[烛光生存狂]-60000人行动

The Romanian Royal Navy named the evacuation of Crimea Operation "60,000", because the number of Romanian troops still found in the peninsula was around 62,000 ?65,000 in April 1944. This operation was executed in two phases: the first one between 12 April and 5 May and, the most dramatic, between 6 and 13 May.

1944年4月，为了撤走被围困在克里米亚（Crimea）半岛的约60，000名（有资料显示为62，000或者65，000）罗马尼亚军士兵，罗马尼亚皇家海军为此策划了名为”六万人”的撤退计划。撤退计划分为2个阶段：第一阶段自1944年4月12日开始，5月5日结束，第二阶段于同年5月6至13日结束。

After it became clear that the defense lines in the Perekop Isthmus and South of the Sivash Sea could not hold, the German 17th Army commenced to implement the "Adler" Plan: the evacuation of Crimea. The first convoy left Constanta in the afternoon of 11 Apriland was made up of the German tanker Prodromos and the Hunagrian cargo ship Kassa, escorted by the NMS Ghiculescu gunboat, UJ 115 and Rb 163. The destroyers NMS Regina Maria and NMS Marasesti together with an R-boot joined them with mission to take another convoy from Sevastopol to Romania.

德罗联军指挥部在明白位于Perekop地峡和Sivash Sea以南防线难以坚守这个事实后，德国第17集团军开始执行代号为“阿德勒”克里米亚半岛撤退计划。第一波撤退运输编队于4月11日下午由康斯坦萨（Constanta）出发，该编队由德国油轮 Prodromos 和Kassa号货船以及担任护航任务的罗马尼亚皇家海军Ghiculescu号炮艇，德军11号猎潜艇163号护卫艇组成。同时罗马尼亚皇家海军Marasesti号驱逐舰，玛丽娅女王（Regina Maria）号驱逐舰以及另外一艘护卫艇所组成的第2护卫编队则由萨瓦斯托波尔（Sevastopol）出发前往罗马尼亚于第一编队汇合参与护航任务。

The Constanta harbor area was bombarded during the night, but the very powerful AA barrage and the artificial fog caused the Soviet aircraft to drop their bombs in the sea, 1 km away from the target. Another VVS attack took place during the night of 17/18 April, but because of the artificial fog the bombers weren't able to locate the port. These failures probably determined the Soviet command to cancel other raids on Constanta, favoring the evacuation operation.

当晚，康斯坦萨（Constanta）港遭到了苏军空袭，不过在罗军强有力的防空火力反击和防空烟雾掩护下，苏军的空袭并没有收获良好的空袭效果，苏军飞行员把炸弹投到了偏离目标1公里以外的地区。4月17/18日，苏联红海军黑海舰队航空兵于晚间再次空袭了该港口，不过再次因为罗军实施了防空烟幕掩护作战，苏军的再次空袭收效甚微。在多次空袭未果的情况下，苏军指挥官决定放弃夺取康斯坦萨德计划，这样一来，罗军的撤退计划得以顺利实施。

On 12 April, NMS Regina Maria and NMS Marasesti arrived at Sevastopol, after escaping two aerial attacks. In the afternoon they returned to Constanta escorting together with UJ 103 and Rb 163 the Ardeal, Helga and Tisza transport ships, which had 4,361 men onboard (700 Romanians, 3,197 Germans, 47 Russian volunteers and 417 POWs). The convoy was attacked by a submarine on 13 April, at 0917 hours. It fired 3 torpedoes that were avoided. The NMS Dumitrescu gunboat, UJ 115 and 2 R-boots escorted Prodromos, Kassa and a MFP from Sevastopol to Constanta, arriving at destination in the morning of 14 April.

4月12日，Marasesti号驱逐舰，玛丽娅女王（Regina Maria）号驱逐舰在逃过2次空袭后抵达萨瓦斯托波尔。中午，2艘驱逐舰与103号猎潜艇，163号护卫艇以及Ardeal号, Helga号和Tisza号运输船运载着共4361人回到了康斯坦萨，4361人中包含700名罗军士兵，3197名德军是士兵，47名俄罗斯志愿兵和417名战俘。4月13日9时17分，护航编队遭到潜艇攻击，不过他们躲过了3条鱼雷攻击。4月14日早晨，由罗马尼亚皇家海军Dumitrescu号炮艇，德军115号猎潜艇以及另外2艘护卫艇和德国邮轮Prodromos号，Kassa号货船外加一艘武装货船组成的撤退编队也由赛瓦斯托波尔安全抵达康斯坦萨。

The same day left from Sevastopol several small German vessels: two tugs with lighters, two MFPs and 4 KFKs. They were transporting 2,038 men (377 Romanians, 1,543 Germans, 113 volunteers and 5 civilians). Because of the low speed they required almost two days for the crossing. In the opposite direction, from Constanta, NMS Amiral Murgescu, 3 KFKs and a R-boot escorted the Romanian Oituz cargo ship and the German Laudon, Theben and Erzherzog Karl, which were carrying munitions and food. On 15 April, between 0815 and 1645 hours, the convoy was attacked five times by Soviet bombers. The AA artillery on the NMS Murgescu shot down two of them, but the 102 mm gun and one of the 20 mm guns were damaged. After it had just arrived at Sevastopol, the mine-laying ship led back to Constanta the convoy made up of the Ossag tanker, the KT 25 and KT 26 transport ships, which had 3,973 men onboard, most of them Germans, UJ 103 and Rb 166. They arrived at destination two days later.

