[烛光生存狂]-纳粹德国的A系列导弹列表

Aggregate series

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The Aggregate series was a set of rocket designs developed in 1933–1945 by a research program of Nazi Germany's army. Its greatest success was the A4, more commonly known as the V-2.

Contents [hide]

1 Variations

1.1 A1

1.2 A2

1.3 A3

1.3.1 Specifications

1.4 A4 (V-2 rocket)

1.4.1 A4-SLBM

1.4.2 A4b

1.5 A5

1.6 A6

1.7 A7

1.8 A8

1.9 A9

1.10 A10

1.11 A11

1.12 A12

2 References

3 Further reading

4 Footnotes

[edit] Variations

[edit] A1

The A1 was the first rocket design in the Aggregate series. It was designed in 1933 by Wernher von Braun in a Wehrmacht (German army) research program at Kummersdorf headed by Walter Dornberger. The rocket was 1.4 m long, and had a takeoff weight of 150 kg. The engine, designed by Arthur Rudolph, used alcohol and liquid oxygen, and produced 3 kilonewtons of thrust. The rocket was designed to be stabilized using a heavy rotating wheel in the nose, but there was concern that this might cause problems with the liquid fuels. Although the engine had been successfully test fired, the first flight attempt blew up on the launching pad. Since the design was thought to be unstable, no further attempts were made, and efforts moved to the A2 design.[citation needed]

[edit] A2

The A2 was designed in 1934 by von Braun under the program at Kummersdorf headed by Walter Dornberger.[citation needed]

At a length of 1.6 meters and thrust of 3 kN from alcohol and liquid oxygen, it was in outline similar to the A1. However, in contrast to the A1, the A2 had the stabilization gyroscopes in the center of the rocket between the alcohol and oxygen tanks, which made it more stable. The rocket weighed 72 kg empty, with takeoff weight of 107 kg. Initial flight testing was done in September 1934 at Kummersdorf.[citation needed]

Two A2s were built for a full out test, and were named after a Wilhelm Busch cartoon, Max and Moritz. On December 19 and December 20, 1934 they were launched in front of the Army brass on Borkum island in the North Sea. They reached altitudes of 2.2 km and 3.5 km.[1][2]

[edit] A3

The A3 was first launched on December 4, 1937, and was intended to test components for the planned A4.[citation needed]

Only three more test launches were carried out, all of them failures. The final launch, on December 11, 1937, was typical of all the attempts: the engine cut out early, and the rocket was destroyed as it fell to the ground, the parachute failing to deploy. All the failures were due to the unstable design of the rocket's experimental inertial guidance system.[citation needed]

After this last unsuccessful launch, the A3 was abandoned, and a complete redesign was carried out to bring the A5 into being, and to continue subscale testing for the A4.[citation needed]

The A3 was the first Peenemünde design (Huzel 1962, p. 235). In 1936, Army General von Fritsch witnessed a static firing of an A3 at Kummersdorf, and was sufficiently impressed to lend his support to the rocket program (Huzel 1962, p. 233). Since ground was not broken until August, 1936, von Fritsch's viewing must have been in September through December. The A3 also used a pressure-fed propellant system, using the same liquid oxygen and 75% alcohol mixture as the A1 and A2. It generated 3,300 pounds of thrust (14.7 kN) for 45 seconds. It used a three-gyroscope system to deflect tungsten-alloy jet vanes (Huzel 1962, p. 236). Several A3s were launched, reaching a maximum downrange of 7.5 miles (12.1 km) and maximum altitude of 11 miles (18 km). Three A3s were launched from Greifswalder Oie in Autumn 1937. They carried a three-axis gyro control system which actuated exhaust vanes. On the first launch, the parachute opened after five seconds, causing the rocket to crash into the sea. Parachutes were omitted on the second and third launches, but both rockets still went out of control.[3]

[edit] Specifications

Length: 6.74 meters (22.1 ft)

Diameter: 0.68 meters (2.2 ft)

Finspan: 0.93 meters (3.1 ft)

Launch mass: 748 kilograms (1650 lb)

Fuel: ethanol and liquid oxygen.

Liftoff thrust: 14.7 kN (1500 kgf).

[edit] A4 (V-2 rocket)

Main article: V-2 rocket

The A4 was a full-sized design with a range of about 175 kilometers (109 mi), a top altitude of 80 kilometers (50 mi) and a payload of about a tonne. Versions of the A4 included the first ballistic missile, the first projectile to reach space, and were actively used in warfare.[citation needed]

This increase in capability had come through a complete redesign of the A3 engine by Walter Thiel, known as the A5. It became clearer that von Braun's designs were turning into real weapons, and Dornberger moved the team from the artillery testing grounds at Kummersdorf (near Berlin) to a small town, Peenemünde, on the island of Usedom on Germany's Baltic coast, in order to provide more room for testing and greater secrecy. This version was completely reliable, and by 1941 the team had fired about 70 A5 rockets. The first A4 flew in March 1942, flying about 1.6 kilometers (1 mi) and crashing into the water. The second launch reached an altitude of 11 kilometers (7 mi) before exploding. The third rocket, launched on October 3, 1942, followed its trajectory perfectly. It landed 193 kilometers (120 mi) away, and reached a height of 80 kilometers (50 mi).[citation needed]

Production started in 1943 on the rocket, now known as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 (Vengeance Weapon 2) or V-2, at the insistence of Goebbels' propaganda ministry. The Allies were already aware of the weapon — at a test site at Blizna in Poland a fired missile had been recovered by Polish resistance agents from the banks of the Western Bug, and vital technical details had been given to British intelligence during Operation Most III.

[edit] A4-SLBM

Under Projekt Amerika Nazi Germany tried to develop the first submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) to bomb New York and other American cities and objects. The tests of SLBM-variant of A4 rocket was fulfilled from U-boats submarine towed launch platforms. [4]

[edit] A4b

In June of 1939, Kurt Patt of the Peenemünde Design Office, proposed wings for converting rocket speed and altitude into aerodynamic lift and range.[5] He also proposed the Flossengeschoss (fin projectile). Both concepts were utilized by Walter Dornberger when he drafted a memo for presentation to Hitler regarding the "America rocket" on July 31, 1940.[6] After the A-9 project was altogether halted in October 1942, Wernher von Braun proposed the winged "A-4 Bastard" on October 10, 1944,[7] and serious A-4b development and then production was started.[8]

Peenemünde A4b Test Launches[citation needed]

# Date Launch site Range Remarks

G-1 December 27, 1944 Pad 10 0 Guidance failure 50 metres above ground

G-2 January 13, 1945 ? ? Failure. Launch attempt controversial

G-3 January 24, 1945 Greifswalder Oie ? Successful launch, but wing broke during flight, height 40 km, speed ~5000km/h [9]

[edit] A5

The A5 had a length of 5.825 meters, a diameter of 0.78 meters, a takeoff weight of 900 kilograms and a takeoff thrust of 15 kN. The engines were alcohol fueled with liquid oxygen as an oxidant. The first launch of the A5 took place in the summer of 1938 at Greifswalder Oie. The first successful guided flights were in October 1939 in order to test the control systems planned for use in the A4. The A5 reached a ceiling of up to 12 kilometers and could be used several times.[citation needed]

[edit] A6

The A6 was a war rocket suggested by von Braun at the beginning of the 1940s. The A6 was to be an improved A4b, propelled by nitric acid and kerosene and with a longer range than the A4. It was not realized because of the progress of the war. The take off thrust would have been about 12,500 kgf (123 kN), a wing span of 6.3 m, and the overall length 15.75 m.

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