[烛光生存狂]-60000人行动

The Romanian Royal Navy named the evacuation of Crimea Operation "60,000", because the number of Romanian troops still found in the peninsula was around 62,000 ?65,000 in April 1944. This operation was executed in two phases: the first one between 12 April and 5 May and, the most dramatic, between 6 and 13 May.

1944年4月，为了撤走被围困在克里米亚（Crimea）半岛的约62000-65000名罗马尼亚军士兵，罗马尼亚皇家海军为此策划了名为“60000”的撤退计划。撤退计划分为2个阶段：第一阶段自1944年4月12日开始，5月5日结束，第二阶段于同年5月6至13日结束。

After it became clear that the defense lines in the Perekop Isthmus and South of the Sivash Sea could not hold, the German 17th Army commenced to implement the "Adler" Plan: the evacuation of Crimea. The first convoy left Constanta in the afternoon of 11 April and was made up of the German tanker Prodromos and the Hunagrian cargo ship Kassa, escorted by the NMS Ghiculescu gunboat, UJ 115 and Rb 163. The destroyers NMS Regina Maria and NMS Marasesti together with an R-boot joined them with mission to take another convoy from Sevastopol to Romania.

在明白位于彼列科普地峡（Perekop Isthmus）和锡瓦什海（Sivash Sea）以南防线难以坚守这个事实后，德国第17集团军开始执行代号为“阿德勒”的克里米亚半岛撤退计划。第一支编队于4月11日下午从罗马尼亚港口康斯坦察（Constanta）出发，该编队由德国Prodromos号油轮和匈牙利Kassa号货船以及担任护航任务的罗马尼亚皇家海军Ghiculescu号炮艇，德军11号猎潜艇和163号R艇组成。同行的还有罗马尼亚皇家海军的Marasesti号和Regina Maria号驱逐舰以及一艘德国R艇，它们的任务是为另外一支由塞瓦斯托波尔（Sevastopol）出发返回罗马尼亚的编队担任护航任务。

The Constanta harbor area was bombarded during the night, but the very powerful AA barrage and the artificial fog caused the Soviet aircraft to drop their bombs in the sea, 1 km away from the target. Another VVS attack took place during the night of 17/18 April, but because of the artificial fog the bombers weren't able to locate the port. These failures probably determined the Soviet command to cancel other raids on Constanta, favoring the evacuation operation.

当晚，康斯坦察港遭到了苏军空袭，不过在罗军强有力的防空火力和人工烟雾掩护下，苏军飞行员把炸弹投到了偏离目标1公里以外的地区。4月17/18日苏联在晚间再次对港口进行了空袭，不过在人工烟幕的干扰下，仍旧没有取得效果。在多次空袭未果的情况下，苏军指挥部决定取消空袭康斯坦察。这样一来，罗军的撤退计划得以顺利实施。

On 12 April, NMS Regina Maria and NMS Marasesti arrived at Sevastopol, after escaping two aerial attacks. In the afternoon they returned to Constanta escorting together with UJ 103 and Rb 163 the Ardeal, Helga and Tisza transport ships, which had 4,361 men onboard (700 Romanians, 3,197 Germans, 47 Russian volunteers and 417 POWs). The convoy was attacked by a submarine on 13 April, at 0917 hours. It fired 3 torpedoes that were avoided. The NMS Dumitrescu gunboat, UJ 115 and 2 R-boots escorted Prodromos, Kassa and a MFP from Sevastopol to Constanta, arriving at destination in the morning of 14 April.

4月12日，Marasesti号驱逐舰和Regina Maria号驱逐舰在逃过2次空袭后抵达塞瓦斯托波尔。中午，这2艘驱逐舰与103号猎潜艇，163号R艇与Ardeal号、Helga号和Tisza号运输船一起组成编队返回康斯坦察。编队共运载着4361人（包含700名罗军士兵，3197名德军士兵，47名俄罗斯志愿者和417名战俘）。4月13日9时17分，护航编队遭到一艘潜艇攻击，不过射出的3条鱼雷都没有击中目标。4月14日早晨，由罗马尼亚皇家海军Dumitrescu号炮艇，德军115号猎潜艇及2艘R艇和德国Prodromos号油轮，匈牙利Kassa号货船和一艘武装运输驳船组成的编队也从塞瓦斯托波尔安全抵达了康斯坦察。

The same day left from Sevastopol several small German vessels: two tugs with lighters, two MFPs and 4 KFKs. They were transporting 2,038 men (377 Romanians, 1,543 Germans, 113 volunteers and 5 civilians). Because of the low speed they required almost two days for the crossing. In the opposite direction, from Constanta, NMS Amiral Murgescu, 3 KFKs and a R-boot escorted the Romanian Oituz cargo ship and the German Laudon, Theben and Erzherzog Karl, which were carrying munitions and food. On 15 April, between 0815 and 1645 hours, the convoy was attacked five times by Soviet bombers. The AA artillery on the NMS Murgescu shot down two of them, but the 102 mm gun and one of the 20 mm guns were damaged. After it had just arrived at Sevastopol, the mine-laying ship led back to Constanta the convoy made up of the Ossag tanker, the KT 25 and KT 26 transport ships, which had 3,973 men onboard, most of them Germans, UJ 103 and Rb 166. They arrived at destination two days later.

