[烛光生存狂]-塔特拉山上的雄鹰--斯洛伐克空军(1939-1945)

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The Slovak Air Force (Slovenské Vzdusné Zbrane - SVZ) was formed from the Czechoslovak Air Force units and aircraft stationed in Slovakia when it proclaimed its independence from Czechoslovakia in March, 1939. These were primarily assigned to Letecky Pluk (Air Regiment) 3 and numbered 79 Avia B-534 and 11 Bk-534 biplane fighters, 73 Letov S-328 biplane observation, and 15 Aero A-100 and Ab-101 biplane reconnaissance aircraft plus a miscellany of trainers and other minor types. However, it also had three bombers, a Bloch MB-200, a Fokker F.VII and a Avia B-71, a license-built copy of the SB-2 light bomber.

1939年3月，当斯洛伐克从原捷克斯洛伐克独立时,斯洛伐克空军(Slovenské Vzdusné Zbrane，简称SVZ)也以原先驻扎在斯洛伐克的飞机和部队为基础组建了起来飞机原先都分配给了第3航空团 (Letecky Pluk)，包括了79架Avia B-534和11架Bk-534双翼战斗机,73架Letov S-328双翼观察机和15架Aero A-100和Ab-101双翼侦察机。还包括有一些训练机等。此外还有3架轰炸机，包括1架Bloch MB-20,1架Fokker F.VII和1架Avia B-71。

Such a large number of Czech airmen departed for the German-occupied Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia that the Slovaks were forced to reduce the numbers of squadrons to more sustainable levels. The original 5 fighter pletky (squadrons) were reduced to 3, numbers 11, 12, and 13 while the 7 original reconnaissance and observation pletky were consolidated into 3, numbered 1st, 2nd, and 3rd.

随着大量的捷克飞行员从被德国占领的波希米亚-摩拉维亚保护国叛逃后,斯洛伐克人消减了中队的数量以适应新的情况.原先的5个战斗机中队(pletky)被裁减成了3个,分别是第11,12,13中队.原先的7个侦察和观察机中队也减成了3个,分别是第1,2,3中队。

However, prior to this, the Slovaks were forced to defend their country just after declaring independence as the Hungarians were intent on incorporating Ruthenia (a.k.a Carpatho-Ukraine), which had itself declared independence from Slovakia when Slovakia did the same from Czecho-Slovakia, as well as more of Slovakia than they had gotten from the First Vienna Award of 1938. The revanchist Hungarians hoped to conquer both and restore the pre-1918 Kingdom of Hungary's northern border.

在刚宣布独立后,斯洛伐克人就被迫拿起武器来保卫自己的国家.匈牙利人意图把鲁塞尼亚(Ruthenia)并入自己的版图. 鲁塞尼亚在斯洛伐克宣布从捷克斯落发独立的同时也宣布独立.该地区从1938年签订的第一次维也纳协议起就属于斯洛伐克.抱着复仇心理的匈牙利人希望占领这两块土地以恢复1918年前奥匈帝国时期的北部边境.

The Hungarians attacked Slovakia proper on 23 March 1939 after occupying Ruthenia against minor resistance. The SVZ could only muster some 20+ B-534/Bk-534 fighters and 20-odd S-328 observation aircraft to oppose the invasion. Even those numbers were generous given the struggle to create the SVZ. But a number of Czechs volunteered to delay their departure to defend Slovakia which proved crucial to the ability of the SVZ to put aircraft in the air, even if the results were less than satisfactory.

在轻松夺占了Ruthenia后,1939年3月23日,匈牙利人正式进攻斯洛伐克.斯洛伐克空军仅有大约20多架B-534/Bk-534战斗机和20架左右陈旧的S-328观察机来应对侵略.尽管这些数量的飞机对斯洛伐克空军来说是很强大的,但是更重要的一些捷克飞行员志愿留下来保卫斯洛伐克人的天空,使得斯洛伐克人可以把飞机送上天.尽管最后的结果不是很令人满意.

The Slovaks flew a number of reconnaissance and attack sorties over the advancing Hungarians on the first day at a cost of two escorting B-534s shot down and five additional aircraft damaged by anti-aircraft fire.

