[烛光生存狂]-【苏联坦克系列】T-24中型坦克简介

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In course of the Russian Civil War deployment of tanks in comparison to armored trains had very limited extent. Despite this the «Centrobron», an organization specially formed by Soviet Government, from the very beginning gave full attention to fighting tracked vehicles, expecting their major role in the future.

中央装甲兵管理委员会，1918.8.30在其基础上成立中央装甲兵部

Conditions of open competition for the design of a tank for Red Army were published in the journal «Izvestya Narodnogo Kommisariata po Voennym Dyelam» on November 2nd, 1919 (News of the People's Commissariat of Military Affairs). The first prize was given to 10-ton amphibious tank under designation «Motor vessel type AM», designed by G. V. Kondratiev. Production of two units started at Izhorskyi Factory, though they were not completed. Contrary to the modifications of French tank «Renault FT17/18» produced by Sormovo Factory, Kondratiev' tank was completely new design. The second competition in 1922 brought 7 more designs. It turns out that tank designing was very prolific despite that the country's economy was not ready for experimental tank production.

军事人民委员会消息报，报上公布了关于公开的坦克设计竞赛的条件

In 1923 GUVP VSNH took a task to systematize expertise in designing the tanks. A year later within OAT the Moscow Tank Bureau was set up with S. P. Shukalov as a head. Among various designs produced were 10-ton tank GUVP-1 and 16-ton tank GUVP-2. The first one bore resemblance of armored train platform with a turret at the end set on tracks. Rear and mid parts formed a casemate, preventing fire rearwards since it was assumed that during break through the enemy defenses the targets worthy a 3-inch shell will be in front or at the flanks. The whole area around the tank was covered by fire from six machine-guns. The tank had 13-mm thick armor, crew of 6, and according to estimates the top speed should be 20 km/h. Configuration of the GUVP-2 was inspired by the French tank 2° C, however 45-mm cannon in the front turret could cover almost full field around the tank, except small area at the back due to location of the rear machine gun turret. New suspension was designed, to allow for top speed of 20 km/h. Tank was to be fitted with four machine-guns, 22-mm thick armor and crew of 5.

1923年，关于将拥有的坦克设计经验系统化的工作交付了最高国民经济会议军事工业总局酌办。一年后，在火炮军械托拉斯内建立了莫斯科坦克设计局。

However army required new equipment for the armed forces immediately. At that time the Red Army possessed some obsolete and heavily worn-out French and British captured tanks. By April 1925 situation with armament of tanks became critcal as well. For example, only 10% of all Ricardo (Mk.V) tanks were supplied with 57-mm Hotchkiss gun (other 90% were unarmed); all Renault FT-17 whihich must be armed with cannons in fact were unarmed. As temporary measure fitting Maxim machine-guns was proposed.

On October 24th, 1925 a meeting on tank production and arrangement of the tank design works was held in the Mobilization and Planning Directorate of the Red Army. As a conclusion it was decided to put on hold design of «big» or «positional» tank (means heavy tank) and allocate all resources to design «maneuverable» or «small» tank. The latter one, under designation T-16 passed general trials and on May 6th, 1927, by the decision of the RVS of USSR was accepted for service for the armed forces and since then was known as T-18 (MS-1).

The task of design and manufacture of maneuverable tank was awarded to OAT on November 17th, 1927, on the condition that during manufacturing of the tank in KhPZ, the OAT will provide technical assistance.

The tank design bureau at the KhPZ factory was set up in October 1926, but it did not have expertise in designing tanks as the factory had only manufactured steam engines and «Communar» tractors in the past. Therefore, the design work was divided between KhPZ and OAT: The transmission and the traction were designed in Kharkov, the hull and the turret were designed in Moscow. The OAT was not enthusiastic about designing the T-12 (the designation awarded to the manoeuvrable tank) and succeeded in transferring part of its work to the Kharkov designers. For more than six months, they worked in Moscow under the direction of OAT Chief Designer S. Shukalov and Lead Designer O. Ivanov. Among other things, they designed the turret, the hull, the crew positions, the armament mounts, and the vision arrangements. Engineer N. M. Toskin, a representative of OAT, took part in the design of the T-12 in Kharkov. From October 1928, 23-year old draftsman Alexander Morozov joined the design team. Later he became a director of the tank design bureau at KhPZ, became an outstanding designer, and became twice a Hero of Socialist Work.

