[烛光生存狂]-[中英版]西班牙内战中苏联坦克的使用

The use of Soviet tanks in the Spanish Civil War provides an intriguing example of the potential and problems of innovation in military technology. As the first major employment of armor since the end of World War I, the Spanish Civil War was seen by some observers as offering valuable lessons in the debate over the future role of tanks and tank warfare. Yet at the same time, other observers questioned whether the lessons had relevance to major armies due to the small scale of tank employment in Spain, the poor tactics employed, and the unique conditions of the Spanish experience. In the case of the Red Army, the Spanish Civil War experience did have some important consequences in tank technology, but on the tactical side, many lessons were ignored, distorted, or misunderstood.

西班牙内战中苏联坦克的使用是个有关军事技术创新的潜力和带来问题的令人感兴趣的例子。作为第一次世界大战后第一次成规模使用装甲力量的战争，西班牙内战被一些观察家认为为有关坦克的未来角色和坦克战的争论提供了有价值的经验教训；同时另一些人则质疑由于在西班牙使用的坦克规模太小，战术简单及西班牙内战的特殊性，这些经验教训能否影响到主要的强国的军队。对于苏联红军来说，西班牙内战的经验对坦克技术的发展确实有一定的影响，但在战术层面，许多教训被忽视，歪曲或误解了。

In the face of German and Italian military aid to Franco's insurgent Nationalist forces, Stalin decided to send military aid to the Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War. The first shipment of tanks and tank specialists left for Spain in September 1936. The cargo ship Komsomol arrived at the port of Cartagena on 12 October 1936 with a shipment of 50 T-26 light tanks and 51 "volunteer" tank specialists. In the meantime, the Soviet military attach?at the Madrid embassy, Kombrig Vladimir Gorev, had arranged for the creation of a training center near the town of Archene in Mursia, about 90 km. from the port. The Soviet government did not plan to provide crews for the tanks sent to Spain, but rather to train Spanish personnel to operate them. Archene became the main training and technical center for the Republican tank force for much of the war.

面对德国和意大利向反叛的佛朗哥的“民族主义”军队提供军事援助，斯大林决定向内战中的共和国军队派出军援。1936年9月，第一批坦克和坦克专家乘船开赴西班牙。货船Komsomol号于1936年10月12日抵达卡塔赫那港，运来了50辆T-26轻型坦克和51名“志愿”的坦克专家（由于苏联参加了“不干涉委员会”Non-Intervention Committee，因此称志愿者）。同时，马德里苏联使馆的武官符拉基米尔•戈列夫上校（Kombrig Vladimir Gorev，当时的苏军没有采用传统的军衔，而是用与职务相关的名称，Kombrig大致相当于上校），安排在离卡塔赫那港约90公里的穆尔西亚省的阿尔切纳（Archena）建立了一个训练中心。苏联政府并不打算为派到西班牙的坦克配备苏联乘员，而是训练西班牙人来操作它们。在内战的许多时间里，阿尔切纳一直都是共和国军坦克部队的训练和技术中心。

The T-26 light tank was the standard infantry tank in Red Army service at the time, and the most widely produced Soviet tank of the inter-war period. Indeed, it was manufactured in larger numbers than all of the other tanks of the world combined of the 1930s. The T-26 was a license-built copy of the British Vickers 6-ton light tank, but with a Soviet designed turret and gun. The Red Army followed the common European practice of the day, employing several different types of tanks for specific roles. While the slow T-26 tank was intended to provide support to Red Army rifle divisions, the BT-5 "fast tank" was intended for the cavalry and deep exploitation role, much like the contemporary British cruiser tanks. Due to the nature of the fighting, the T-26 was the main type of tank sent to Spain during the war, accounting for 281 of the 331 tanks sent to Spain. The T-26 was not ideal for infantry support. It was thinly armored, and vulnerable to contemporary anti-tank guns. In contrast, the newer generation of infantry tanks such as the French Renault R-35 and British Matilda I were significantly better armored. The T-26 had an advantage in firepower, however, being armed with a dual-purpose 45mm gun that was more versatile than the armament on British or French infantry tanks of the period.