同时，自塞瓦斯托波尔也顺带撤出了一些德军小型船只，内含：2艘拖船，2艘武装货船以及4艘轻型猎潜艇。这些舰只撤出了约2038人（内含277名罗军士兵，1543名德军士兵，113名志愿兵和5名平民）。由于这些舰只本身性能的原因，他们以龟速在海上漂泊了2天。反方面上，由罗皇家海军的Amiral Murgescu号驱逐舰，3艘轻型猎潜艇和1艘护卫艇担负护航任务的满载着均需物资和食品德罗马尼亚Oituz货船和德国Laudon号，Theben号和Erzherzog Karl号编队由康斯坦萨出发。4月15日，该编队在8时15分至16时45分这段时间内遭到了5次苏联海军鱼雷艇的攻击。Murgescu号驱逐舰用防空炮击沉了其中的两艘。但该舰的102mm主炮和一门20mm炮严重受损。当他们刚刚抵达萨瓦斯托波尔后，这些护航舰只立即返回康斯坦斯和103号猎潜艇，166号护卫艇担负起共计运载3973名撤退士兵（其中大部分为德军士兵）的Ossag号邮轮，KT25，KT26运输船的护航任务。2日后，该编队抵达目的地。4月16日，2艘德军护航舰离开萨瓦斯托波尔，其中一艘和8艘武装货船，2艘轻型猎潜艇编入由Kinburn号, Laudon号, Theben号和 Erzherzog Karl号组成的撤退运输舰队中。,他们撤出了5417人，其中有德军士兵3765人和516名罗军士兵。

On 16 April two German convoys left from Sevastopol. The first one was made up of the Kinburn, Laudon, Theben and Erzherzog Karl, escorted by 8 MFPs and 2 KFKs. These transported 5,417 people, of which 3,765 Germans and 516 Romanians. Also under German escort left the Kassa, Lola and Tisza cargo ships. These had on board 2,561 men, most of them Germans and Russian volunteers. Only 6 were Romanians. The convoy was attacked without effect by a Soviet submarine in the vicinity of Sevastopol. Then, at 1434 hours, the BV-180 seaplane that was surveying the ships observed a submarine. One bomb hit the Soviet vessel and it was presumed sunk. It is possible it was the L-6, the last submarine lost by ChF in combat. On the same day, the Oituz cargo ship left Crimea with Sulina as destination. The following day, 30 nautical miles Southeast of Sf. Gheorghe, the ship was attacked by 6 Pe-2s of 40 BAP and damaged.

与此同时，在德军护卫下的Kassa号，Lola号和Tisza号等3艘货船搭载2561名士兵开始撤退。这些人中大多为德军和俄罗斯志愿者，其中只有6名罗马尼亚人。该编队在萨瓦尔托波斯附近遭到了苏联红海军潜艇的攻击，不过红军潜艇的攻击并没有给这只编队造成多大的损失。此后的14时34分，一架BV-180水上飞机在编队上空巡逻时发现了一艘苏军潜艇，随即BV-180对其实施攻击，一枚炸弹命中目标，由于战场环境复杂，德军飞行员推测该艘苏军潜艇沉没。战后推测这艘被击毁的潜艇可能是当时苏联红海军黑海舰队的一艘战斗潜艇L-6号。同日，Oituz号货船离开克里米亚执行撤退任务。在接下来的日子里，Oituz号货船在Sf. Gheorghe西南30海里的海域处遭到苏联空军的6架Pe-2s飞机的攻击，该船损毁严重。

The firs tragedy of the evacuation took place on 18 April. In the night of 17 April, the ships Alba Iulia and Danubius left Crimea, escorted by the NMS Marasti destroyer, the NMS Ghiculescu gunboat, UJ 104 and Rb 216. At 1100 hours, a torpedo passed by the convoy's rear. NMS Ghiculescu went over to the area from where it had been fired and started to hunt for the submarine. It launched two AS grenades and bubbles started to appear on the surface. The German seaplane indicated then a new position for the sub and the gunboat launched another 5 grenades. Even bigger bubbles appeared. UJ 104 took over the hunt and Ghiculescu returned to the convoy. It is also possible that it was L-6. At 1220 hours, after they have exited the dangerous area, the ships were attac

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