The T-12 was the result of combining expertise gained during the design of the T-18 tank and the concept of a multi-level layout of armament recently employed by the Americans in their experimental T.1.E1 tank (1921-1925). Originally, the T-12 was to be equipped with a 45-mm long-barrelled cannon or a 57-mm howitzer, and three Fedorov twin machine-gun mountings. All armament was located in two levels in the turrets; a main turret, and an independently-rotating small turret with machine guns. A serious shortcoming of this concept was that the movement of the main turret seriously affected the control of the smaller one. The multi-turret design also resulted in an overall height of three meters, which gave a high profile and which made camouflaging difficult.

The empty weight of the tank was 14,280 kg. While combat ready, with the crew of four, the ammunition (100 shells for the main gun and 4,000 rounds for the machine-guns), and the fuel, etc., the ground pressure was 0.45 kg/cm2. It was planned to use an eight-cylinder aviation Hispano engine with 200 h.p. at 1500 r.p.m., with an option to replace it by a purposely-made engine with 180 h.p. at 1800 r.p.m. In the engine compartment, a track-tensioning device was housed.

An unusual feature of the T-12 was the location of the driver, which was to the left from the longitudinal axis of the tank, and which differed from other Soviet tanks. The top speed was 26 km/h, and with an epicyclic gear mechanism, it could be converted to 15 km/h, 7 km/h and 2.7 km/h with reverse drive at all speeds. A new feature was a floating brake designed by professor V. I. Zaslavsky.

The vertical armor plates were 22-mm thick, while the horizontal armor plates were 12-mm thick. The main turret was mechanically operated, while the small machine-gun turret was traversed by means of a back support.

The T-12, as its predecessor the T-18, had a rear extension fitted, increasing its total length to 6.90 metres which allowed the tank to cross trenches up to 2.65 metres wide. The maximum ascent angle was 40°.

On July 11, 1930, Commisar Voroshilov, the head of UMM Khalepskiy and the head of the UMM Technical Department Bokis, observed the tank's field trials. The tank passed the trials successfully. A speed of 26 km/h was easily attained on hard ground, and two-metre-wide trenches were crossed. During the trials, a Colt machine-gun was fitted in a Shpagin ball mounting as the Soviet-made DT machine-gun was not yet ready for the trials.

Good fire concentration was noted as 60% hits on target were recorded. A number of faults were listed as well: the tracks easily slipped off; after 20 gear changes, the speed decreased; after 90 litres of petrol were consumed, the fuel flow stopped despite the fact that there were still 130 litres left in the cells. Nevertheless, the overall assessment was positive, the tank fulfilled the requirements, and it was recommended to be used by the army after the problems had been rectified.

At the same time, the 22-mm and 18-mm armor plates were subjected to artillery fire and they proved sufficiently resistant. The plant Chief Engineer C. N. Makhonin and the design bureau head I. N. Aleksenko, signed the trial certificates. Following their recommendations, the design bureau of the GKhPZ factory implemented the changes and the modified machine received the new T-24 designation. The main reason behind the significant changes was the insufficient range of the tank.

Previous to this, on March 27, 1930, during a meeting of the UMM of the RKKA, the decision was made to manufacture a series of fifteen T-24s. The first three tanks were ready by the end of July 1930, and one of them was sent for comparative trials with the T-12.

The first day of trials on July 24, 1930, was uneventful, and the tank's performance was similar to the T-12. Three days of trials were planned for the 45-mm Sokolov Cannon which was mounted in a turret taken from a T-12 tank, but an extraordinary incident occurred. On July 26, while the tank carrying the cannon with ten shells was driving on soft ground, the engine set on fire. The report of this incident sent to Commissar Voroshilov states:

«Comrade Vladimirov stopped the tank, helped the crew to abandon the tank, opened the engine compartment, extinguished 75% of the flames with the tank's fire extinguisher, then put on a gas mask, returned to the engine compartment and put out the fire using sand and personal clothing.»

The tank was saved, but it had to be repaired before further trials could proceed. The turret was transferred back to the T-12. The 45-mm Sokolov Cannon, fitted in the tank in 1930 as a temporary measure (until the introduction of the 45-mm semi-automatic GUVP Tank Cannon Model 1925 approved in the Artillery Committee Journal #693 from 18.06.26), turned out to be unsuitable for tanks and was not produced, and it is believed that only two of the cannons were manufactured. Readying the production line for the 45-mm OAT Cannon in Factory #8 took another two years. Peter Syatchintov elliminated the 57-mm howitzer's shortcomings, but the howitzer was not ordered for production, and some of its details were incorporated into the 76.2mm PS-3 Cannon.

