[烛光生存狂]-二战中的罗马尼亚坦克装甲车辆

Romanian Armour in World War Two

Introduction

While experimenting with armoured cars during World War One, the Royal Romanian Army's first tanks date from 1919, when seventy-six Renault FT's with a French tank regiment serving in the Balkans were abandoned by their owners and impressed into local service. These tanks, supplemented by a handful of assorted armoured cars of French, German and Russian origin recovered from local battlefields, constituted the Army's armoured forces for much of the interwar years.

罗马尼亚人在一战中就开始进行装甲汽车的试验，并且于1919年接收了法国人在巴尔干丢下的76辆雷诺FT坦克，这些坦克配上从战场上回收修理后的法国，德国，俄罗斯的杂七杂八的装甲车构成了两次世界大战期间的罗马尼亚装甲力量。

However, as part of the Army's re-armament plans established in 1935, new tanks in modestly increasing numbers were slated for acquisition to allow for the expansion of the Army's sole armoured regiment into a brigade-sized formation, with Czechoslovakia and France, the nation's principal allies, selected as the principal arms suppliers.

做为1935年制定的陆军武力重整计划的一部分，新型坦克的适量增长为陆军唯一的装甲团扩编为装甲旅提供了基础。罗马尼亚人选择了法国和捷克斯洛伐克这两家最主要的盟友作为他的主要军火供应商。

Beginning in 1937, Czechoslovakia provided over a hundred and fifty new CKD AH-IV light and Skoda S-II-a medium tanks and as well as refurbishing the Army's aging stocks of Renault FTs, while France delivered limited numbers of Renault R-35 tanks together with establishing local production of a fully-tracked supply carrier (Renault UE "Chenillette"), so that by the time World War Two erupted in September 1939 the Royal Romanian Army boasted a strength of some two hundred and fifty tanks and armoured cars, growing to nearly five hundred by the opening of the Russian campaign in the summer of 1941.

从1937年开始，捷克斯洛伐克提供了超过150辆的新型CKD AH-IV型轻型坦克和Skoda S-II-a型中型坦克以取代老掉牙的雷诺FT坦克。法国人提供了数量有限的雷诺R-35坦克，并允许罗马尼亚在国内开辟全履带补给输送车（就是雷诺UE）的生产线。因此到39年9月二战爆发时，罗马尼亚皇家陆军拥有大约250坦克和装甲车，这个数字在41年6月俄国战役爆发时增加到了500。

Admittedly, half of this impressive number was comprised of either hopelessly outdated Renault FT tanks, unarmed tracked supply carriers ("Chenillettes" or "Malaxas") or ramshackle tankettes and armoured cars, but some two hundred marginally useful tanks, mostly Skoda S-II-as together with seventy-odd Renault R-35s, half having been obtained when Polish Army formations were interned in Romania in the fall of 1939, provided the Royal Romanian Army's newly-constituted First Armoured Division with a modicum of an armoured force for the opening stages of the campaign.

当然，这个另人印象深刻的数字中有一半是那些古董般的雷诺FT坦克，无武装的运输车和快散架的小坦克，另一半则是差不多凑合着能用的坦克，主要是Skoda S-II-a和70几辆雷诺R-35，其中有一半是从波兰陷落后逃到罗国境内的波兰部队里扣下的。

Losses suffered in the first year were theoretically compensated for by small shipments of tanks from Germany together with enormous stocks of captured Soviet armour, artificially inflating Romanian AFV strength by mid-1942 to over eight hundred, but again this number included hundreds of vehicles which were woefully obsolete, mechanically unserviceable, or in the case of tractors and halftracks, simply of negligible combat value. Realistically valuable AFV strength for the Royal Romanian Army stood at perhaps two hundred and fifty when the disastrous Battle of Stalingrad in November 1942 inflicted horrendous losses upon Romanian forces, reducing operational tank strength in the field to a few dozen.

