[烛光生存狂]-意大利P40重型坦克简介

The Italian P 40 tank was the natural evolution from the earlier M tanks such as the M 13/40, M 14/41, and M 15/42. During development, it was initially called the P26/40: the P designating a heavy tank (P = pesante, heavy; M = medio, medium); the 26 referring to its intended weight in metric tons, and the /40 indicating the year the program started, 1940. In the summer of 1942, the '26' was dropped, and the design became known simply as the P40.

意大利的P 40重型坦克是从早期的M系列坦克，诸如M 13/40, M 14/41和M 15/42进化发展而来。在研制期间，它最初是被称为P26/40：P代表重型坦克(P = pesante, heavy; M = medio, medium);26表示它最初的重量，后面的40表示的是项目开始的时间，1940年，1942年夏，26被撤消，设计被简单的称为P40。

Development of the P 40 began in earnest in 1941 and continued until spring 1943. The slow pace of development was due to changes in the requirements by the military and various troubles with some components. At the time of the armistice on 8th September 1943, only one finished prototype had been delivered to the Regio Esercito (Royal Italian Army) and three more were ready at the FIAT Ansaldo factory in Genoa. Allied air raids in northern Italy, the shortage of electric power, and the irregular supply of raw material slowed production. The Germans immediately occupied the factory and ordered the production of 75 vehicles (and 75 more in November), half of which without engines and transmissions for the use as bunkers in defensive lines.

P40的研制工作从1941年起一直到1942年春才完成。研制速度的缓慢是由于军方要求的改变和各种的技术困难所造成。1943年9月8日休战的时候，仅完成了一辆原型车交付给了Regio Esercito（意大利皇家陆军），另外的三辆还在在热那亚（Genoa）的菲亚特(FIAT)安萨尔多(Ansaldo)工厂躺着。盟军对意大利北部的轰炸，造成了电力短缺，使得装甲板的加工变得时断时续，影响了生产。德国人立即占领了工厂并订购了75辆坦克（11月订购了另外75辆）。其中的一半没有发动机和传动装置被用做防线上的碉堡。

The Germans were not able to solve the technical problems in the P 40 design. The new FIAT diesel engine proved to be unreliable and at the end of September 1943, the Germans sent a single complete example to Germany for trials along with a second incomplete vehicle without engine or armament. This second vehicle was intended to be fitted with a German 75mm L/24 gun and the Maybach HL 120 engine of the Panzer IV. The complete P 40 was demonstrated to Hitler on 20th October 1943 together with other new AFVs.

德国人也不能解决P40设计上遇到的技术难题。新设计的FIAT柴油机发动机被证明不是很可靠。1943年9月末，德国人把一辆完整的样车送到了德国进行测试，同行另一辆车没有安装发动机和武备。第二辆车上打算安装一门德国的L/24 75mm炮和四号坦克上的Maybach HL 120发动机。1943年10月20日，P40和其他的一些新型装甲车辆在希特勒面前进行了展示。

German sources indicate that 101 P 40s were completed: 13 complete and 11 without engines in 1943, and 48 complete and 29 without engines in 1944-45. The 40 tanks without engines were emplaced in the fortified lines along the coast in Tuscany and in the Gothic Line or as it was known to the Germans, the GrŸne Linie. Some of these were dug into the ground, while others were deployed behind walls or creek embankments.

德国资料称一共生产了101辆P40：1943年完成了13辆整车和11辆没有发动机，1944-45年有48辆整车和29辆无发动机。40辆没有发动机的坦克被被摆放在沿着托斯卡纳（Tuscany）和哥达文防线（Gothic Line）的要塞。一些被埋在土里，其余的被放置在后墙或河流路基上。

In the autumn of 1943 the Germans decided to use the 61 mobile P 40s in 4 Panzerartillerie Regiment (armoured artillery regiment). Instead, they were delivered to a mixture of units. In October 1943, five were deployed with the Panzer-Ausbildungs-Abteilung SŸd (Southern front Armoured training battalion). In April 1944, five or six were delivered to the Panzer Abteilung Adria (Adriatic coast Armoured battalion).