The combat weight of the T-24 was 24.5 tonnes. The tank had 20mm-thick vertical armor and 8.5mm-thick horizontal armor, which provided protection against heavy machine-gun fire at all distances. The main turret was cylindrical, and at the top of the smaller turret, there was a covered hatch. The Soviet-made 300 h.p. M6 aviation engine was fitted. The transmission compartment was similar to the one in the «Komintern» artillery tractor. The transmission unit included a main friction clutch, a epicyclic gearbox, a double universal joint for reverse running and two side gears. The transmission unit was manufactured to a very high standard.

The KhPZ and ChTZ factories were chosen to produce the T-24 tanks. It was planned to manufacture 200 tanks from 1930 to 1931, but as it was common to increase production targets in those days, the target was increased to 300. The actual production numbers were much lower: 28 chassis, 25 hulls, 26 turrets, and 24 complete tanks were completed and accepted for service. Why so few? The tank obviously suffered from a series of faults, preventing it from being mass-produced, though the main reason was different. Numerous shortcomings did not stop the T-18, the T-26, and other tanks from being manufactured in large numbers.

In RGVA archives, there is correspondence (from November 1930 to February 1932) between Khalepskiy, Zaslavskiy and Voroshilov, which indicates that the Head of the UMM was impressed by the «Grote tank,» as Khalepskiy called the experimental middleweight tank designed by German engineer E. Grote. He praised it, pointing out that it had better armament, drivability, steering ability, appearance and simplicity of manufacture in comparison not only with the T-12/T-24 but also with tanks «designed by an American, Mr. Christie, which I saw in the United States last year.» Comrade Zaslavskiy, responsible for manufacturing the T-24, complained to Voroshilov that little attention was being paid towards production. Comrade Voroshilov advised Zaslavskiy to use his own resources and asked Khalepskiy: «when will the new and badly needed [Grote] tanks join Read Army units?» It went on for one year, while the manufacturing plant waited for materials and financing, the top brass were waiting for the completion of the trials of the Grote Tank, and were waiting to review the results. In the end, the Grote tank was not manufactured and the production capacity of the KhPZ Factory was allocated for manufacturing the Christie Tank, but production of the Christie tank was soon ended by Khalepskiy.

The 45-mm cannon for the T-24 was ready in 1932. Before this, the tank was armed with machine-guns only (the BT tanks, manufactured in the KhPZ Factory beginning in 1931, were armed only with machine-guns as well). In the Red Army, the T-24s were used originally as support tanks, but were shortly relegated to training duties. They did not participate in any military conflicts.

In the late twenties and the early thirties, when the Soviet tank industry was just emerging, new concepts were created, cadres were formed, and a whole range of tank models from the tankette T-17 to the middleweight Grote tank were produced. Among these, there was the T-24, the first Soviet-made medium tank. The new models helped in determining optimal relations between armor, armament, speed, maneuverability, etc. Many transmission systems, suspensions, and various types of tracks were tested, and different types of armament and mountings were tried out. Literally everything was done for the first time. Obviously, at that stage, to come up with a perfect design was difficult, and to achieve it quickly was impossible. The first Soviet tanks suffered from problems related to the power and transmission units, to slipping tracks, to traction, and to steering. The only early tank manufactured in quantity was the T-18, and it was popular with the crews.

The T-24 tank was taken off the production line as technical shortcomings and maintenance problems became evident. Nevertheless, it played a significant role in the history of the national tank industry. The early designs, the first tanks, and their manufacture brought experience that was vital to the creation of a strong Soviet tank industry.

