[烛光生存狂]-【卫国战争老兵回忆】Semion Aria

Semion Lvovich, how did the war begin for you?

I was a student at the Novosibirsk Institute for military transportation engineers. When the war started, our entire class was mobilized. They were bringing us to Moscow, but I didn't get to the front because our train was bombed, I was shell-shocked and placed in a hospital.

谢缅·里沃维奇,你的战争是怎么开始的?

当时我是一名新西伯里亚的军事运输学院的学生.战争爆发后,我们整个班都被动员了.他们把我们带到莫斯科,但我们没有上前线,因为铁路被炸毁了.我因炮弹休克症而住了院.

After the hospital they sent me to the 19th Training Tank Regiment located at Nizhniy Tagil. The regiment consisted of battalions, with each one training tankers of a certain specialty -- one trained tank commanders, another -- loaders, etc. I was put into the battalion that trained driver-mechanics.

出院后,他们派我到在下塔吉尔的第19坦克训练团.该团由几个营组成,每个营训练一种专门的乘员-一个训练车长,另一个装填手,等等.我是在训练驾驶员／机械师的那个营.

The training was conducted on real vehicles: there were tanks, we were taught how to drive, communicate with the commander, engine layout, how to service it. I must mention that it was very difficult to start the tank engine in the winter conditions. You had to heat it two hours prior to driving, which meant put a griddle a little smaller than the tank under it, pour diesel into that griddle, and set it on fire. After an hour and half the tank, same as us, would be covered in soot, and we would attempt to start it.

训练在实车上进行:那儿有坦克,我们被教会如何驾驶,与车长联络,发动机的构造,如何维护.必须指出,在冬天启动坦克发动机是非常困难的.你必须在出发前两小时就暖车,就是在坦克下放一个比坦克略小些的浅平底锅一样的东西,倒入柴油点燃.一个半小时后,坦克,我们也一样,熏得满是油烟,我们就着手发动.

Mutual replaceability was required of the crew. In reality there was nothing of the sort -- the training was too short, but I did get to fire the gun several times. They also drove us to the training ground, put us in a tank, made us drive through an obstacle course, replace track pieces (repairing the tracks was a very difficult operation). In those two or three months, the length of the training, we participated in assembling tanks at the main assembly line at the factory.

需要车组成员间能够互换角色.但实际上并没有--训练时间太短,但我还是开了几炮.他们还把我们带到训练场,把我们放进一辆坦克,让我们驶过障碍路,更换履带板(修理履带是件很困难的工作).在受训的两、三个月里,我们还在工厂里的主流水线上装配坦克.

Did they teach you how to bail out of the tank?

他们教你如何逃出坦克了吗?

Well, what could they teach us? You simply opened the hatch and jumped out. Besides, there was a hatch in the bottom, you could leave through it without the enemy seeing you. Basically, no training was required there.

他们能教什么?你只要打开舱盖,跳出来.另外,在车底还有一个舱盖,你可以从那儿出来,敌人看不见.基本上,没有什么这方面的训练.

I've read that tankers cut off pockets from their jackets so that they wouldn't get caught in the protruding parts of hatches.

我读到过坦克兵们把夹克上的口袋拆掉,以免不会被舱盖上的突出物钩住?

We didn't cut anything off, I had a good jacket. What could you get caught by in there? The hatch was smooth, with rounded edges, there were no difficulties in getting in or out through it. Moreover, when you stood up from the driver's seat, you were already outside from your waist up.

我们没有拆掉任何东西,我有一件很好的夹克.你怎么会在那儿钩住呢?舱盖很光滑,边角圆润,进出毫不困难.还有,当你从驾驶座上站起来,腰以上就已经在车外了.

After the training they loaded us on a train, together with our T-34's, and sent us to the front. For some reason, by the route through the Central Asia. We were transported from Krasnovodsk to the Caucasus through the Caspian Sea, on a ferry. Wind blew the tarpaulin off our tank on the way. I must mention that life in a tank without the tarpaulin was hard. It was essential -- we used it to cover ourselves when sleeping, ate on it, covered the tank with it when entraining, otherwise the tank would be filled with water inside. Those were tanks built during the time of war. There wasn't any kind of padding in the top hatch, and the driver's hatch had some kind of padding, but it couldn't keep the water out. So it was bad without the tarpaulin. And so I had to steal a sailcloth from a depot, but there's no reason to talk about it -- this isn't a combat episode, but rather one from the military criminal field.