第一年的损失从理论上讲由德国少量的进口和缴获的苏联红军战车来补充，到1942年中期，罗马尼亚的装甲战斗车辆膨胀到800辆，但是其中有好几百辆是让人提不起半点信心的破烂货。实际可以参加战斗的战车大概在250辆左右，但在斯大林格勒战役之后，损失惨重的罗马尼亚人手中就只有几十辆开得动的坦克了。

1943 saw a gradual restoration of Romanian armoured forces, beginning with recovery of hitherto damaged or "lost" vehicles, conversions of available obsolete tanks into marginally effective models, as with the TACAM self-propelled gun series and the re-arming of the Renault R-35 tank, as well as, by the end of the year, the first of appreciable numbers of more effective models from Germany such as Panzer IV's and Sturmgeschütz III assault guns. Nevertheless, even this new Romanian tank strength never exceeded more than four hundred (excluding such obsolete models as the Renault FT, unserviceable captured hulks, and assorted fully-tracked but unarmed towing vehicles, halftracks and tractors, which inflated vehicle strength to nearly a thousand ) before events of the summer of 1944 resulted in Romania's return to Allied service following the 23 August '44 Armistice.

43年中罗马尼亚人稍微恢复了点元气，他们修理了战损的车辆，改造完全过时的坦克，比如TACAM系列自行火炮以及对雷诺R-35坦克的再武装，年底又从德国人那接收了一批四号坦克和三号突击炮。即使这样，在44年8月23日停战协议之前的罗马尼亚装甲兵力也没超过400辆战车（这个数字当然不包括那些没有作战价值的战斗车辆）。

Under Soviet guidance Romanian armoured strength was ground down during fighting against German and Axis forces, with only a handful left in service by the end of the war. The immediate post-war era saw modest numbers of tanks recovered in salvage efforts, with perhaps a hundred or so serving with the Royal Romanian Army until the dissolution of that gallant body following communist-imposed exile of King Michael on 30 December '47. This is hardly the place for an in-depth description of the Royal Romanian Army; for those so interested I refer to such excellent, if not indispensable works as Mark Axworthy's THIRD AXIS, FOURTH ALLY or George Nafziger's RUMANIAN ORDER OF BATTLE WORLD WAR II (see under "Sources Consulted" at the end of this report).

在苏联人的领导下，罗马尼亚的装甲力量在和德国人和其他轴心军的战斗中消耗殆尽，只有极少数幸存到战争结束。

尽管如此，总的来看，罗马尼亚陆军的结构，包括装甲部队的编制，还是整齐的。在大战中，皇家罗马尼亚陆军主要还是以步兵为主，并辅之以几支精锐的骑兵和山地部队。

Still, a brief overview of the Army's structure, with particular attention to the Army's armoured formations, seems in order (if not, well, feel free to skip on down...). Prior to World War Two, if not for its entire history, the Royal Romanian Army has been more or less an infantry body, albeit with selected elite formations of cavalry and mountain troops. Other than a brief flirtation with a couple armoured cars, the Army's first armoured formation sprang into being following the end of World War One with the acquisition of a regiment of French Renault FT tanks, for many years the Army's sole armoured formation (with the exception of several armoured trains which were soon scrapped and a handful of armoured cars serving with the Cavalry).

After years of neglect, the Army was revamped with a ten-year national rearmament program established in the spring of 1935 which called for a list strength of twenty-two infantry divisions, three understrength cavalry divisions, and three mountain infantry brigades, with an organised reserve of nine infantry divisions, one cavalry division plus one cavalry brigade, and one mountain infantry brigade. Armoured forces were projected at one motorised brigade, comprising an expanded tank regiment of both the aging Renault FT's and an equal number of newer tanks (either French or Czech models) along with some light infantry battalions (ideally in trucks) and assorted support services. Cavalry formations would remain horsed, although small numbers of armoured reconnaissance vehicles tankettes and armoured cars would now be included in their composition.

一战以后国家疏虞发展军备，直到1935年春季制定一项10年武备重整计划，该计划达到22个步兵师，3个不满编的骑兵师，3个山地步兵旅，还有<

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