[quote]In course of the Russian Civil War deployment of tanks in comparison to armored trains had very limited extent. Despite this the «Centrobron», an organization specially formed by Soviet Government, from the very beginning gave full attention to fighting tracked vehicles, expecting their major role in the future.[/quote]

经过与装甲列车狭小适用范围的对比，在俄国内战中坦克得到了发展，1917年由苏维埃政权组织的中央装甲兵管理委员会，在很早的时候就对战斗装甲履带车辆的发展给予关注，并期待着这种武器能成为未来战争中的重要角色。

[quote]Conditions of open competition for the design of a tank for Red Army were published in the journal «Izvestya Narodnogo Kommisariata po Voennym Dyelam» on November 2nd, 1919 (News of the People's Commissariat of Military Affairs). The first prize was given to 10-ton amphibious tank under designation «Motor vessel type AM», designed by G. V. Kondratiev. Production of two units started at Factory, though they were not completed. Contrary to the modifications of French tank «Renault FT17/18» produced by Sormovo Factory, Kondratiev' tank was completely new design. The second competition in 1922 brought 7 more designs. It turns out that tank designing was very prolific despite that the country's economy was not ready for experimental tank production.[/quote]

1919年11月2日的军事人民委员会消息通报上公布了红军的坦克公开竞标的条件，获得第一名的是由G. V. Kondratiev设计的 AM型引擎动力车体方案，这是一型10吨型的水陆两用坦克，有两辆试验车在伊佐斯基工厂开始生产，但最终并未完工。与索尔莫沃工厂对其生产的雷诺FT17/18型坦克的修改方案相反，Kondratiev设计的这型坦克采用了全新的理念。到了1922年进行的第二次竞赛时，就有7种不同的设计出现。事实表明了苏联人设计坦克的热情，尽管苏联当时的经济条件并不足以生产所有的试验坦克。

[quote]In 1923 GUVP VSNH took a task to systematize expertise in designing the tanks. A year later within OAT the Moscow Tank Bureau was set up with S. P. Shukalov as a head. Among various designs produced were 10-ton tank GUVP-1 and 16-ton tank GUVP-2. The first one bore resemblance of armored train platform with a turret at the end set on tracks. Rear and mid parts formed a casemate, preventing fire rearwards since it was assumed that during break through the enemy defenses the targets worthy a 3-inch shell will be in front or at the flanks. The whole area around the tank was covered by fire from six machine-guns. The tank had 13-mm thick armor, crew of 6, and according to estimates the top speed should be 20 km/h. Configuration of the GUVP-2 was inspired by the French tank 2° C, however 45-mm cannon in the front turret could cover almost full field around the tank, except small area at the back due to location of the rear machine gun turret. New suspension was designed, to allow for top speed of 20 km/h. Tank was to be fitted with four machine-guns, 22-mm thick armor and crew of 5.[/quote]

1923年，关于将拥有的坦克设计经验系统化的工作交付了最高国民经济会议军事工业总局酌办。一年后，在火炮军械托拉斯内建立了由S. P. Shukalov领导的莫斯科坦克设计局。在众多的设计之中，被选中投入生产的是10吨型的 GUVP-1坦克和16吨型的 GUVP-2坦克。GUVP-1坦克的整个车体类似于类似于安装在履带上的装甲列车，一门火炮安装在车体正前方，车体中部和后部位置上安置了两座炮塔，以压制在突破敌人防线后，由后方向坦克攻击的火力，炮台前方和侧面的外壳厚度有3英寸厚。坦克周身一共安装了6挺机枪以提供火力。这型坦克的装甲厚度有13mm，车组成员有6人，而最大行驶速度估计可以达到20km/h。GUVP-2型坦克的设计灵感来自于法国的2°C型坦克，其装备着45mm加农炮的炮塔足可以覆盖坦克前方的区域，除了由于车体后部机枪炮塔所挡住的一小部分。坦克的悬挂系统是新设计的，使GUVP-2的最大行驶速度达到20km/h。该型坦克共安装了4挺机枪，有着22mm厚的装甲，车组成员为5人。

[quote]However army required new equipment for the armed forces immediately. At that time the Red Army possessed some obsolete and heavily worn-out French and British captured tanks. By April 1925 situation with armament of tanks became critcal as well. For example, only 10% of all Ricardo (Mk.V) tanks were supplied with 57-mm Hotchkiss gun (other 90% were unarmed); all Renault FT-17 whihich must be armed with cannons in fact were unarmed. As temporary measure fitting Maxim machine-guns was proposed.

