[烛光生存狂]-芬兰装甲师简介

Armored Division (Panssaridivisoona)

by Miha Grcar

The plans of founding an armoured group in the Finnish armed forces were confirmed on 28th June 1942 which resulted in the founding of the Panssaridivisioona. Although the official divisional history starts in 1942 the first divisional units started their operations in the start of the Continuation War in 1941.

1941 – When the invasion of the USSR began the 1st Jääkäri/Jäger Brigade and the Armoured Battalion (which were both used as a backbone for building the Panssaridivisioona in 1942) formed the Reinforced Jäger Brigade under the command of Jäger Colonel Ernst Ruben Lagus (who later became the first soldier to become a Knight of the Mannerheim Cross). The unit was a part of the Ilves (= Lynx) Division on 5th July 1941. The Armoured Battalion, however, did not engage in the first phase of the battle with the 1st Jäger Brigade. After a couple of days into the operations Colonel Lagus received the whole of the Ilves Division (5th Division) under his command, and the Reinforced 1st Jäger Brigade came under the command of Jäger Lieutenant-Colonel Väinö Merikallio (the former commander of the Jäger Battalion 4). After Tuulosjoki river was reached, the command structure was reorganised and the Detachment Lagus was founded on 25th July 1941. It included the Armoured Battalion with Lieutenant Colonel Sven Björkman as its Commander. A new phase in the offensive began from Tuulosjoki on 4th September 1941 when the unit pushed from the Tuulosjoki river to river Syväri (Svir) river between lakes Onega and Ladoga. From the Svir it attacked northwards to the city of Äänislinna (Petroskoi on the western shore of Lake Onega). On 9th November most of the tank Battalion continued the attack northwards from Petroskoi to Karhumäki and Poventsa (northern tip of Lake Onega) which they took on 4th - 5th December 1941. While most of the Battalion attacked towards Karhumäki one Tank Company was left behind at Svir and participated in fighting in eastern shore of the river in the vicinity of the Lobskaja and Gora villages. After the taking of Karhumäki and Poventsa the Armoured Battalion was transffered into reserve (around the Äänislinna/Petroskoi area).

当继续战争开始时，芬兰的第一狙击兵旅和装甲营组成了一个加强狙击兵旅，指挥官为狙击兵上校恩斯特·鲁宾·拉古斯（他是第一位获得曼纳海姆十字勋章的芬兰军人）。然而这支部队在最初并未直接参加一线作战，而是编入芬兰第5步兵师。不久，拉古斯担任了第5师师长，而加强狙击兵旅的指挥官改为中校瓦里诺·马瑞卡里奥。

1941年7月25日，芬兰重新调整了自己的作战序列，装甲营的指挥官由中校斯文·比约克曼担任。此后，装甲营在加强狙击兵旅编制下参加了向斯维里河的推进，并且其主力参与了向奥涅加湖以北的彼得罗斯科伊、卡尤马基、波文特斯卡三地的进攻，1941年12月4日至5日之间，这些地区先后被芬军攻占。此后该装甲营后撤改为预备队，这也结束了它在1941年的战事。

1942 – The Tank Battalion was enlarged as a Tank Brigade (consisting of two Battalions) with the order given on 10th February 1942. Some five days later, on 15th February 1942, the order for the establishment of an Assault Gun Battalion of the Armour Brigade was given. The Gun Company of the 1st Jäger Brigade was added to the Panzer Jäger Battalion on 30th June 1942 and renamed as 7th Gun Company. This made the battalion four gun companies strong. The battalion’s HQ Platoon was enlargened to a HQ Company. On 28th June 1942 the Panssaridivisioona, nicknamed Marskin Nyrkki - The Fist of the Marshal, was born. The last unit to be established was Täydennysjääkäripataljoona (Replacement Jäger Battalion) on 26th October 1942. The division spent most of the year 1942 in reserve.

1942年2月10日，坦克营被扩编为坦克旅（辖两个坦克营），2月15日，又下达了在坦克旅内编制一个突击炮营的命令。第1狙击兵旅旅属坦克歼击营6月30日还得到了一个转来的连（因此该营有四个连）。而此前两天，1942年6月28日，芬兰的装甲师组成了，师长还是恩斯特·鲁宾·拉古斯（他一直担任该职到芬兰退出战争），它的昵称为“元帅之拳”。1942年10月26日该师得到了最后一支新部队——1个后备狙击兵营。不过，由于组建和训练，以及芬军在整个战线上转入消极的原因，整个1942年该部队都作为后备部队。

1943 - In the spring time the unit came in reserve on the Aunus front. At that time the Russians staged an attack along the Svir river but were forced back. The Finns managed to recover some T-34 and two KV-1 tanks, which were added to the Panssaridivisioona. During June and July 1943 the division was live-fire testing the new BT-42 assault guns, which proved effective against pillboxes and other static positions, in the river Svir area. The Jäger Battalions of the division were operationg mainly in the northern and western parts of the lake Lake Onega at that time.

