边跑的（原文如此，前文说两个人向右跑—译者注）也死了。没跑多远，我继续策马追击。然后我找到了第三个人。我下了马试了试他的心跳。死了。倒还是热着，但是死了。我继续往前走，牵着马的缰绳往前走。我把冲锋枪挂在脖子上，做好准备。（我们装备的什帕金冲锋枪比较重，圆形的弹盘在背枪的时候总是装在后背上。我经常背着德国冲锋枪，直到上边禁止使用这种枪。但我们在袭击的时候总是用这种枪，因为这枪从来不会出毛病。PPS冲锋枪也是一把好枪，又轻又好用。

所以我接着追着踪迹追击，突然听到有人冲我大喊站住！

—我站住答话，但是手仍然放在枪上。

—你是谁？！

—我受命押送俘虏。结果两个人被我打倒了，另外一个人被打死在我后边不远的地方。其中一个人朝我开枪，但我的马救了我。

—我们正好在种着土豆的田野里找到了一个人，他想藏在土豆丛里。

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此贴已由管理员在 2010-5-16 16:19:35 执行 +260分 操作

发表主题： 7
发表回复： 20
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【勤劳的小毛驴】

那些人属于内卫部队。他们抓住了这个受伤的德国人然后给了我一张证明，写着我已经处理了这几个俘虏。内卫部队（zagradotrjad）是隶属于内务人民委员会（该部门于1935-1945年的是这个名字，之后改名了）。他们负责抓捕逃兵，专门搜捕那些所谓“乌克兰第五方面军”的士兵，就是那种在离开医院以后在后方地带流窜，在村镇里饮酒作乐的人。

有一次我们的士兵抢劫一个农妇。那是在乌克兰，我们的伙食单位远远的落在了后边，当然我们非常饿。然后有个老太太跟我们说，小伙子们，我有一匹很好的小马驹，才两岁大。德国人从我手里把它抢走了，但是红军又把这匹马还给了我。马在哪呢？就在这，在牲口棚里。结果当天晚上我们队伍里的两个强盗就偷走了那匹马，弄到了村子外边，杀了马之后炖肉吃。那个老妇知道以后大哭！后来我们在离开村子的时候赔给了她另外一匹马。

幸好我没有因为这四个俘虏而被处罚。我回到了师部把那纸证明交了上去。

—你为什么没能看好俘虏！？

—为什么你没能把他们原封不动的交给我，恩？！（为什么他们没有好好搜查俘虏的武器，尤其是知道他们本身就很危险的前提下？）你们本应该派两个士兵押送俘虏，幸亏我的马动了一下，否则他们就会把我打死以后跑掉了。

—不管怎么说，你还是没有把这几个俘虏押送到目的地。他还是这么说。

8月20日我军突破了德军防线向前推进。所有的侦查单位都前进到距离师主力30公里的前方。那时候正好赶上罗马尼亚投降了。我得说罗马尼亚人痛恨德国人。匈牙利人喜欢德国人，但是罗马尼亚人却不这样，像我们俄罗斯人一样。罗马尼亚人都是穷人，很穷。在布达佩斯附近我们和师长一起执行了一次侦查行动。在路上我们遭到了一队ju-87s轰炸机的攻击。那是我最后一次受伤。我被送进了位于基什孔弗莱吉哈市附近一所修道院里的医院。

三周之后，我们被编为一个排后派往布达佩斯附近。这座城市已经被包围了。我们隶属于一个特别突击旅。我们除了大炮、冲锋枪和机关枪外没有其他的武器。然后我们经常被派到我军在布达佩斯包围圈上最薄弱的地点去。当我军的援兵赶到的时候，我部就会被派到另一个地方去，接下来是再一个地方。在5月间德国人试图通过城市的下水道体系突破布达佩斯的包围圈。德国军队像潮水般涌来。他们也不开枪就那么冲过来，但是我们则一直在向他们开火。后来他们就把枪支扔在了地上。我记不太清楚，但是被打死的德国人确实很多。我们之后稍作休整就继续投入战斗了。我在森林里发现了一大堆德国人的尸体，五个士兵一堆。布达佩斯之战是一场激战，整个城市里没有一座建筑物未被损坏。所有东西都灰飞烟灭了，那真的是所有东西呀！我们在佩斯休整的时候，曾经看见过，整座城市都毁掉了——彻底的毁灭！什么都不剩了！就像噩梦一样。只有些断壁残垣而已。这些都是我们干的么？没错，就是我们干的，因为德国人在顽抗。我遇到了在炮兵观察部队的朋友。她说—你们侦察兵有在城市的下边，下水道里阵亡的士兵。师长命令他们占领一栋建筑物，结果撞上了德国人。他们消灭了德国人但是自己也和敌人同归于尽了。