不过军队要求的是立刻能投入使用的新装备，当时红军还在使用一些老旧的俘获来的法式和英式坦克，倒了1925年4月，苏联军队中坦克部队的武器装备问题越发严重了，例如，在所有的 Ricardo (Mk.V) 坦克中，只有10%装备了57mm霍奇基斯火炮（剩下的90%都没有安装火炮），所有的雷诺FT-17坦克本应装备的加农炮事实上都没有装备，只是临时安装了马克沁机枪代替。

在1925年10月24日，红军坦克生产组织计划理事会为了红军坦克的生产和武器装备问题召开了一次会议。会议作出决定，要搁置«big» 或者 «positional» 方案（也就是重型坦克）的设计，并将全部的资源投入 «maneuverable» 和«small»坦克（机动型和小型坦克）的设计中。其中后一个方案，设计代号为T-16，在1927年5月6号通过了初步的实验测试，经由苏联革命军事委员会批准进入红军装甲部队，这型坦克也就成为大家所知道的 T-18 (MS-1)。

机动性坦克的设计和生产工作在1927年11月17日被交给弹药托拉斯（OAT--Orudiino-Arsenal'nyi Trest）负责。因为OAT在哈尔科夫蒸汽机车制造厂生产坦克的过程中积攒了一些技术上的经验。

[quote]The tank design bureau at the KhPZ factory was set up in October 1926, but it did not have expertise in designing tanks as the factory had only manufactured steam engines and «Communar» tractors in the past. Therefore, the design work was divided between KhPZ and OAT: The transmission and the traction were designed in Kharkov, the hull and the turret were designed in Moscow. The OAT was not enthusiastic about designing the T-12 (the designation awarded to the manoeuvrable tank) and succeeded in transferring part of its work to the Kharkov designers. For more than six months, they worked in Moscow under the direction of OAT Chief Designer S. Shukalov and Lead Designer O. Ivanov. Among other things, they designed the turret, the hull, the crew positions, the armament mounts, and the vision arrangements. Engineer N. M. Toskin, a representative of OAT, took part in the design of the T-12 in Kharkov. From October 1928, 23-year old draftsman Alexander Morozov joined the design team. Later he became a director of the tank design bureau at KhPZ, became an outstanding designer, and became twice a Hero of Socialist Work.[/quote]

哈尔科夫蒸汽机车制造厂的坦克设计局于1926年10月成立，但这个设计局在坦克设计上并没有特别的能力，因为这个厂以前也只是生产过一些蒸汽引擎和 «Communar»型拖拉机而已。因此，OAT和KhPZ之间划分了设计工作的范围，哈尔科夫负责传统系统，而车身和炮塔的设计则在莫斯科进行。OAT对于T-12（机动型坦克的编号）的设计并不热心，但哈尔科夫的设计师们在设计坦克的传动系统上取得了成功。他们在莫斯科，由OAT的首席设计师 S. Shukalov 和设计总管O. Ivanov领导着工作了超过6个月，除了传动系统的设计，他们还设计完成了车体，炮塔，成员位置，武器支架和观察设备的布置。 N. M. Toskin，是OAT工程师中的一个典型，他在哈尔科夫参与了T-12坦克的设计。从1928年0月，23岁的Alexander Morozov加入了设计小组，日后他成为了哈尔科夫蒸汽机车制造厂坦克设计局的主管，成为了一个优秀的设计师，2次获得了社会主义劳动英雄的称号。

[quote]The T-12 was the result of combining expertise gained during the design of the T-18 tank and the concept of a multi-level layout of armament recently employed by the Americans in their experimental T.1.E1 tank (1921-1925). Originally, the T-12 was to be equipped with a 45-mm long-barrelled cannon or a 57-mm howitzer, and three Fedorov twin machine-gun mountings. All armament was located in two levels in the turrets; a main turret, and an independently-rotating small turret with machine guns. A serious shortcoming of this concept was that the movement of the main turret seriously affected the control of the smaller one. The multi-turret design also resulted in an overall height of three meters, which gave a high profile and which made camouflaging difficult.[/quote]

T-12的设计理念来自于T-18的设计经验和对美国的实验型 T.1.E1坦克(1921-1925)的不同高度多层级的武器布局思想的借鉴。T-12原先计划装备的是一门45mm长管加农炮或者是一门57mm榴弹炮，再配备三座双联的费德洛夫机枪。所有这些武器装备在坦克不同层级的炮塔中，一座主炮塔和一个小一点的可以独立旋转的机枪炮塔。不过原先的这个设计有着一个巨大的缺陷，就是主炮塔的旋转会严重影响到机枪炮塔的旋转。而且多炮塔的设计使得坦克的总高度达到了3米，这在战场上将是一个巨大的目标而且伪装起来很困难。

[quote]The empty weight of the tank was 14,280 kg. While combat ready, with the crew of four, the ammunition (100 shells for the main gun and 4,000 rounds for the machine-guns), and the fuel, etc., the ground pressure was 0.45 kg/cm[sup]2[/sup]. It was planned to use an eight-cylinder aviation Hispano engine with 200 h.p. at 1500 r.p.m., with an option to replace it by a purposely-made engine with 180 h.p. at 1800 r.p.m. In the engine compartment, a track-tensioning device was housed.

