[烛光生存狂]-“巴巴罗萨”行动第一天罗马尼亚空军的表现

22 June 1941 marked the start of the biggest military invasion the world had ever seen: Operation "Barbarossa". In the early hours the Luftwaffe and her allies launched attacks against the Soviet airfields, caught the VVS by surprise.

On 22 June 1941, the offensive power of ARR (Aeronautica Regala Romana=Romanian Royal Aeronautics) was concentrated in the Combat Air Grouping (Gruparea Aeriana de Lupta). It was made up of four flotillas:

1941年6月22日,“巴巴罗萨”行动正式开始,在最初的几个小时里,德国空军及其盟友对苏联人的机场发动了凌厉的攻势.此时的罗马尼亚皇家空军组成了一个战斗航空群.由4个联队组成:

• 1st Bomber Flotilla

1st Bomber Group: 71st and 72nd Bomber Squadrons (S-79B)

4th Bomber Group: 76th and 77th Bomber Squadrons (P.37A & B)

5th Bomber Group: 78th, 79th and 80th Bomber Squadrons (He-111H3)

• 第1轰炸机联队

第1轰炸机大队:第71/72轰炸机中队(S-79B)

第4轰炸机大队:第76/77轰炸机中队(P.37A & B)

第5轰炸机大队:第78/79和80轰炸机中队(He-111H3)

• 2nd Bomber Flotilla

2nd Bomber Group: 74th and 75th Bomber Squadrons (Potez 633B2)

82nd Bomber Squadron (MB-210)

18th Bomber Squadron (IAR-37)

• 第2轰炸机联队

第2轰炸机大队:第74/75轰炸机中队(Potez 633B2)

第82轰炸机中队(MB-210)

第18轰炸机中队(IAR-37)

• 2nd Recon Flotilla

11th Recon Squadron (IAR 38)

12th Recon Squadron (IAR 38)

13th Recon Squadron (IAR 38)

14th Recon Squadron (IAR 39)

• 第2侦察机联队

第11侦察机中队(IAR 38)

第12侦察机中队(IAR 38)

第13侦察机中队(IAR 38)

第14侦察机中队(IAR 39)

• 1st Fighter Flotilla

5th Fighter Group: 51st and 52nd Fighter Squadrons (He-112B)

7th Fighter Group: 56th, 57th and 58th Fighter Squadrons (Bf-109E)

8th Fighter Group: 41st, 59th and 60th Fighter Squadrons (IAR-80 & A)

• 第1战斗机联队

第5战斗机大队:第51/52战斗机中队(He-112B)

第7战斗机大队:第56/57/58战斗机中队(Bf-109E)

第8战斗机大队:第41/59/60战斗机中队(IAR-80 & A)

• 1st Recon-Bomber Squadron (Blenheim Mk. I)

• 第1侦察-轰炸机中队 (Blenheim Mk. I)

The Combat Air Grouping had in total 253 airplanes. It was subordinated to the Luftflotte IV.(The Combat Air Grouping had a total of 253 aircraft, out of which only 205 were available for action on 22 June. Their mission was to gain air supremacy over Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and then support the offensive of the Romanian 4th Army. After Besserabia was secured, the CAG assisted in the siege of Odessa.)

战斗航空群共有253架飞机.隶属于德国第4航空队.在6月22日只有205架可以使用。他们的任务是夺取比萨拉比亚(Bessarabia)和北博科维纳(Northern Bukovina)上空的制空权，来支援罗马尼亚第4集团军的攻势。

The 3rd and 4th Army had their own recon and light bomber squadrons. The 4th Recon-Bomber (Bristol Blenheim Mk. I), 19th, 20th and 21st (IAR 39) Recon Squadron and 115th (Fleet 10 G) Liaison Squadron were assigned to the 3rd Army and the 3rd Recon-Bomber (Bristol Blenheim Mk. I), 17th and 22nd (IAR 39) Recon Squadron and 114th (Fleet 10 G) Liaison Squadron to the 4th Army. Also the 1st Armored Division had the 15th Recon Squadron (IAR 39).

第3和第4集团军有自己的轻型轰炸机中队.

第3集团军:

第4侦察-轰炸机中队(Bristol Blenheim Mk. I)

第19/20/21侦察机中队(IAR 39)

第115联络机中队(Fleet 10 G)

第4集团军

第3侦察-轰炸机中队(Bristol Blenheim Mk. I)

第17/22侦察机中队(IAR 39)

第114联络机中队(Fleet 10 G)

另外第1装甲师拥有第15侦察机中队(IAR 39)

Behind the front line, the territory of Romania was divided between the 2nd Air Region:

罗马尼亚境内共分为第2空军军区:

• 3rd Fighter Group: 43rd, 44th and 45th Fighter Squadrons (P.11f)

• 4th Fighter Group: 46th, 49th and 50th Fighter Squadrons (P.11f)

• 112th Liaison Squadron (Fleet-10G)

• 第3战斗机大队:第43/44/45战斗机中队(P.11f)