训练完成后,他们把我们装上火车,连同我们的T-34,派往前线.由于某种原因,走的是中亚这条路线.我们从克拉斯诺沃茨克(Krasnovodsk),乘一艘渡轮经里海,到达高加索.途中风吹走了坦克上的防水帆布.必须指出,在坦克里生活,没有防水帆布是很艰难的.它不可或缺--睡觉时我们盖它,在它上面吃饭,在坐火车时盖着坦克,不然坦克里都是水.那些都是战时造的坦克,车顶舱盖里没有软衬,驾驶员舱盖多少有一点,但不防水.因此没有防水帆布很难受.我只能从一个仓库里偷了块帆布,没有理由谈这个--这不是个战斗插曲,而是军事犯罪行为.

We got to the Northern Caucasus. There we participated in fighting for Mozdok as a part of the 2nd Tank Brigade. Then we were transferred to the 225th Tank Regiment that participated in combat in the area of Mineral'nye Vody and then in Kuban'.

我们到了北高加索,在那儿我们作为第2坦克旅一部参加了莫兹多克(Mozdok)战斗.然后我们转属第225坦克团,参加了 Mineral'nye Vody地区的战斗,接着是在库班.

Was the tank's transmission reliable?

坦克的变速传动可靠吗?

T-34's transmission was rather peculiar. It didn't have a driving shaft. The driving gears were attached directly to the secondary shaft of the gearbox. That's why the gearbox had to be centered ideally with respect to the crankshaft -- this was done with special instruments. It was attached firmly because even a micron cam led to the destruction of the entire gearbox. Overall, the tank's design was very successful. For example, we survived a most severe accident -- the tank turned over its turret, but it still started afterward.

T-34的传动很特别,没有主传动轴.主动齿轮直接联到齿轮箱的第二轴,这就是为什么齿轮箱必须放在中间,这对曲轴来说很理想--都需要特殊的工具来做.连接非常坚固,因为一个极小的凸轮都会导致整个齿轮箱的损坏.总的来说,T-34的设计很成功.例如,我们经历了一次最严重的事故--坦克兜底翻,但还是能够发动起来.

Did you have radios in your tank?

你的坦克里有无线电台吗?

Yes, a radio located at the right side of the hull was used to communicate with the unit commander. Internal communications were over the telephone, but it worked horribly, like pretty much everything built during the time of war. That's why we communicated with our feet, that is the tank commander's boots were placed on my shoulders, he pushed either my left or my right shoulder, and I turned the tank accordingly either left or right. When I worked as a lawyer, the manager of our office was Krapivin, a Hero of the Soviet Union, former commander of a tank regiment. When I told him how we had fought the enemy with our boots, he said: "Oh! Now I believe that you're really a tanker." Besides that, there were absolutely horrible triplexes on the driver's hatch. They were made of disgusting yellow or green plastic that gave a completely distorted, wavy picture. It was impossible to make out anything through such triplex, especially in the rocking tank. That's why we conducted war with hatches opened to palm width.

有的,在车体右侧有一部,用来与部队指挥官的联系.车内通讯是通过电话,但那很糟糕,象许多战时造的东西一样.这就是为什么我们用脚来交流,即车长的靴子搁在我的肩上,他踢我的左肩时,我就将坦克左转,反之亦然.当我作律师时,我们办公室的头是克拉皮温(Krapivin),一个"苏联英雄",以前是个坦克团长.当我告诉他我们如何用靴子与敌人作战后,他说:"噢!现在我相信你真的是个坦克兵了."除此,在驾驶员舱盖里有糟糕之至的夹层玻璃,它们由讨厌的黄色或绿色塑料制成,通过它们看到的东西扭曲晃动.通过这样的夹层玻璃不可能看清楚任何东西,尤其在坦克摇动时.因此我们通常在战斗时把舱盖打开一掌宽.

In your opinion, what were the most vulnerable places for the enemy's artillery fire in a T-34?

Side armor.

你认为面对敌人的炮火,T-34最脆弱的地方是哪儿?

侧装甲.

If a track was damaged during fighting, what did you have to do: leave the tank, try to repair the track?

Try to repair the track. That was not serious damage. We always had spare track pieces, they were attached to sides and in reality served as additional armor. Track replacement was not a very complicated operation.