第一天,斯洛伐克人向前进的匈牙利人部队飞行了侦察和战斗架次.损失了2架护航的B-534战斗机.另有5架飞机被防空火炮击伤.

The first aerial encounters occurred the next day as the Slovak aircraft were intercepted by Hungarian Fiat CR.32bis biplane fighters. These didn't go well for the SVZ as it lost five B-534s and two S-328s shot down and a number of additional aircraft damaged. The Slovaks claimed 2 CR.32s shot down, but the Hungarians claimed zero aircraft lost for nine shot down. The truth will probably never be known.

首次空战发生在第二天,和匈牙利人的Fiat CR.32bis双翼机遭遇了.斯洛伐克人损失了5架B-534和2架S-328.还有多架飞机被击伤.斯洛伐克人宣称击落了2架CR.32,但是匈牙利人宣称没有损失飞机,击落了9架飞机.关于这次空战的正式情况已经无从得知.

The Hungarians stopped their advance on the 25th of March after Germany's guarantee of Slovakia's borders became effective, but some 400 square miles of southern Slovakia were ceded to Hungary.

最后400平方英里斯洛伐克领土被割让给匈牙利才解决。

Slovakia joined Germany's attack on Poland to recover the territory lost in 1938. The SVZ provided ground support to the Slovak units and escorted German Stukas. Two B-534s were lost, one to Polish anti-aircraft fire and another to a mechanical fault with one pilot killed. Only one Polish aircraft was shot down, a RWD-8 liaison plane.

The SVZ also participated in the invasion of the Soviet Union as part of the Slovak expeditionary force. Virtually all of its forces were deployed in the East, to include 11, 12 and 13 Letky with B-534 fighters and 1, 2, and 3 Letky with S-328s as well as a liaison flight. These mustered 33 B-534s and 30 S-328s between them.

All of these moved into the Soviet Union beginning on 7 July with the exception of 11 Letka which remained behind to provide a modicum of air cover for Slovakia itself.

They supported the operations of the ground forces with reconnaissance and ground attack missions. The fighters also escorted German Stukas and reconnaissance aircraft.

Serviceability and the supply of the special BiBoLi (an alcohol, benzol, and gasoline mixture) fuel used by the Slovak machines quickly became a major problem and 2 Letka gave up half its machines to the 1st and 3rd Letky before returning home on 25 July. 13 Letka followed suit on 15 August. 3rd Letka did the same two days later. This left only 1st and 12th Letky to support the army. They remained in Russia until the end of the campaigning season on 26 October with the withdrawal of the remaining three S-328s and four B-534s.

The SVZ claimed to have shot down three Polikarpov I-16s, two so-called 'I-17s' and one 'Curtiss' in 3275 sorties without loss in aerial combat, though one B-534 may have been shot down by an 'I-17', but the surviving records are unclear. Indeed, only one pilot loss can identified and he was killed by anti-aircraft fire while escorting S-328s. But the paltry number of aircraft that returned to Slovakia indicates a high attrition rate to anti-aircraft fire and accidents; it just seems that the pilots managed to get back to friendly territory. However, at least twice, B-534 pilots were rescued from enemy territory by other B-534s. The rescued pilots were forced to cling to the wing struts as there was no room in the cockpit for them!

The SVZ departed again for the front on 13 June 1942, but in numbers considerably reduced from its previous deployment. The 1st Letka mustered only six S-328s and the 11th had a dozen B-534s. Due to their obsolescent aircraft they weren't committed to the front line, but were deployed in support of the Slovak Security Division's anti-partisan operations. 1 Letka was withdrawn in October 1942, but the 11th remained until August 1943. The morale was not of the highest in these units and, indeed, the crews of a S-328 and a B-534 deserted to the Soviets.

In the meantime the Deutsche Luftwaffenmission in der Slowakei realized that more modern aircraft would have to be furnished to the Slovaks if they were to continue to participate on the front line. 27 well-used Bf 109E Emils were furnished by year's end. Well-used appears to be a bit of

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