[烛光生存狂]-SU-76i自行火炮

The first attempts to re-arm captured self-propelled guns with domestic weapons were conducted in Moscow factories in the fall of 1941 to the beginning of 1942. According to A. Klubnev's memoirs, in March 1942, when he was the commander of a platoon of T-60 tanks (33rd Army), six repaired StuG III's arrived. Three of them were armed with the original StuK gun, while "the three other vehicles were armed with early production T-34 guns" (probably the 76.2 mm Tank Gun L-11). P. Minkov also fought in the 33rd Army, and he described the same vehicle that "was armed with the gun of the KV tank." He mentioned this vehicle was knocked out at Medyn' in the spring of 1942. Unfortunately, I was unable to find any documented proof of such vehicles (neither photos nor documents). I suppose it was an isolated instance, and they were not production vehicles.

1941秋到1942年初，莫斯科的工厂首先开始尝试在缴获的自行火炮上重装本国的武器。根据A. Klubnev's的回忆，1942年3月，当他还是第33集团军的一个T-60坦克排排长时，来了六辆修复好的三号突击炮。其中的的三辆安装的还是原来的StuK炮，“另外的三辆安装的是初期生产的T-34火炮（可能是L-11型76.2mm坦克炮）。P. Minkov也在第33集团军，他描述上述的车辆上“安装的是KV坦克的火炮。”他也提到这辆车与1942年春在Medyn' 被击毁。遗憾的是，我没有找到任何的文件来证明这些车辆（既没有照片也没有文件）。我推测这只是例外，而不是正式生产的车辆。

In January and February 1943, most newly-accepted SU-76's (SU-12's) had to be repaired because of many mechanical failures, and therefore the Red Army was deprived of important vehicles. The situation had to be improved immediately, before the beginning of the 1943 Summer Offensive. I. Kashtanov proposed to rearm the SG-122 with the divisional 76.2 mm cannon (the original SG-122 was based on the chassis of the captured German Pz-III and armed with the 122 mm Howitzer M-30). This was a good proposal since the USSR possessed more than 300 ex-German tanks, which were captured after the Battle at Stalingrad. Kashtanov's project was accepted on February 3, 1943, and there was little time to finish the project, as it had to be accomplished prior to March 1, 1943. Kashtanov and some other engineers moved to Factory #37 in Sverdlovsk, where they continued their work to re-arm the SG-122.

1943年1-2月，大部分新接受的SU-76（SU-12）因为一些技术问题被送回维修，使得苏联红军无法使用这一重要的车辆。情况要立刻改善在发动1943年夏季攻势之前。I. Kashtanov建议在SG-122上换装师属76.2mm加农炮（SG-122是在缴获的德国三号坦克的底盘上安装一门M-30型122mm榴弹炮）。这是一个好的建议在斯大林格勒战役后苏联人缴获了超过300辆的德国坦克。Kashtanov的计划在1943年2月3日被批准，只花了很少的时间就完成了计划，在被完成之前的1943年3月1日，Kashtanov和其他工程师来到了位于Sverdlovsk的第37工厂。他们继续着完成给SG-122换装的工作。

Initially, they planned to mount the 76.2 mm cannon ZiS-3Sh on a pedestal fitted on the floor. Unfortunately, this plan did not provide reliable protection from bullets and shell fragments. The problem was solved by using the 76.2 mm Tank Gun S-1. This weapon was designed specially for self-propelled guns, it was based on the F-34 Tank Gun, and was very cheap. The S-1 was distinguished from the original F-34 by a framework that allowed it to be easily mount directly on the frontal armor plate (i.e. without an additional pedestal).On February 15, 1943, S. Ginzburg reported to the minister of the NKTP that "... Factory #37 started manufacture of the experimental 76 mm self-propelled gun S-1." On March 6, the SP-gun was finished and sent to factory trials. These trials were conducted in the Sverdlovsk area, and consisted of racing on snow (off-road) and on ice-covered roads. Despite cold temperatures (-35° C) the vehicle successfully passed all trials and on March 20, 1943, it was recommended for service under the SU S-1 designation. (I have also seen the designations: "SU-76 (S-1)" and "SU-76i" where the "i" suffix means "inostrannaya"- foreign).On April 3, 1943, the first five production SU-76i had been sent to the Training Self-Propelled Regiment, that was located in Sverdlovsk area. In one month of intensive operation, these vehicles ran 600 to 700 kilometres and helped to train over 100 new tankers. All the tankers liked the new SP-guns but mentioned problems starting the engine while frozen: to start a frozen engine, they poured burning petrol in it (this is not a joke!).