如果战斗中一条履带受损,你们怎么办:离开坦克,还是修理履带?

试着修理履带,那不算很严重的损坏.我们总是有备用履带板,它们在车体侧面,实际上作为附加装甲.替换履带板不算是很复杂的工作.

What weaknesses in a T-34 can you single out?

Complete lack of crew comfort. I have been inside American and English tanks. Their crews operated in more comfortable conditions: the tanks were painted in light colors on the inside, the seats were semisoft, with armrests. There was nothing like that on a T-34. Care for crew comfort was limited only to basics. It's hard for me to judge the rest, I'm not an engineer.

你能指出T-34的弱点吗?

乘员极不舒服.我曾经置身美国和英国坦克里.他们的乘员在更舒适的条件下操作:坦克内部漆成淡颜色,半软座椅,还有靠手.没有比T-34更糟的,对乘员的舒适的考虑被降到最低限度.其他的我不好评判,因为我不是工程师.

You probably had to perform some repairs on the tank? What were the most unreliable parts: gearbox, transmission?

I hadn't encountered any significant defects in the tank's design or technology. The tanks were good, reliable.

你可能得在坦克里做些修理?什么是最不可靠的部分:齿轮箱,传动?

我还没有遇到过坦克设计或技术方面的任何重要的缺陷.坦克很好,可靠.

There is an opinion that English Matildas with gasoline engines burned much easier than ours with diesel engines?

American tanks also had gasoline engines. They burned like torches. So, on one side -- caring for the crew comfort, on the other -- neglect for their defense. How can it be explained? It's hard for me to say. Besides that, their base was narrow, so they rolled to their sides on slopes. They had strange defects, incomprehensible.

有人认为英国人的使用汽油机的"马蒂尔达"坦克比我们使用柴油发动机的坦克更容易着火?

美国坦克也用汽油机,它们烧起来象火炬一样.所以一方面,考虑了乘员的舒适.另一方面,却忽视了他们的保护.这如何解释?我说不好.除此,他们的坦克车体较窄,在斜坡地容易倾覆.他们的坦克有些奇怪的缺陷,无法理解.

Was the T-34's electrical equipment reliable?

Yes. The armament was of course insufficient because the two machine guns on such tank did not provide an all-round field of fire, since both of them were pointed forward. Although, you could turn the turret, but that was an overkill.

T-34的电子设备可靠吗?

是的.武器显然不足,这种坦克上的两挺机枪并不能提供全向的火力,因为它们都朝车前,虽然你可以旋转炮塔,但那太大动干戈了.

Was the tank's machine gun an effective weapon? Was it used often?

Fairly often. One machine gun was in the turret, the loader fired it, the other one was attached to a ring mount in the hull. It was operated by the radio operator/machine gunner. The turret one was also on a ring mount, but its mount was with a very small angle of horizontal traverse, but the lower machine gun was on a very good mount -- it could be turned 45, or maybe even 60 degrees, plus it could be easily detached.

坦克上的机枪是有效的武器吗?经常用吗?

经常使用.一挺在炮塔里,由装填手操纵.另一挺装在车体的一个球形枪座上,由无线电员兼机枪手操作.炮塔里的机枪也是装在球形枪座上,但其枪座的水平射角很小.但车体里的机枪的枪座很棒--可以转四十五度,也许可能是六十度.还有很容易拆下来.

Did you have a sidearm?

No, they didn't give them out to us. After all, I detached the machine gun from its mount. No, apparently we didn't have any. Otherwise I would've remembered it.

你有随身武器吗?

没有,他们没有给过我们.一般我把机枪从枪座上拆下来.我们肯定没有任何随身武器,否则我会记得的.

What was the recommendation in case you encountered enemy tanks? Engage them, avoid combat?

I couldn't say that now.

遭遇敌人坦克时,你们得到的命令是什么?与它们交战,还是避开?

现在我不能说.

But you've never encountered either enemy tanks or SPGs?

No, I've never encountered them. We encountered anti-tank artillery, machine guns, even anti-aircraft guns. In our regiment, during the time I was in it, maybe 12 tanks were destroyed.

但你们从没有遇到过敌人的坦克或自行火炮吗?

没有,我从来没有遇到过.我们遇到过反坦克炮、机枪,甚至高射炮.当我在的时候,我们团大概有十二辆坦克被摧毁.

