[烛光生存狂]-比利时T-13自行火炮和T-15轻型坦克介绍(有问题请教)

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二战比利时编制

T13自行火炮

1. History

When the army undertook its motorisation program in 1929, the first tracked armoured vehicle it was interested in was the Carden-Loyd Mark VI, built by the British company Vickers-Armstrong. Six exemplars were bought and they participated to the manoeuvre of 1931. Some traction trials of the 47mm C47 FRC AT gun and of the 76mm FRC took place. But they were not very satisfactory (weak mobility on road and in the field).

1929年比利时陆军开始着手进行机械化改造，军方对英国“维克斯·阿穆斯特朗”Vickers-Armstrong公司制造的“卡登·劳德”Carden-Loyd Mark VI超轻型坦克很感兴趣。购买的6辆坦克参与了1931年的演习。同时也对牵引C47 FRC 47mm反坦克炮和FRC 76mm炮进行了测试，但它们的公路和越野的机动性均较差，结果不是很令人满意。

At the same time it was observed that the 47mm C47 At gun was hard to put in battery and that it was even harder to undeploy it (not very easy when you need to move away quickly). So it was not very practical for a mobile unit.

与此同时，比利时军方也注意到了C47 47mm反坦克炮在作战中很难及时布置到指定的防御位置，而在炮组撤离的时候则更加困难。因此非常不适合机动部队的要求。

The 47 mm At gun was then mounted on the six Carden-Loyd Mark VI. Those transformed vehicles had the disadvantage of only being able to fire in a single direction: forwards. Above all their all around mobility in the forest of the Ardennes was not satisfactory. Those vehicules were used by the “Chasseurs Ardennais” until 1938. After that time, they were used by two “Cyclistes-Frontière” regiments. They were placed between Vivegnis and Lixhe along the Meuse (Maas) river as static defences. They fought between the 10th and the 11th of May 1940 and then sabotaged or abandoned (since they couldn’t move any more).But the idea of a gun mounted on a tankette was further developed.

不久6辆卡登·劳德 Mark VI上安装了47mm反坦克炮。这些改造车辆的最大缺点是火炮无法转动，因此只能朝前方射击。最重要的是它们在阿登森林表现出的机动性也不能让人满意。这些车辆被分配给“阿登轻步兵团”（“Chasseurs Ardennais”）一直使用到1938年。此后，被转交给两个“边境自行车”（“Cyclistes-Frontière”）团。它们被部署在沿着马斯河Meuse (Maas)河的Vivegnis到Lixhe之间的防御阵地。在1940年5月10-11日的战斗中损坏或因为不能移动而被放弃。但是在超轻型坦克上安装火炮的点子得到了发展。

Carden-Loyd Mark VI 47mm自行火炮

In 1934, the army had bought larger Vickers-Carden-Loyd tracked tractors in order to tow the 20 Bofors 75mm M34 mountain guns bought for the “Chasseurs Ardennais”. 21 (with ordinary steel plates) were bought to that end.

1934年陆军购买了更大型的Vickers-Carden-Loyd履带牵引车用来牵引20门Bofors M34型75mm山炮（用于装备“阿登轻步兵团”.）。首批的21辆采用的是普通的钢板。

35 other units were bought but with armoured steel plates. Those 35 exemplars were armed with a pivoting half turret pointed rearwards (armour on the front of the turret, open air at the rear) able to turn at 360°. But in order to turn at 360°, the armoured plates on the front and on the sides of the vehicle had to be lowered first, otherwise it could turn at120°. The turret was equipped with a 47mm FRC M32 AT gun (the same gun as the C47 FRC infantry AT gun) and with a F.N. Mod30 automatic rifle (basically a Belgian BAR) placed on the right of the gun. The T13-B1 was born.