最初，他们计划把ZiS-3Sh型号76.2 mm加农炮安装在固定在底盘的基座上。遗憾的是，这个计划无法提供来自子弹和炮弹碎片的可靠防护。在使用S-1型号76.2 mm坦克炮后问题解决了。这种武器是特别为自行火炮设计的，它是在F-34坦克炮的基础上，非常的便宜。S-1和F-34的区别在于它的炮架允许S-1可以很容易直接安装在前部装甲板内（就是说不需要额外的基座）。1943年2月15日，Ginzburg报告给NKTP的部长“第37工厂开始生产试验型的S-1型76mm自行火炮”。3月6日，自行火炮完成送到了工厂测试。测试在Sverdlovsk周边进行，包括在雪地（野外）和冰雪覆盖的路面行驶。尽管只有零下35度车辆还是成功通过了所有的测试。1943年3月20日，它被推荐服役成为SU SU-1（我也看到过其他的称呼：“SU-76（S-1）”和“SU-76i”后缀的“i”的意思是"inostrannaya"- 表示国外）。1943年4月3日，首批生产的5辆SU-76i被送到了自行火炮训练团。在一个月紧张的军事演习中，这些车辆行驶了600-700公里并培训了100名坦克手。所有的坦克手都喜欢新型的自行火炮但也提到了在发动冻结的发动机时的问题：在发动被冻结的发动机时，他们把燃烧的汽油倒了进去（这不是在开玩笑！）。

At that time, the factory launched production of the new 20 SU-76i, which were sent to the training units. From May 1943, the SU-76i appeared on the front lines. The first vehicles looked very spartan. Their battle compartment was of welded 35-mm armored plates on the front, 25-mm plates on the sides, and 15-mm on the rear. Initially, the roof was made of a single armored plate and fitted with bolts. Despite what some modern tank "experts" state, the absence of a roof is not an obvious disadvantage of any AFV - many Soviet crews removed the vehicle's roof to make the vehicle more habitable. In the beginning 1943, because of a shortage of radios, a radio was installed on every third vehicle. From May 1943, almost every SU-76i was equipped with the 9-R radio. In July-August 1943, after the experience gained from the Battle of Kursk, an additional armored shield was fitted on the gun. This shield was intended to protect the gun from jamming from shell fragments and bullets.

此时，工厂开始着手生产新的20辆SU-76i，送到了训练部队。从1943年起，SU-76i出现在了一线部队。车辆看起来非常简单。战斗室前部装甲厚35mm，侧面25mm后部15mm。最初，战斗室顶部有一快用螺栓固定的装甲板。不管一些现代坦克专家的描述，缺乏顶部装甲在AFV看来并不是一个很明显的不利条件—很多的苏联坦克手为了提高车辆的舒适性而撤走了顶部装甲。1943年初，由于缺乏电台，每三辆坦克上安装一部电台，从1943年5月起，几乎所有的SU-76i都装备有9-R电台。1943年7-8月。从Kursk战役后获得经验，在火炮上安装了额外的装甲shield，shield打算是用来保护火炮不受炮弹碎片和子弹的干扰。

Simultaneously, the SU-76i began to be equipped with two external fuel tanks. The first SU-76i's were equipped with the original German commander's cupolas taken from captured PzKpfw-III's. In August 1943, a decision to produce some commander version of the SU-76i's was accepted. Each commander SU-76i was equipped with a commander's cupola and a radio of extra range. Such vehicles had reduced ammunition load. The last SU-76i left the factory gates in November 1943. By that time, the problems with domestic SU-76 were fixed and they put into mass production, and the SU-76i was no longer needed. The Soviet SU-76 was much cheaper to manufacture, easier to maintain, and much easier to supply with spare parts. In total, Factory #37 manufactured 181 SU-76i plus 20 commander SU-76i.

同时，SU-76i开始装备两个外部燃料箱。首批SU-76i安装有一个从缴获的三号坦克上获得的德国车长指挥塔。1943年8月，，决定生产一批指挥型的SU-76i。每辆指挥型的SU-76i都有一个指挥塔和远程电台，但削减了弹药储备。1943年11月最后一批SU-76i走下了生产线。此时，国产的SU-76的问题解决了重新开始了量产<

新用户注册返回首页
首页上一页下一页尾页页次1/1 转到第页