Could the crew manage to bail out when a tank was destroyed?

Fifty-fifty. If a shell got inside the tank, then everyone got torn to shreds, but if it was a tangential hit, or the shell hit the engine compartment and the tank burst into flames, then the crew would start bailing out. The losses were huge, it was a very rare occurrence that a tanker would got through the entire war and remain alive. The losses there were about the same as in the fighter aviation. The lifetime for fighter pilots at the front was maximum 40-60 days. It was close to that in tank units, but still there were people there that had fought a year or two.

当坦克被击毁时,乘员们能够逃出来吗?

一半的机会.如果炮弹进入坦克内,那每个人都会成为碎片.但如果是切向命中,或打中动力室,坦克起火,乘员就要开始逃离.损失很大,很少有坦克"活"过整个战争.损失差不多跟战斗机部队一样.战斗机飞行员在前线的"寿命"是最多40-60天.这接近坦克部队,但还是有些人战斗了一、两年的.

Were there such aces in your unit?

Yes. I remember one name -- Sustavniov. He was a driver, all covered in medals. He was considered to be a competent and lucky tanker.

你们部队有这样的王牌吗?

是的,我记得一个名字--苏斯塔夫尼奥夫(Sustavniov).他是个驾驶员,挂满了勋章.他被认为是一个有能力的幸运的坦克手.

What characteristics of a tank seem most important in a combat environment?

Well, everything's important, maneuverability, speed, it's hard to single something out here. First of all, of course, survivability, impenetrability, protection.

在战场环境里坦克的什么特性最重要?

任何东西都重要,机动性、速度，很难挑出什么.当然,首先是生存力、防弹性、防护.

Was German infantry well protected against tanks?

Same as Russian infantry. What defense does an infantryman have? A trench. He digs himself into the ground and sits there. If he runs he can't do anything against tanks. Their accoutrements, equipment were significantly more substantial, they were well prepared for war. But everything was in a horrible state with us, the army was not ready for the war, neither in strength nor equipment. Everything was done on the move, on corpses. I saw with my own eyes how we stupidly fucked up the first half of the war. Our population is huge -- cannon fodder was plentiful. If our country wasn't so big, the Germans would've won the war easily.

德国步兵面对坦克有良好的保护吗?

和俄国步兵差不多.步兵有什么防护呢?战壕,他挖壕并坐在那儿.如果他跑开,他没有什么办法对付坦克.他们的军服、装备更加坚固,对战争准备得更好些.但我们的所有方面都很糟,军队没有做好战争准备,无论装备还是兵力.什么都是在运动中完成,在尸体上.我亲眼看到我们在战争的前半程是他妈的怎么愚蠢.我们人口众多--炮灰足够多.如果我们国家不那么大的话,德国人会轻易赢得战争.

They say that tanks fight along roads, is that true?

I've never really thought about that, but in general, of course, tanks avoid impassable terrain. All this talk of how tanks drive through walls, knock down trees -- all that is rubbish. Apparently, it does correspond to reality -- tanks do fight along roads. Because a tank can overturn in a ravine or get stuck in a swamp. There is no driving in the woods for a tank, it can mow down sparse vegetation, of course, but I've never seen a tank push through brick walls like they show in the movies.

他们说坦克是沿着道路作战的,真的吗?

我从来没有认真考虑过这个问题.但一般而言,当然,坦克避免不能通过的地形.所有那些谈到坦克驶过墙,撞到树的都是瞎扯.显然,这种说法符合实际--坦克确实沿路作战.因为坦克在峡谷里会翻车或陷入沼泽.在树林里坦克无法行驶.当然,它能够推倒稀松的植物,但我从来没有看到过象电影里那样坦克穿过砖墙.

Did you try to take terrain into account when driving?

I said it's not a good idea to go into ravines! I can tell you a story that happened to me in the Northern Caucasus. I was driving on a mountain road, but then it narrowed, one of the tracks of my tank went a little to the right of the road and the entire tank started sliding downward. It's a good thing there was no precipice there, just a rocky 45 degree slope. I slid on that slope to the very bottom of the gorge. Then they barely pulled me out. And what if it had been a precipice there?!

你驾驶时考虑地形吗？

我说过把坦克开到峡谷里不是个好主意!我可以告诉你在北高加索发生的一个故事,我在一条山路上行驶,路变窄了,我的坦克的一条履带有一些出了路的右边,整个坦克开始往下滑.幸好那儿没有悬崖,只是四十五度的岩石坡,我的坦克一直滑到峡底.然后他们把我拉了出来,但如果那儿是个悬崖呢?!