另外的35辆采用的是装甲钢板。这35辆在车体的后部安装了一个炮塔（顶部和后部敞开）。可以360度旋转。但为了可以360度旋转，车辆前面和侧面的装甲板先要降低，否则炮塔就只能旋转12度。炮塔内安装了一门FRC M32 47mm反坦克炮（和C47 FRC 步兵反坦克炮相同）和一挺F.N. Mod30自动步枪（火炮的右侧）。这就是T13-B1

T13-B1型自行火炮

The 56 units were produced under licence by Miesse (a truck maker located at Buysinghen, near Brussels).

But the 23 unarmed tractors bought in order to tow the 75mm Bofors mountain guns were not satisfactory. They were replaced by a more performing wheeled vehicle (the F.N. 63C-4RM 4x4 trucks). The 23 Vickers tractors were then recuperated, modified and armed with the 47mm FRC AT gun, like their cousins. Those vehicles took the name of T13-B2.

不过23辆原本用来牵引Bofors 75mm山炮的无武装牵引车的性能不是令人满意。它们被性能更好的F.N. 63C-4RM型4x4卡车取代。这23辆Vickers牵引车被收回进行了改进，装备了FRC 47mm反坦克炮（和它们的前辈一样）。这些车被称为T13-B2.

T13-B2型自行火炮

T13-B1 and T13-B2 are almost identical. The only few differences are the number plates ( the T13-B1 were in the 0500 serial number while the B2 were in the 1100 serial number),… A T13-B2 can be seen at the Royal Army Museum in Brussels.

T13-B1和T13-B2几乎相同。如今可以在布鲁塞尔的皇家陆军博物馆里看到一辆T13-B2。

As said above, the T13-B1 and T13-B2 had the main disadvantage of having to lower the front and side armoured plates to be able to fire in all directions. A third model named T13-B3 was designed, based on the Vickers-Carden-Loyd Light Dragon MkII B export, which was more stable and better suspended. The new model was fitted with a half turret able to turn freely at 360°. The new model was produced by the Atelier de construction of Familleureux. The turret was armed with a 47 mm FRC AT gun (the same gun as the C47 FRC infantry AT gun) and a FN-Browning Mod 30 automatic rifle.

如上所述，T13-B1和T13-B2的最大缺点就是要降低前面和侧面的装甲板才能进行全向射击。为此研制了第三种型号：T13-B3。是在Vickers-Carden-Loyd Light Dragon MkII B的基础上，有着更稳定更好的悬挂。新型号上安装的炮塔可以360度的旋转，由Familleureux的制造厂生产。炮塔上装备了一门FRC 47mm反坦克炮和一挺FN-Browning Mod 30自动步枪。

The driver’s position was fully enclosed with overhead protection (unlike the T13-B1 and B2 version). They were delivered from 1938.

驾驶员位置有一个完全的顶部防护（与T13-B1和B2型不同）T13-B3从1938年开始交付使用。

The real number of T13-B3 produced before 10th May 1940 is quite uncertain. But they were produce in large number (for a small country like Belgium).

1940年5月10日之前的T13-B3的生产数量是很难确定的，但是对像比利时这样的小国家来说数量还是非常大的。

What is sure is that the first order of 194 units was completed in late 1939 and a second order of 158 units had been placed in September 1939. The production never stopped and continued until May 1940. So dozens of T13-B3 were certainly produced in that time. But following estimations, the real total number of T13-B3 produced before 10th May 1940 is between 250 and 255 units.

1939年末完成了194辆，1939年9月完成了第2批158辆，直到1940年5月生产一直没有停止过。1940年5月10日之前的T13-B3的生产数量应该该在250-255辆之间。

T13-B3自行火炮(后期型)

2. Operational use

The T13’s were designed as infantry (or cavalry) support vehicle (like a mobile antitank artillery), not as a tank. But the circumstances of May 1940 forced their use as fighting tanks, a role for which they had not been destined. So its performances were not always up to the expectations.

T-13是一种步兵或骑兵的支援车辆（好比是一种移动的反坦克炮兵），而不是坦克。但是在1940年5月的情况下迫使它们被当作了坦克来使用。所以它们的性能总是<

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