当天，几艘德国小型船只也离开了塞瓦斯托波尔。包括2艘小型拖船，2艘武装运输驳船和4艘轻型猎潜艇。这些舰只撤出了2038人（377名罗军士兵，1543名德军士兵，113名志愿者和5名平民）。由于这些舰只航速低，他们在海上漂泊了整整2天。康斯坦察港内，罗皇家海军的Amiral Murgescu号驱逐舰，3艘轻型猎潜艇,1艘R艇和满载着军需物资和食品的罗马尼亚Oituz货船,德国Laudon号，Theben号和Erzherzog Karl号组成的编队出发了。4月15日，该编队在8时15分至16时45分接连内遭到了5次苏联轰炸机的空袭。Murgescu号驱逐舰用防空炮击落了其中的两架。但该舰的102mm主炮和一门20mm炮受损。编队一抵达塞瓦斯托波尔，布雷舰立刻和Ossag号油轮，25号和26号运输船在103号猎潜艇和166号R艇的护送下返回康斯坦斯。船上共装了3973名士兵（其中大部分为德军士兵）。2天后，编队抵达目的地。

On 16 April two German convoys left from Sevastopol. The first one was made up of the Kinburn, Laudon, Theben and Erzherzog Karl, escorted by 8 MFPs and 2 KFKs. These transported 5,417 people, of which 3,765 Germans and 516 Romanians. Also under German escort left the Kassa, Lola and Tisza cargo ships. These had on board 2,561 men, most of them Germans and Russian volunteers. Only 6 were Romanians. The convoy was attacked without effect by a Soviet submarine in the vicinity of Sevastopol. Then, at 1434 hours, the BV-180 seaplane that was surveying the ships observed a submarine. One bomb hit the Soviet vessel and it was presumed sunk. It is possible it was the L-6, the last submarine lost by ChF in combat. On the same day, the Oituz cargo ship left Crimea with Sulina as destination. The following day, 30 nautical miles Southeast of Sf. Gheorghe, the ship was attacked by 6 Pe-2s of 40 BAP and damaged.

4月16日，2支德军编队离开塞瓦斯托波尔，第一支编队由Kinburn号,Laudon号,Theben号,Erzherzog Karl号和担任护航的8艘武装运输驳船和2艘轻型猎潜艇组成。他们撤出了5417人，其中3765名德国人和516名罗马尼亚人。Kassa号，Lola号和Tisza号货船组成的第二支编队在德国人的护航下开始撤退。船上搭载的2561人中大多为德军和俄国志愿者，只有6名罗马尼亚人。该编队在塞瓦斯托波尔附近遭到了苏联潜艇的攻击，但没有造成任何损失。14时34分，一架BV-180水上飞机在编队上空巡逻时发现了一艘苏军潜艇，随即BV-180对其实施攻击，一枚炸弹命中目标，苏军潜艇被认定沉没。该艇很可能是苏联红海军黑海舰队的L-6号潜艇。同日，Oituz号货船从克里米亚出发向苏利纳港航行。在接下来的日子里，货船在圣格奥尔基（Sf. Gheorghe）西南30海里的海域处遭到苏联空军第40轰炸机团的6架Pe-2飞机的攻击，该船损毁严重。

The firs tragedy of the evacuation took place on 18 April. In the night of 17 April, the ships Alba Iulia and Danubius left Crimea, escorted by the NMS Marasti destroyer, the NMS Ghiculescu gunboat, UJ 104 and Rb 216. At 1100 hours, a torpedo passed by the convoy's rear. NMS Ghiculescu went over to the area from where it had been fired and started to hunt for the submarine. It launched two AS grenades and bubbles started to appear on the surface. The German seaplane indicated then a new position for the sub and the gunboat launched another 5 grenades. Even bigger bubbles appeared. UJ 104 took over the hunt and Ghiculescu returned to the convoy. It is also possible that it was L-6.

4月18日，第一幕撤退惨剧上演。4月17日晚，Alba Iulia号和Danubius 号在罗马尼亚皇家海军Marasti号驱逐舰，Ghiculescu号炮艇以及104号猎潜艇和216号R艇的护卫下离开克里米亚。11时，一条鱼雷自该编队后方冲入，Marasti号驱逐舰立即脱离编队开始搜寻潜艇。对可疑区域发射了2枚AS深水炸弹，海面上翻起了大量气泡。随后，Ghiculescu号炮艇在德军水上飞机的指引下发射了另外5枚深水炸弹，海面翻出了更大的气泡。接着104号猎潜艇接手任务，Ghiculescu号炮艇返回编

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