1943年秋，德国人决定把61辆可以移动的P40交付给四个Panzerartillerie团（装甲炮兵团）。1943年10月，5辆被交给了Southern front 装甲训练营（Southern front Armoured training battalion). 1944年4月，5到6辆送到了Panzer Abteilung Adria（亚得里亚海海岸装甲营）。

The single largest operator of the P 40 was the 24 Waffen-Gebirgs-Brigade der SS KarstjŠger (24th Waffen-SS Mountain Brigade, 'Karst-hunters'). This unit received 20 to 22 tanks in October 1944. The Brigade's panzer company was self-supporting and included a complete workshop. It was used against the Italian partisans in northern Italy and in neighbouring Yugoslavia against Tito's partisans. It fought British forces near the Tarvisio Pass in early May 1945, losing two P 40s. When news arrived about the end of the war, the rest of the tanks were abandoned along a road near Villach. These P 40s carried tactical numbers in the standard German style, with three digits in red or black outlined in white.

接受P40最多的一支部队是24 Waffen-Gebirgs-Brigade der SS KarstjŠger（第24党卫军山地旅）。1944年10月，这支部队接受了20到22辆坦克。旅属装甲连可以半自给，包括一个完整的维修工场。被用来打击意大利北部的意大利游击队和邻国南斯拉夫打击铁托的游击队。1945年5月初在Tarvisio Pass附近和英国部队交战，损失了2辆P40。当战争结束的消息传来后，剩余的坦克被抛弃在菲拉赫（Villach）的一条路上。这些P40上绘有标准的德国战术标记。

In mid-November 1944, 13 P 40 tanks were delivered to the 15 Polizei-Panzer-Kompanie (German police tank company) that used the tanks in north-west Italy for security duties. The company surrendered to the Italian partisans at the end of the war and abandoned its tanks in Novara. In December 1944, 15 P 40 tanks were deployed with the 10 Polizei Panzer Kompanie, a unit assigned to patrol the important area around Verona, and at the end of April 1945 it moved to Bolzano (Bozen), near the Austrian border, where it later surrendered to the US Army. The only use of the P 40 by Italian forces was with the R.S.I. (Repubblica Sociale Italiana, Mussolini's Italian Social Republic), which used three of them used them in the Milan area.

1944年11月中期，13辆P40坦克交给了15 Polizei-Panzer-Kompanie（第15德国警察装甲连），主要在意大利西北部执行安全保障任务。战争结束后，坦克连向意大利游击队投降，坦克被抛弃在Novara。1944年12月，15辆P40坦克部署在第10警察装甲连(10 Polizei Panzer Kompanie)，部队在维罗纳附近的重要地区进行巡逻。1945年4月末，移防到了波尔查诺（Bozen），在奥地利边境附近。后来向美军投降。唯一使用P40的意大利部队是R.S.I. (意大利社会共和国[Repubblica Sociale Italiana], Mussolini's Italian Social Republic)，其中的三辆在米兰地区使用。

Technically, the P 40 was comparable to the PzKpfw IV. The Germans limited the use of the P 40 to secondary formations due to shortages of diesel fuel, engine problems, the absence of a commander's vision cupola and its modest armour protection. It was, nonetheless, the most powerful Italian tank to see combat in World War II.

从技术上讲,P40和德国人的四号坦克相类似。由于缺乏柴油,发动机问题,缺乏车长指挥塔和薄弱的装甲防护,P40被德国人主要用在二线。但不管怎么说,P40是意大利在二战中威力最大的坦克。

Technical Data

Italian designation: Carro pesante P 40

German designation: PzKpfw P 40 Kennummer 737(i)

Combat weight: 26.0 tonnes

Length: 5.795 metres

Width: 2.8 metres

Height: 2.522 metres

Ground clearance: 437 mm

Engine: FIAT SPA 342, Diesel, 330 hp

Maximum road speed: 39.4 km/h

Range on road: 150 km

Armament: 75mm/34 gun

Co-axial machine-gun: 8mm Breda Model 38

Ammunition: 63 rounds of 75 mm, 576 rounds of 8mm

Armour: 14 to 50 mm

Crew: 4

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