[烛光生存狂]-罗马尼亚DT-UDR 75mm反坦克炮简介

Because of the scarcity of anti-tank and field artillery in the Romanian Army, there had been felt the need for a type of weapon to replace the losses and supplement the existing equipment, that could be built in Romania with the available industrial capacity.

On June 2, 1942, a meeting between the representatives of Technical Department of the Army Ordnance Ministry and of the General Staff had been held. There had been issued for the first time the proposal for an anti-tank gun able to be used also as field artillery, and a report had been requested.

According to the report made by Col. Valerian Nestorescu, Chief of Artillery Material Service, the project could not be an entirely new design(which needed expensive, complex and time consuming calculations and experiments), but a mixture of the best elements of the guns in service with the Royal Romanian Army and of the captured Soviet equipment, whose manufacture had to be based on the tooling and machinery in service, with Romanian standardized elements and alloy formulas.

The team designated to perform the research and build the prototype was composed of Col. Nestorescu(the boss), Dipl.Ing. Lazar Stoicescu(chief of the Construction Office of the Resita Works), and Capt. Eugen Burlacu. This team had to work in cooperation with the Resita Works, who had gained valuable experience in building the AA gun "75mm Vickers-Resita Md. 1936".

To this team had been assigned for research a series of guns already in service with the Army, and also three types of captured Soviet guns(Model 1936, 1939 and 1941).

At the Resita Works have been produced three prototypes of AT guns by combining elements of the AT guns Model 1941 and 1936(Soviet), of the AA gun Vickers-Resita Md. 1936 and of the AT gun PaK 40(German).

1st prototype had a barrel copied after the Soviet ZIS Model 1936 AT gun but rebored at 75mm, firing Vickers-type shells.

2nd prototype used a barrel and muzzle brake from the Putilov Model 1902 Soviet field gun, rebored to 75mm and mounted on the carriage of the ZIS Model 1941 At gun.

3rd prototype used the muzzle brake, recoil cylinder, firing system and carriage from the ZIS Model 1941 gun, barrel, rifling and cartridge chamber from the Vickers-Resita gun and the shell chamber from the PaK 40 gun, with the other elements built locally(AT sights, panoramic sights, shielding etc). The shell for the gun was a special construction, type "Costinescu", combining the German PzGr 40 with Vickers cartridges.

During the summer of 1943 had been made various tests of the three prototypes. The barrel life, on the 3rd prototype(officially known as "DT-UDR Nr. 26, Md. 1943") was rated as 500 rounds.

In September 1943, in the Suditi firing range, a large-scale test has been organized. The three prototypes had to compete against the ZIS Model 1941 Soviet gun, the 1902 Putilov rebored field gun, and four AT guns type ZIS Model 1941 in 76.2mm calibre, built/copied by Resita Works.

On October 23, 1943, on the same firing range, in front of Marshal Ion Antonescu and other officials, the tests had been repeated, using eight armor plates, all of 100mm thickness. Four of them had been placed at 30 degrees and 300m, next three at 30 degrees and 500m, and the last one at 1000m vertically. The third prototype("DT-UDR Nr. 26, Md. 1943") penetrated all the eight plates.

Following those tests, the mass production of the gun based on the third prototype had been decided, together with the mounting on the Romanian-designed SP gun "Maresal" chassis of the same type of gun.

On December 10, 1943, an order for 3500 examples of the gun had been placed to the factories "Resita", "Astra-Brasov" and "Concordia" Ploiesti. Even from November, the Resita Works had already delivered the blueprints, tooling and specialized personnel to the other two factories, the production beginning almost immediately.

The gun was also known as T.A.C. - 75 - Nr. 26, but most oftenly called Resita Md. 1943 cal. 75mm.

216 examples have been built until the end of 1944, when the production was stopped by an order from the Soviet occupants and never revived.

In tests, the Romanian design had proved itself superior not only to the German PaK 40, but also to the Soviet ZIS 1941 76.2mm, which makes it one of the best AT gun designs of WWII.