坦克的净重是14280kg，在战备状态时，由于增加了4名车组成员和弹药（100发主炮炮弹和4000发机枪子弹），还有油料等等，坦克对地面的压力达到了0.45 kg/cm[sup]2[/sup]，计划中坦克将配备200马力，1500转每分的伊斯帕诺航空引擎，但随后又选用了专门为T-12制造的180马力，1800转每分的引擎。动力舱里还安装了履带松紧装置。

T-12的一个不同的特征是坦克驾驶员位置位于坦克纵向轴的左侧，这和苏联其他坦克都不同。T-12的最大速度是26 km/h，并且安装的是行星齿轮组系统，由此坦克可以在15 km/h, 7 km/h and 2.7 km/h的速度之间切换，还可以全速后退。还有一个新的特征是由V. I. Zaslavsky设计的浮式制动系统。

坦克的垂直装甲板厚度为22mm，水平装甲板厚度为12mm，主炮塔由机械驱动，而机枪炮塔则有一个后撑系统提供动力。

T-12和它的前任T-18，车体后部都延伸了一段距离，将坦克的总长度增加到6.9m，以便坦克可以跨越2.65m宽的战壕。坦克最大的爬升角度为40°。

[quote]On July 11, 1930, Commisar Voroshilov, the head of UMM Khalepskiy and the head of the UMM Technical Department Bokis, observed the tank's field trials. The tank passed the trials successfully. A speed of 26 km/h was easily attained on hard ground, and two-metre-wide trenches were crossed. During the trials, a Colt machine-gun was fitted in a Shpagin ball mounting as the Soviet-made DT machine-gun was not yet ready for the trials.

[/quote]

在1930年7月11日，伏罗希洛夫，UMM（红军摩托化和机械化管理局）的领导人哈列普斯基，UMM技术部门的领导人伯吉斯，一起观看了坦克的野地测试。T-12很顺利的通过了测试。它在硬地上轻松跑到了26km/h的速度，2米宽的战壕也简单跨过。在测试中坦克安装的武备是一挺放置在斯帕金炮塔中的柯尔特机枪，因为此时苏联自己的DT机枪还没能做好测试的准备。

坦克的射击精度也不错，有60%的射击命中了目标。不过测试也暴露出T-12的一些问题：履带很容易就会滑落；再更换了20个齿轮后，坦克速度下降了；在消耗完90升的燃料后供油就停止了，尽管油箱里还有130升燃料。尽管如此，坦克得到的总体评价还是很有建设性的，T-12满足了设计要求，领导们的意见是坦克的那些毛病改好后就可以使用了。

[quote]At the same time, the 22-mm and 18-mm armor plates were subjected to artillery fire and they proved sufficiently resistant. The plant Chief Engineer C. N. Makhonin and the design bureau head I. N. Aleksenko, signed the trial certificates. Following their recommendations, the design bureau of the GKhPZ factory implemented the changes and the modified machine received the new T-24 designation. The main reason behind the significant changes was the insufficient range of the tank.

与此同时，坦克的22mm和18mm装甲板被送去做防弹测试，结果表明装甲板的防弹性能很不错。工厂首席工程师C. N. Makhonin和设计局的领导人I. N. Aleksenko，签署了坦克通过测试的证书。在他们的推荐下，哈尔科夫蒸汽机车制造厂开始按照T-24的设计来改变和调整他们的机器。

在此之前，1930年3月27日，苏联工农红军的摩托化和机械化管理局的一次会议中，作出了批量生产十五辆T-24的决定。头3辆在1930年7月生产完毕，其中一辆被送去和T-12一起做测试。而这种显著改动的一个重要原因就是T-12的体型有点小。

