[烛光生存狂]-英语基本语法知识总结【不断更新中】

1，状语从句

所谓“状语”，也就是标识所处状态的句子成分，无非是“时间”、“地点”之类的。

1．与动词see连用的不定式

Jespersen曾指出，与动词see连用的不定式的带to与不带to会引语义上的差别。不带to的不定式表达的是一种immediate perception(直接感受)，而带to的不定式则表达一种inferrence(推理)或logical

conclusion(逻辑性结论)。

Jespersen举出下面一对句子进行对比辨析：

01(a)．I have seen hastier people than you stay a11 night．

01(b)． Seeing flight to be impossible， he surrendered．

在01(a)句中，主语I(即说话者本人)直接看到了不带to的不定式stay所表达的动作，而01

(b)句中的主语he之所以投降，是因为他根据当时所处的境况得出了这么一个推论，即“逃跑已是不可能的了”。这里，不定式的带to与不带to所引起的语义差别实实在在地让人感觉出来了。我们可以把这对句子分别汉译如下：

01(a)．我看到那些比你更急着要走的人却整个晚上呆着没走。

01(b)．眼看逃跑已经没指望了，他便投了降。

再请看Duffley在他的著作中所举的一对最简单的句子：

02(a)．I saw him be impolite．

02(b)．I saw him to be impolite．

02(a)句中出现的是不带to的不定式短语be impolite，指的是句子的主语I直接感知到的现象；而02(b)句中的不定式是带to的，就不再指主语的一种直接感知，而是指主语对宾语的言行进行观察分析后得出的一种逻辑性推论。这两个句子可以分别汉译为：

02(a)．我看到他举止不礼貌。

02(b)．我看得出他是不讲礼貌的。

可见在动词see后面的不定式，其带to与不带to是有明显的语义区别的；而且，这种语义上的区别还反映在该不定式前的动词see的语义上。

中小学英语关于see的短语、用法完全归纳

A. vt. (1)看到；看见

I saw the accident with my own eyes.

I’ve never seen you look so well.

Just now I saw someone going upstairs.

When we got there, we saw a house being built.

Last night I saw a dog killed by a car.

I’m glad to see all of you happy.

I could see that they need my help.

*The year 1949 saw the founding of the People’s Republic of China.

(2)看望；接见

I went to see a friend of mine last Sunday afternoon.

I’ll be seeing you this evening.

(3)了解；明白Now you see what I mean?

He asked to look and see if he missed anything.

B. 习语

see sb. home送某人回家

see about sth.负责处理……

I’ll see about the tickets for the concert.

see…for oneself自己看；体验一下

see into…了解；调查

see much/a lot/nothing/little of…常/很少/从不见到

see sb. off送行

see through…看穿；识破

see sb. through支持某人到底

see to sth.处理；料理 There was much to see to.

He has to see to the luggage.

see to it that…注意做到；务必要

See to it that you do not fall when skating.

as far as I can see踞我所知

see sb. out送某人出门

see that因为，从……一点来看

2，help do sth.

help (sb.) to do=help (sb.) do

help做句子的谓语的时候，后面的to可以省略

sb. 是可要可不要的..

与动词help连用的不定式

在谈到与动词help连用的不定式带to与不带to有无语义区别时，Erades曾在他的著作中选用下面这对例句进行分析，并指出：仅仅由于形式上带to与不带to的不同，就造成了这两个句子在语义上的区别。

03(a)．Will you help me get these letters adderssed?

03(b)．Will you help me to get theseletters addressed?

在03(a)句中。由于动词help之后的不定式不带to，它所传达的意思是“Will you share me the work of addressing these letters?”而在03(b)句中的不定式取了带to的形式，整句的释义便起了变化，带有如下的含义：“the help may be offered by some other means，such as relieving

the speaker of other duties of tasks.”

那么，对于与动词help连用的不定式到底在什么情况下不宜带to呢? Wood分析说，“On1y when the ‘helper’does some of the work or shares in the activity jointly with the person

that is helped．” 另有两位学者，Christopherson和Sandved在谈到在什么情况下与动词help连用的不定式总是带to时，指出，help is“nearly always”used with “to” when it means“contribute”(助成……／促成……)，一如下句中的“help to make”所表明的那样：This helps to make ourlife bearable．(这有助于使我们的日子过得下去。)

这样我们对上述的03(a)和03(b)这对句子在语义上的差别就清楚了，其汉译如下：

03(a)．能请你帮我把这些信件发出去吗?