Comparative data:

Type ZIS 76.2 / PaK 40 / Resita 1943

Cal. 76.2mm / 75mm / 75mm

Weight 1200kg / 1570kg / 1430kg

Barrel length 3.485m / 3.71m / 3.625m

Rifling length 2.57m / 2.852m / 2.5m

Elevation -5deg to +35deg / -4deg to +22deg / -7deg to +35deg

Traverse 55deg / 65deg / 70deg

Fire Direct+indirect / Direct only / Direct+indirect

Number of elements 610 / 1200 / 680

Muzzle velocity 725-745m/s / 770-990m/s / 840-1030m/s

Shell weight 6.7-6.4kg / 6.8-4.1kg / 6.6-4.1kg

Muzzle energy 175t / 205t / 235t

Max range 12km / 10km / 12km(up to 1.5km effective penetration with AP shell)

Rate of fire 12-15rds/min / ? / 20rds/min

由于罗马尼亚军队内缺乏反坦克炮和野战炮，所以需要在罗马尼亚现有的工业生产能力下能生产一种有效的武器用于替换战场上的损失和弥补现有武器性能的不足。一九四二年六月二日，由技术局、军械局和总参部代表召开会议，在会上第一次提出研制一种反坦克炮而且也能作为野战炮使用，并被提供报告。

　　根据火炮材料保养部主任 Valerian Nestorescu 上校的报告，这个项目不会采用全新的设计〔因为这样耗资太多，而且时间的紧迫性导致无法充分研制和试验〕，但是可以采用目前罗马尼亚皇家陆军内服役的最优秀的火炮和缴获的苏联装备的零件设计成一种新的武器，用罗马尼亚现有的材料和标准进行加工制造。

　　在 Nestorescu 上校、Dipl.Ing. Lazar Stoicescu 和 Eugen Burlacu 上尉的组织下，设计小组进行了研究并造出了样炮。设计小组在工作中与瑞塞塔〔Resita〕公司进行合作，该公司在七十五毫米维克斯－瑞塞塔一九三六式防空炮时积累了不少经验。这个小组测试了在军队中服役的一系列火炮和缴获的三种苏联火炮〔分别为一九三六年、一九三九年和一九四一年式〕。瑞塞塔工厂通过对苏联的一九四一年式、一九三六年式反坦克炮、七十五毫米维克斯－瑞塞塔一九三六式防空炮和德国四○型反坦克炮〔PaK 40〕的零件重新组合生产了三种反坦克炮的样品。第一种样炮的炮管是仿制苏联ＺＩＳ－１９３６年式反坦克炮的，但是改镗口径为七十五毫米，可以发射维克斯的炮弹。第二种样炮使用俄国普提洛夫一九○二年式野战炮的炮管和炮口制退器，口径也改为七十五毫米，安装在苏联ＺＩＳ－１９３６年式反坦克炮的炮架上。第三种样炮参照了苏联ＺＩＳ－１９４１年式反坦克炮的炮口制退器、驻退筒、击火系统和炮架，七十五毫米维克斯－瑞塞塔一九三六式防空炮的炮管、膛线和弹膛和德国四○型反坦克炮〔PaK 40〕的弹膛以及其他一些本国生产的零件〔如反坦克炮的瞄准镜和火炮防盾等〕。火炮的弹药则由德国的Ｐｚ．Ｇｒ．４０的弹头和维克斯的药筒组合而成，称为康斯廷斯库〔Costinescu〕式。

　　在一九四三年夏，这三种样炮进行了广泛的测试。实验显示第三种样炮的炮管寿命高达五百发〔这种火炮的官方制式编号就是 DT-UDR Nr.26 Model 1943〕。一九四三年九月，在苏迪缇射击场进行了大量的测试。这三种样炮从性能上彻底击败了苏联的ＺＩＳ－１９４１年式反坦克炮、普提洛夫一九○二年式野战炮〔炮管重新膛过〕和瑞塞塔工厂仿制的苏联的ＺＩＳ－１９４１年式反坦克炮。

　　一九四三年十月二十三日，在同一个射击场，在安东尼斯库元帅和大批官员的注视下，当场重新进行了实验。实验场中布置了八块一百毫米厚的装甲板，四块置于三百米处、倾角三十度，三块置于五百米处、倾角三十度，最后一块垂直放置于一千米处。第三种样炮，也就是 DT-UDR Nr.26 一九四三式火炮击穿了所有的八块装甲板。根据这些测试，立刻决定大批量生产第三种样炮，并要求能安装在罗马尼亚自行设计的“元帅〔Maresal〕”自行火炮上。

　　一九四三年十二月十日，向瑞塞塔〔Resita〕、奥斯绰－布拉索夫〔Astra-Brasov〕、肯考迪亚－普洛耶什蒂〔Concordia Ploiesti〕工厂订购了三千五百门。早在十一月瑞塞塔工厂就向其他两个工厂交付了蓝图并派出了专门的生产技术人员，所以生产几乎是立即开始。这种火炮也被称作 T.A.C.75 Nr.26 式，

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