[quote]The first day of trials on July 24, 1930, was uneventful, and the tank's performance was similar to the T-12. Three days of trials were planned for the 45-mm Sokolov Cannon which was mounted in a turret taken from a T-12 tank, but an extraordinary incident occurred. On July 26, while the tank carrying the cannon with ten shells was driving on soft ground, the engine set on fire. The report of this incident sent to Commissar Voroshilov states:

The tank was saved, but it had to be repaired before further trials could proceed. The turret was transferred back to the T-12. The 45-mm Sokolov Cannon, fitted in the tank in 1930 as a temporary measure (until the introduction of the 45-mm semi-automatic GUVP Tank Cannon Model 1925 approved in the Artillery Committee Journal No.693 from 18.06.26), turned out to be unsuitable for tanks and was not produced, and it is believed that only two of the cannons were manufactured. Readying the production line for the 45-mm OAT Cannon in Factory No.8 took another two years. Peter Syatchintov elliminated the 57-mm howitzer's shortcomings, but the howitzer was not ordered for production, and some of its details were incorporated into the 76.2mm PS-3 Cannon.[/quote]

第一场测试于1930年7月24日开始，没有进行什么特别的项目，T-24的表现和T-12也差不多，测试中有三天是用来检验索科洛夫45mm加农炮的，这型火炮装在一个从T-12那里拿来的炮塔中，但接着发生了一件意想不到的严重事故：当坦克带着加农炮和10发炮弹行驶在软地上时，引擎突然着火。交给伏罗希洛夫的报告中对这个事故的描述如下：“弗拉基米诺夫同志停下了坦克，并帮助车组成员撤离坦克，他打开引擎舱用坦克上的灭火器扑灭了大约75%火苗，接着他戴上防毒面具，用沙土和自己的衣物扑灭了剩下的火焰。”

坦克被保存下来了，但在它被修好之前是不能再进行什么测试了，炮塔被还给了T-12，而45mm索科洛夫加农炮则被认为不适合用作坦克炮而没有投入生产，只是临时性的在1930年短暂安装在T-24上（直到到引进了1926年6月18日通过军事委员会的审核的工业总局的1925型坦克加农炮后）。可以确定的是在那些准备作为坦克加农炮的火炮中，只有两种投入了批量生产，在8号工厂准备弹药托拉斯的45mm加农炮花去了两年，Peter Syatchintov解决了榴弹炮上的一些缺点，但榴弹炮并没有得到生产的许可，不过其中的一些技术细节被引入到了76.2mm加农炮的研制上。

[quote]The combat weight of the T-24 was 24.5 tonnes. The tank had 20mm-thick vertical armor and 8.5mm-thick horizontal armor, which provided protection against heavy machine-gun fire at all distances. The main turret was cylindrical, and at the top of the smaller turret, there was a covered hatch. The Soviet-made 300 h.p. M6 aviation engine was fitted. The transmission compartment was similar to the one in the «Komintern» artillery tractor. The transmission unit included a main friction clutch, a epicyclic gearbox, a double universal joint for reverse running and two side gears. The transmission unit was manufactured to a very high standard.

[/quote]

T-24的战斗重量为24.5吨。其车体装甲厚度为20mm，水平装甲厚度为8mm 。这样的装甲可以在任何距离上挡住重机枪的子弹。主炮塔是圆柱状的，在主炮塔上面还有一个小一点的炮塔，其实就是在罩住的舱口，T-24安装的是300马力的M6引擎，传动系统类似于«Komintern» 履带式火炮牵引车，船东单位包括一个磨阻离合器，一个行星齿轮箱，一个为了后退而安装的双联万向节，还有两个半轴齿轮。T-24的传动系统达到了很高的水平。

哈尔科夫蒸汽机车制造厂和车里雅宾斯克拖拉机工厂被选中来生产T-24坦克。计划是在1930到1931年之间生产200辆T-24。不过由于那个年代比较流行干扩大产量目标的事情，所以T-24的生产目标扩大到了300辆。当然，实际上的产量数字要低得多：28个底盘，25个车身，26个炮塔和24辆完成服役的坦克。为什么会这么少呢？T-24明显收到了一系列的缺陷的制约，使得它办法进行大规模的生产，但是主要原因恐怕也不在于此，因为同样有缺陷的T-18,T-26和其他一些坦克都被大量的生产制造出来。