Did Germans set mines on roads?

They did.

德国人在路上埋地雷吗?

是的.

Did you have mine-sweeps?

No, there were no mine-sweeps in tank units at that time.

你们有扫雷器吗?

没有,当时坦克部队里没有扫雷器.

Did Germans have anti-tank grenades?

Anti-tank mines -- yes, I've encountered those; I've never seen infantry use anti-tank grenades. Our Soviet anti-tank grenades -- those were simply bundles of regular grenades.

德国人有反坦克手榴弹吗?

反坦克地雷--是的,我碰到过.我从来没有看到步兵使用反坦克手榴弹.我们苏联的反坦克手榴弹--那些只是成捆的普通手榴弹.

And mines? How did you encounter them, you just saw them?

Well, I didn't drive on them, I saw them. They are approximately the same as now, like plates.

地雷呢?你怎么碰到的,只是看见了吗?

啊,我没有驶过地雷,只是看见了.他们和现在的差不多,碟状的.

Were you ever hit?

Yes, but the armor wasn't pierced. When a shell hits there is a ringing like inside a bell, and you go deaf.

你被击中过吗?

是的,但没有击穿装甲.当弹丸击中时,你就象在一个敲着的钟里,耳朵都要聋了.

Did the armor crumble during such hits?

No, the armor was viscous.

这样击中时,装甲碎了吗?

没有,装甲粘性很好.

How did you determine if a tank could drive over a bridge? Who was responsible for that?

Well, who determined that? A specialist determined that in the engineer troops, how much the vehicle had to weigh, was it possible to drive it through, but in the frontline conditions all that was primitive, everything was simply estimated.

如果坦克要过桥,你如何决定?谁负责?

谁决定?一个工兵部队的专家来定,车辆多重,能否通过,但在前线条件下,所有这些只能是估计出来的.

Can it be said that you were lucky to fight in a T-34?

Yes, you can say that.

能否说你在一辆T-34里战斗很幸运?

是的,你可以这样说.

What can you tell us about KV?

There were very small quantities of KV tanks. They were heavy, all bridges collapsed under them. They were very unsuccessful tanks.

关于KV,你能告诉我们些什么?

KV坦克的数量非常少.它们很重,所有的桥梁都会被压塌.它们是很不成功的坦克.

In '42, could the 76mm gun of a T-34 successfully deal with all existing targets?

During that period, yes.

在1942年,I-34的76毫米炮能对付所有现存的目标吗?

那段时间,可以.

You write that you didn't have headlights after the very first combat. They were simply destroyed by bullets?

Of course, they were swept off by shell fragments.

你写道在第一次战斗后就没有车灯了,它们是被子弹打坏的吗?

当然,它们被弹片炸坏.

You had a relatively high education. After all, you studied at an institute when the war began. Why did you become a driver and not a tank commander?

I didn't have an officer's rank.

你受过相对高的教育.战争爆发时,你在一所学院里学习,你为什么成为驾驶员而不是坦克车长?

我不是军官.

How did you fire, on the move or after short stops?

After short stops.

你们怎么射击,运动中还是短停?

短停.

Who watches the tank's ammo? What is the procedure for its replenishment? Was there some kind of a fixed rate for its expenditure?

What rate? No, you would simply shoot as you needed. I don't know who watches that, probably the tank commander. And what would you watch? The ammo was simply replenished as it was spent. That's all. There weren't any rates of expenditure.

谁管坦克的弹药?弹药补充的程序是什么?有没有一个设定的消耗率?

什么率?没有,只要需要就射击.我不知道谁管那个,可能是车长.你照管什么呢?弹药用光后就补充,就这样.没有什么消耗率.

What was your task most often: infantry support, anti-tank actions, suppression of enemy artillery?

Judging by the fact that infantry constantly rode with us, apparently it was infantry support infantry rode on top of our tanks. There was no unbroken front line in the Northern Caucasus, and the fighting was conducted in raids. But in general, such questions should be addressed to the officers. Soldiers weren't really let into all these tactical matters. Soldiers had a purely technical function.

你们最经常的任务是什么:支援步兵?反坦克作战?压制敌炮兵?