• 第4战斗机大队:第46/49/50战斗机中队(P.11f)

• 第112联络机中队(Fleet-10G)

and the 3rd Air Region, which was covered by the 2nd Fighter Flotilla:

• 6th Fighter Group: 61st and 62nd Fighter Squadron(P.24E)

• 113th Liaison Squadron (Fleet 10 G)

第3空军军区由第2战斗机联队负责:

• 第6战斗机大队:第61/62战斗机中队(P.24E)

• 第113联络机中队(Fleet-10G)

In Dobrogea were stationed the

• 101st Seaplane Squadron (Cant Z.501)

• 102nd Seaplane Squadron (S.62B and S.55A)

• 16th Observation Squadron (IAR-39)

• 53rd Fighter Squadron (Hurricane Mk. I)

在多布罗杰亚(Dobrogea)驻扎有

第101水上飞机中队(Cant Z.501)

第102水上飞机中队(S.62B and S.55A)

第16侦察机中队(IAR 39)

第53战斗机中队(Hurricane Mk. I)

Their mission was to defend the Prahova Valley oil installations, the capital, the Constanta port, the railroad bridge over the Danube at Cernavoda and other strategic locations, against Soviet air raids.

他们的任务是防卫普拉霍瓦河谷的油气设备,首都,康斯坦萨港,切尔纳沃达横跨多瑙河的铁路桥和其他战略目标.以防苏联人的空袭.

ARR fielded 672 airplanes at the beginning of Operation Barbarossa. These totaled 17,386 sorties during this campaign, out of which 7,857 were done by CAG airplanes. In 217 air engagements, the Romanian pilots claimed 332 VVS airplanes shot down (out of which 257 belonged to the CAG) and another 150 destroyed on the ground. The AA artillery also claimed 115, rising the total number to 597. However this seems to be an overclaim, since the Soviet loss records don't show that many losses in that part of the front. The CAG lost 40 airplanes in battle and 83 KIA and 26 MIA, but the ARR total number of losses in this campaign, including accidents and enemy AAA, is 136.

“巴巴罗萨”行动开始时,罗马尼亚皇家空军拥有672架飞机,整个战役期间出动17386架次,其中战斗航空群出动7857次,发生了217次交战.罗方宣称击落332架苏联飞机(257架属于战斗航空群).地面上摧毁了150架.防空部队宣称击落115架,总数597架.这个数字似乎有点高过了,苏联人的记录显示没有损失那么多飞机.战斗中战斗航空群损失了40架飞机.飞行员83死26失踪.不过在战役中加上意外事故和敌军防空炮火等,罗马尼亚空军一共损失了136架飞机.

The Bombers

轰炸机

The basic bomber formation consisted in 3 airplanes flying in a V formation. The tactical doctrine was to fly below 300 m to avoid AA fire. These tactics were ill-conceived and caused heavy losses as we shall see.

罗马尼亚轰炸机采用的V字形3机密集编队.为了避开防空火力依据教范的要求飞行高度在300米以下.呆板的教条使得轰炸机群遭受到了严重的损失.

The 1st Bomber Group was on the Pogoanele airfield. At 3:15, 6xS-79Bs from the 71st Squadron took off to attack the Soviet airbase at Bulgărica. South of Bolgrad(波尔格勒), a Soviet patrol intercepted them, but before they could get close, the machine-guns on the bombers scattered them. They attacked again and one was hit. After four minutes they reappeared, but this time in larger numbers. Two fighters managed to pass through the tracer barrage and fire on each bomber. One of them was hit and went down in flames. The crew of cpt. av. Constantin Stoenescu (on S-79B no. 5), which also had aboard lt. cmdr. Liviu Comşa (the group's commander), was made up of cpt. av. Adolf Schöbesch (observer), mstr. Nicolae Cristea (mechanic), adj. stg. av. Ani Anişor (radio operator) and serg. Gheorghe Mitroi (gunner). They claimed 2 Soviet fighters shot down. Only four bombers reached the target and dropped their load. They claimed about 16 VVS airplanes destroyed on the ground. Here is what mstr. Nicolae Cristea recalls:

驻扎在Pogoanele机场的第1轰炸机大队.凌晨3:15,第71中队的6架S-79B起飞轰炸Bulgărica的苏联机场.在波尔格勒南部,遭到了一个苏联巡逻队的拦截.在苏联人接近前,轰炸机上的机枪驱散了他们.当他们再次进攻时候,打中了一架.几分钟后,苏联人再次出现,不过这次的数量更大.两架战斗机冲破弹幕,各自向1架轰炸机射击.其中的一架被击中冒烟坠毁.Constantin Stoenescu上尉的5号S-79B上,还坐着Liviu Comşa少校(联队长).机组成员还有Adolf Schöbesch上尉(观察员),Nicolae Cristea军士长(机修工),Ani Anişor一等兵(无线电操作员)和Gheorghe Mitroi预备役资深飞行员(机枪手).他们宣称击落

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