[quote]In RGVA archives, there is correspondence (from November 1930 to February 1932) between Khalepskiy, Zaslavskiy and Voroshilov, which indicates that the Head of the UMM was impressed by the «Grote tank,» as Khalepskiy called the experimental middleweight tank designed by German engineer E. Grote. He praised it, pointing out that it had better armament, drivability, steering ability, appearance and simplicity of manufacture in comparison not only with the T-12/T-24 but also with tanks «designed by an American, Mr. Christie, which I saw in the United States last year.» Comrade Zaslavskiy, responsible for manufacturing the T-24, complained to Voroshilov that little attention was being paid towards production. Comrade Voroshilov advised Zaslavskiy to use his own resources and asked Khalepskiy: «when will the new and badly needed [Grote] tanks join Read Army units?» It went on for one year, while the manufacturing plant waited for materials and financing, the top brass were waiting for the completion of the trials of the Grote Tank, and were waiting to review the results. In the end, the Grote tank was not manufactured and the production capacity of the KhPZ Factory was allocated for manufacturing the Christie Tank, but production of the Christie tank was soon ended by Khalepskiy.[/quote]

在俄罗斯国家军事档案（RGVA）中，有着1930年11月到1932年2月间哈列普斯基，扎斯拉夫斯基和伏罗希洛夫之间的书信往来，表明UMM的领导们对«Grote tank,»（这是哈列普斯基对德国设计师E. Grote所设计的中型实验坦克的称呼）有着很大的兴趣。哈列普斯基对这种坦克称赞有加，他指出这种坦克有着更好的武器装备，行驶性能，操控性能，外观和生产的简便性不仅比起T-12/T-24,甚至比他去年在美国看到的克里斯蒂坦克都要好。而支持建造T-24的扎斯拉夫斯基同志则向伏罗希洛夫抱怨对T-24的生产投入的关心太少。伏罗希洛夫劝告扎斯拉夫斯基同志要多运用自己手中的资源，而又向哈列普斯基询问：何时能让这种全新而又迫切需求的«Grote tank»加入红军的装备序列。这样的通信讨论持续了一年，而与此同时坦克制造厂们正需要材料和融资，最高负责人则在等«Grote tank»的测试结果，以来比较谁更适合红军的需要。最后，«Grote tank,»没有投入生产，哈尔科夫蒸汽机车制造厂开始生产克里斯蒂坦克，但克里斯蒂坦克的生产很快被哈列普斯基终止了。

[quote]The 45-mm cannon for the T-24 was ready in 1932. Before this, the tank was armed with machine-guns only (the BT tanks, manufactured in the KhPZ Factory beginning in 1931, were armed only with machine-guns as well). In the Red Army, the T-24s were used originally as support tanks, but were shortly relegated to training duties. They did not participate in any military conflicts.

[/quote]

为T-24准备的45mm加农炮在1932年准备完毕，在此之前，T-24只装备了机枪（1931年在哈尔科夫蒸汽机车制造厂生产的BT坦克也同样只装备机枪）。在红军战斗序列中，T-24被当做一种支援坦克，不过很快就被贬成了一种训练坦克。T-24从未参与到任何的军事冲突中去。

在20世纪20年代末30年代初，当苏联坦克工业刚刚起步的时候，新的思想理念被创立出来，干部们被组织起来，一系列的坦克，从小型坦克T-17到中型 Grote坦克被制造出来。在此其中，T-24是第一种苏联自己研发制造的中型坦克。这些早期的坦克使得苏联人了解到了坦克的装甲，火力，速度，机动性等等属性之间的最佳组合关系，许多传动系统，悬挂系统，和各种各样的履带经过了测试，许多不同的武器配置和安装方案也被测验了，在这全新的第一次上，所有该做的苏联人都做了，很明显，在这样的阶段，指望一下子就设计出一种完美的坦克来是很困难的，但苏联人所做的却使他们更快的达到了那种层次。苏联第一代坦克们承受着来自动力和传动系统的难题，例如易落的履带，不足的动力，艰难的操作性。早期唯一一种质量不错的坦克师T-18，它很受其车组成员的欢迎。

T-24坦克由于技术缺陷和保养问题愈发明显后停止了生产，不管怎样，T-24在苏联坦克工业发展史上扮演了一个重要的角色。苏联的那些先驱的设计，早期的坦克们和他们的制造都留下了珍贵的经验，正是这样的经验壮大着苏联的坦克工业。

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