1943年该师的装甲部队仍然没有什么作为，由于战线上双方都很少采取主动行动，芬军更是根本就不希望再向前推进，因此除该师的狙击兵在奥涅加湖以北和以西作战外，该师的坦克却没有参与什么行动，不过在这一年中，几辆芬军缴获的T34/76和两辆KV1都被编入了该师。

The equipment given to the division was of mixed origin. It consisted mainly of German and Soviet made vehicles although many more could be found.

- The anti-tank gun companies of the Panzerjäger Battalion used A-20 Komsomolets for towing their guns and were the first unit to get the 50 PstK/38 [50mm Pak 38] guns in 1942. In 1943 they also got some 75 PstK/40 [75mm Pak 40] AT-guns, although some of their anti-tank companies kept using the 50mm AT-guns until end of the war. Towing vehicles used for towing the guns early on were the mainly captured Soviet made Ford AA and US made (6-wheeled) International trucks.

- 装甲歼击营使用的牵引车完全是缴获产品：苏制福特AA卡车，美援6轮卡车和苏制“共青团员”装甲火炮牵引车。而部队的具体装备就不很具体了，最初它们的主要装备是德制37毫米反坦克炮和苏制45毫米反坦克炮，1942年各连都换装了德制PAK38型50毫米炮，1943年到1944年，第6和第7连换装了PAK40型75毫米反坦克炮，第1炮兵连则于1943年12月7日解散，第4连继续使用50毫米反坦克炮，直到芬兰退出战争。

- The Tank Brigade had around 80 T-26 and 8 T-28 tanks appart from 7 T-34 tanks (4 captured from 1941-1943 and 3 bought from Germany in 1944) and 2 KV-1 tanks. On 1st June 1943 Mannerheim requested 50 T-34 tanks but none were available. By 1944 Germany delivered a total of 59 StuG IIIs and provided training for their crews. Bacause of Hitler’s order of 19th April 1944 the shipment of 15 Panzer IV Js was delayed.

- 在1942年至1943年间，该师的装备变化很大。坦克装备相对稳定，为80辆T26，8辆T28，后来增加了7辆T34和2辆KV1，由于芬军缴获的T26数量较大，因此其损失可得到弥补。突击炮部队装备了德制STUGIII突击炮和本国改装的BT42（以BT7底盘加英式114毫米榴弹炮），曼纳海姆曾要求获得50辆T34，但是一辆也没有得到，1944年4月19日德国人又推迟了15辆PIVJ的交付，因此在面对苏军攻势时，芬兰装甲师只能使用它们大部分都是老式装备的武器来应战。1943年12月7日，所有BT42组成了一个独立突击炮连（11辆），而师属突击炮营则全部装备STUGIII突击炮。

- The Armoured AA Battery had 6 Landsverk anti-aircraft self-propellered 40mm bofors guns and ITPSV 40 (2 per platoon)

- 师属装甲防空连装备了6辆瑞典兰德斯瓦克防空坦克（每排两辆，武器为单装40毫米博福斯炮）

- Heavy Artillery Battalion 14, which was the organic artillery-part of Panssaridivisioona had 12 150 H 40 [15 cm sFH 18] howitzers, which were towed with 7-ton McGormick TD-14 bulldozers.

- 师属重炮营的装备是12门SFH13型150毫米炮，它们由芬军引进的德7吨半履带车牵引。两个轻炮营的具体装备不详。

- On 7 th December 1943 the Assault Gun Battalion transferred its BT-42's to a Seperate Armour Company (Seperate Assault Gun Company) and received StuG IIIs. The Company was commanded by Lieutenant Stig Sippel and had 11 BT-42s (in 3 platoons with 3 BT-42s and two vehicles for Leader and Command Squad).

- Armoured Signal Company had 4 T-37 and T-38

- 师属装甲信号连装备了4辆缴获的T37/T38水陆坦克

1944 – After over a year on the Aunus Front the Panssaridivisioona was moved to the Viipuri plateau on 13th February

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