—所有人？

—是的，甚至包括从战斗列车上下来的士兵。

在奥地利，离德国城市慕尼黑不远的地方我们和美国及英国军队会师了。我们最开始的3-4天都在一起喝酒庆祝，然后出了件事：我们的士兵是第一次和黑人一次并肩战斗。他们中的一个人（一个美国人或者英国人）踢了一名黑人士兵，我们的士兵看见了以后就替那个黑人出头。后来我们的指挥官受命负责城市的保卫工作，把他的直属排派到了所有地方，然后在和盟军交界的地方构筑了栅栏。我们不得不离开小镇在森林里扎营。

在阿尔卑斯山附近我们俘虏了一大批跑去向盟军投降的德国人。唉！为了搜捕这帮人我们忙活了一个礼拜！就扎在那搜索他们！我们缴获了所有的武器和财物，每个德国士兵只允许保留一个金戒指。后来就我们就遇到了友军。

A.D. –你往家里寄包裹么？

—我在加拉茨（罗马尼亚东部城市—译者注）的时候寄过一个包裹。里头有一块小巧的女士腕表和一个手镯。我还往家里寄过一匹花布。这块布是我找到的。所以这么说，官方从来不承认有过这些包裹（因为我的缘故）。在维也纳附近，我得了疟疾，被送到了医院。那时候战争就结束了。

A.D. –在前线什么事情是最糟糕的？

—遭到轰击是最坏的事情。你根本不知道炸弹会在哪炸响。你可以在散兵坑里隐蔽着，但要是一枚炸弹击中了你和你的武器的话，那可就是胳膊腿加五脏六腑乱飞了。我们曾经挨过很多次轰炸。最主要的是对方总是找我们没有空中掩护的时候发动轰击。你这时候就会想，我们的飞机在哪呢？都没在天上么？而这个时候德军的飞机就会俯冲下来，一次又一次的投弹。大地都在颤抖！他们炸上10-15分钟以后就会返航。然后这时候我们的强击机也会去找对方的麻烦。当我去观察所的时候我能看到我军的强击机俯冲下来，发射的火箭弹正好覆盖住了德军的战壕。爆炸接着爆炸—或者，说，那有一门Vanusha，六管火箭炮！当这玩意儿开始嚎叫的时候，所有人都知道接下来会发生什么，然后都深深地钻到掩体里去了。

A.D. –你怎么洗澡和洗衣服呢？

—不洗，我不记得我们在冬天还洗过澡。在夏天—是的，夏天我们会洗澡。我们会去洗桑拿浴。我还记得当时我们呆在那条叫Zhizha河的岸边的时候（Jijia河后来改的名字）。我当时在侦察部队。河水是黄色的，但是这条河有一条河汊。弟兄们会在河汊里筑坝拦水，我们就在形成的池塘里洗澡。说到洗澡，我们会用这么一种办法去洗，拿一个大圆桶，灌上3-4水桶的水，把衣服放进去。然后我们就用一个盖或者一件旧皮衣盖住桶，接着在桶下边生火。没有一只跳蚤能活过这样的高温！然后你就能穿上你的衣服，在穿几个月都行。

A.D. –你在前线生过病么？

—当然，我们有时候会得病，尽管很少。人总是会一次又一次的得感冒。一般一个病人会卧床3到4天的时间，然后就又活蹦乱跳了。医务兵有时候会问，有人生病么？就是这样了。总之，年轻人总是比较健康的。

A.D. –你们定量配给的食品都有些什么？

—浓缩的豌豆。是一小块，可以放进开水里做成汤。我们也有那种荞麦面做的砖，里边有动物脂肪或者人造黄油。用开水一冲就能做好一顿饭。也有些士兵干吃，不用开水冲调。无论如何能有口吃的就不坏了。有时候我们什么都没有，压根就没给我们提供食品，因为到处都是轰炸和火焰！而且要是你的带头士官还有点胆小的话，那你就饿着吧！实际上，我们在晚上能拿到些吃的。我们在前线的时候，至少每天能喝一顿热汤。

A.D. –你在反坦克枪部队的时候有过望远镜么？

—没有，我们没那种玩意儿。实际上，这种枪在远距离打得不是很准。这种枪的最佳射程，恩，大概是两三百米吧，甚至有可能是500米。你看见一辆坦克：向它射击，给它凿个窟窿出来！但如果距离再长点的话，子弹就打不穿坦克的装甲了。

A.D. –在前线的什么地方有什么迷信的东西么？

—我不知道，有的人会带着小袋子什么的，我从来没有过类似的东西。但如果情况真的特别糟糕的话，我也会在心里默念，上帝啊，救救我！上帝啊帮帮我！就是这样!

采访：

A 德拉布坎

安东克拉夫琴科

翻译：

安东克拉夫琴科

校对：

克莱尔富勒马丁

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此贴已由管理员在 2010-5-16 19:03:35 执行 +200分 操作

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