从步兵常搭乘我们的坦克来看,显然是支援步兵,他们就坐在坦克顶上.在北高加索没有连续的战线,战斗经常是袭击的形式.但一般而言,这种问题应该提给军官,士兵是不允许参与这些战术问题的.士兵们的工作纯粹是技术性的.

You tank was never destroyed, thank God?

Not mine.

感谢上帝,你的坦克从来没有被击毁过?

没有.

What was your speed during combat?

We drove at substantial speed during combat, always 45-50 kilometers per hour.

战斗中你的速度是多少?

战斗中我们的速度很快,总是每小时45-50公里.

Did you ever fire indirectly?

No.

你间接射击过吗?

没有.

Did you ever dig a trench for your tank?

Yes.

你为坦克挖过工事吗?

是的.

Did they give you soldiers for that?

We dug ourselves. We could manage it in maybe three hours because, as a rule, we didn't dig on flat ground, we tried to dig some sort of an earth wall which would partially reduce the effort required. "Katiushas" were also driven into trenches in initial positions, but not in firing positions.

他们派士兵给你挖工事吗?

我们自己挖.我们可以在大约三小时里完成.因为照规定,我们不在平地挖,我们挖成类似土墙的样子,以减轻工作量."喀秋莎"也会开到堑壕里,在起始阵地,但不是在发射阵地里.

"Katiushas" always had an initial position, then they drove into the firing position. Was that so?

Yes. One salvo and back.

"喀秋莎"都有起始阵地,然后驶入发射阵地,是这样吗?

是的,一次齐射再回来.

Were you ever attacked by the enemy air force?

Not while we were in the Northern Caucasus. Then I had encounters with aviation when I fought in a "Katiusha" unit. I got the full range of services from my encounters with their aviation. But there, in the Northern Caucasus, Germans didn't have any significant numbers of aircraft.

你遭到敌机攻击过吗?

我们在北高加索时没有.后来在"喀秋莎"部队遇到过飞机,各种各样的飞机.但在那儿,北高加索,德国人没有多少飞机.

What do you mean by the full range of services?

Well, I was hit by the mass bombing and by strafing raids. I saw attacks by German planes, those probably weren't "Messers" but rather "Heinkels", which flew over our formations near towns, almost hitting chimneys.

"各种各样"是指什么?

我们遭到过大规模轰炸和对地扫射.我看到过德国飞机的攻击,那些可能不是"梅塞",而可能是"亨克尔",他们飞过我们在城市附近的编队,几乎碰到烟囱.

Were they shot at, like they show in the movies?

Well, if it flew low, you didn't have time to shoot -- it would rush past you at huge speed. But we fired.

I didn't serve for long in the tank forces -- from October '42 through February, or maybe January '43. After that I was court-martialed for an accident with my tank, and I didn't return to that branch of service again. After the penal company, I found myself in a "Katiusha" unit, where I served the rest of the war as a spotter for an artillery battalion.

朝他们射击吗?就象在电影里那样.

如果他们飞得低,你没有足够的时间射击--它以很高速度冲过,但我们开火了.在坦克部队,我服役的时间不长-1942年10月到1943年2月,也许是一月.那以后,我因坦克事故被送上军事法庭,再也没有回到坦克部队.离开惩戒连后,我到了一支"喀秋莎"部队,并作为一名炮兵营的观察员度过了战争的余下岁月.

After you joined the Guards mortar unit, did you become a spotter immediately?

I was a motorcycle driver for some time, a messenger with the regimental HQ. Basically, they chose to overlook my unauthorized appearance because they had a motorcycle, but no driver for it. That's why they made me the driver of the motorcycle, but after two-three months the motorcycle perished -- it was shot up on the move, but it wasn't me driving it. After that I was transferred as a spotter to the battalion.

你到近卫迫击炮部队后,马上成了一名观察员吗?

一段时间我是一名摩托车手,一名团部通信员.他们忽视了我的以前的行为,因为他们有一辆摩托车,但没有驾驶员.这就是为什么他们让我当摩托车手,但两、三个月后,摩托车毁了--在行驶中被击中,但不是我在驾驶.那以后我就成了一名营的观察员.

What were the functions of an artillery battalion spotter?

We chose hills, built an observation post, installed a stereoscopic telescope, observed the enemy, prepared target data for the officers. We didn't go behind enemy lines.

炮兵营的观察员的作用是什么?

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