03(b)．你能帮我个忙，好让我能把这些信件发出去吗?

Dwight Bolinger在他的著作中谈到动词help后接的不定式的带to与不带to的语义区别时，明确指出：二者的区别仅在于到底是“mediate assistance”(间接协助)还是“immediate assistance”(直接帮忙)。他列举了下面这对例句：

04(a)．He helped me climb the stairs by propin8me up with his shoulders．(He climbed with me) (inlmediate assistance)

04(b)．He helped me to climb the stairs by cheering me on．(mediate assistance)

把这对句子译成汉语，其间的语义差别就更加一目了然了：

04(a)．他用肩膀顶着我，帮我爬上阶梯。(直接动手帮忙)。

04(b)．他在一旁为我鼓劲，鼓励我爬上阶梯。(间接的声援)

对于动词help后接带to或不带to的不定式的语义区别问题，Duffly是这样加以阐述的：

“The consenslls then is 2Aore orless that "help+bare infinitive" is used when the helper participate directly in the activity for which he is giving assistance while "help+to" is prefer fed when the assistance is felt as mediate or indirect．”

CCELD在第679页Help词条下的第一项释义中是这样阐述的：

“1．If You help someone，

1.1, You do part of a job for them so that it can be finished more easily or more quickly．

EG: Something was wrong with his machine so I helped him fix it．

1.2, You give useful advice，information or sympathy to them when they have a problem or a question．

EG We must try to help students to have confidence in their ability．”其中的两个例句汉译如下：

1.1．例句：(当时)他的机器出了故障，我便动手帮他给修好了。

1.2．例句：我们必须努力促使学生们确信他们自己的能力。

这些例析进一步表明，在动词helP(以及前一节所述的动词see)后接带to或不带to这两种不同形式的不定式，不但的的确确给所在的句子带来了语义上的差别；而且，有趣的是，这两种不同形式的不定式还改变了该不定式前的那个(谓语)动词的词义。

少数动词后面既可接不定式，也可接动名词，而且意义区别不大，如：begin, continue, start, hate, like, love, need, require, want 等。但它们也有一些规定。例如：

(1) 在hate, like, love 前有would(should)时，后面要用不定式。例如：

I'd like to have a cup of coffee.

(2) 当 begin, continue, start 等是进行式时，后面要用不定式。例如：

The students are starting to work on the difficult maths problem.

(3) 当 begin, continue, start 与know, understand 等连用时，后面要用不定式。例如：

I soon began to understand what was happening.

4、少数动词后面接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应该根据句子意思正确使用。下面举几个常用动词的例子，供初学者参考。

(1) forget, remember, regret 后接不定式, 表示现在或未来的动作, 接动名词表示动作已经发生。例如：

Don't forget to post the letter for me.

Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport.

Remember to close the windows before you leave.

I remember writing him a letter a year ago.

We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited to attend the meeting.

They regretted ordering these books from abroad.

(2) mean to do 打算做某事 / mean doing 意味着……

I meant to catch up with the early bus.

This means wasting a lot of money.

(3) try to do 设法尽力做某事 / try doing sth. 试着做某事

You should try to overcome your shortcomings.

Try working out the physics problem in another way.

(4) stop to do 停下当前事去做另一件事/ stop doing sth. 停止这件事

On the way to the airport, I stopped to buy a paper.

You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told.

(5) can't help doing 禁不住…… / can't help to do sth. 不能帮助……

They couldn't help jumping up at the news.

Sorry I have lots of work to do. So I can't help to make up the room for you.

(6) go on to do 接下来去做另外一件事 / go on doing sth. 继续做这件事

He went on to talk about world situation.

We'll go on fighting so long as there is oppression in the world.

(7) leave off to do 离开某地去做某事 / leave off doing sth. 停下某事

They left off to go fishing.

It's time to leave off talking and to start acting

中小学英语关于send的短语、用法完全归纳

A. vt.(1)寄（信），发（电报） They sent me some pictures.

I have a telegram to send to Bob.

(2)（派人）送 Let’s sen

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