T-26轻型坦克是当时红军的标准步兵坦克，并且是二次大战前生产数量最多的苏联坦克。实际上，她的产量比30年代世界上其他所有坦克的总和还要多。T-26是许可证生产的英国维克斯6吨轻型坦克的翻版，但炮塔和火炮为苏联设计。苏联红军和当时的一般欧洲国家的做法一样，同时使用数种用于特定目的的坦克。速度较慢的T-26坦克用来为红军步兵师提供支援，而BT-5“快速坦克”则打算用于骑兵部队及纵深突破，更接近同时代的英国巡洋坦克。由于战争的特性，T-26是战争期间送往西班牙的坦克的主要型号，占总共331辆中的281辆。T-26用于支援步兵并不理想。她装甲薄，在当时的反坦克炮面前显得很脆弱。相反，更新一代的步兵坦克，如法国的雷诺R-35和英国的“马蒂尔达”I型的装甲防护要好得多。但T-26在火力上占优势，装备了一门45毫米两用炮，比同时代的英法步兵坦克的武器更加有效多用。

The initial training program at Archene was headed by Kombrig Semen M. Krivoshein. Although the initial plans were to confine the use of Soviet personnel to training, by the end of October, the situation for the Republican forces around Madrid was becoming so desperate that the Soviet attach?V. Gorev was authorized to form some ad hoc combat formations from the Archene training center and send them to reinforce the Madrid front. At least three small groups were dispatched to the front, one headed by Komrot A. Novak with six BA-3 armored cars and seven T-26 tanks, a Spanish tank platoon under Major P. Villakansas, and a reinforced company-sized formation under Kombat Paul Arman. The two first groups went into action on the night of 27 October 1936 with little effect. The first significant action by the Republican tank force occurred on the morning of 29 October by Arman's partially formed 1st Tank Battalion.

最初在阿尔切纳的训练计划由塞门.M.克里沃申上校（ Semen M. Krivoshein）负责。虽然最初计划仅限于使用苏联人员进行教练，但10月底，马德里附近的共和国军的形势非常糟糕，以致苏联武官V. 戈列夫批准从阿尔切纳的人员中组成一些临时的战斗编队前去加强马德里前线。至少三个小型的战斗群被派到前线，一个由A.诺瓦克上尉（Komrot A. Novak）指挥，包括6辆BA-3装甲汽车和7辆T-26坦克，一个由比亚坎萨斯（P. Villakansas）少校指挥的西班牙坦克排，还有一个由保尔.阿尔曼少校（Kombat Paul Arman）指挥的加强连规模的编队。前面两个编队于1936年10月27日晚投入战斗，但作用有限。共和国军的坦克部队的首次有效的战斗是在10月29日早晨，由Arman的部分成军的第1坦克营进行。

Arman was a flamboyant character, a Latvian who had served with the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War, who then served undercover as a Soviet agent in the Latvian Army until 1926 when he returned to the Soviet Union. After attending Soviet officer courses, he served as a company commander in a Red Army BT fast tank regiment prior to his transfer to Spain. Arman was selected to lead the first training group since, unlike most Red Army officers he spoke several western European languages. Arman had selected the best Soviet crews, mixed with some of the new Spanish crews, for a total of 34 Soviet tankers and 11 Spanish crewmen. In a conversation with one of the Spanish generals at the front, Arman is reported to have quipped "The situation is not so hopeless. They have fifteen thousand soldiers, we have fifteen tanks, so the strengths are equal!". On the morning of 29 October 1936, Arman's company was assigned to support a Republican infantry attack by Brigade Lister and Brigade Bueno against Italian and Spanish Nationalist units in the village of Sesena, on the southern approaches to Madrid.

阿尔曼是个活跃的拉托维亚人，俄国内战起就在布尔什维克的队伍中服役，接着作为一个间谍进入拉托维亚陆军直到1926年回到苏联红军。完成红军的军官课程后，来西班牙前在一个BT快速坦克团里担任连长。阿尔曼被挑选出担任第一个训练群的头儿，因为与大部分红军军官不同，他会说几种西欧语言。阿尔曼挑选了最好的苏联乘员，与一些新的

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