[烛光生存狂]-罗马尼亚装甲车辆简介

FT-17坦克

装备Hotchkiss 8mm机枪的FT-17

装备37mm Puteaux炮的FT-17

摆放在布加勒斯特国家军事博物馆的FT-17

Seventy-six Renault FT-17 tanks were obtained by Romanian-French collaboration in 1919 and equipped the first Romanian tank battalion. Forty-five of these tanks were armed with a Puteaux 37mm gun and thirty-one were armed with a Hotchkiss 8mm machine-gun.

依据罗马尼亚和法国在1919的协议，法国人向后者提供了76辆雷诺FT-17坦克，由此组建了罗马尼亚历史上第一个坦克营。在这些坦克中45辆装备一门皮托（Puteaux）37mm火炮，31辆装备了一挺霍奇基斯（Hotchkiss）8mm机枪。

The vehicle was operated by a crew of two: the driver and the commander, the latter handling the armament in a 360 rotating turret. During the inter-war period, part of the Renault FT-17 tanks were refurbished at Leonida Works and at the Arsenal of the Army in Bucharest.

坦克乘员包括驾驶员和车长，后装武器安装在一个可以360度旋转的炮塔内。战前，部分的雷诺FT-17坦克被送到了列欧妮达（Leonida）工厂和布加勒斯特的陆军兵工厂进行整修。

At the outbreak of the war in the East, the outdated FT-17 tanks, designated "FT", formed the independent FT Tank Battalion. They were used for security duties in important industrial and urban centres of Romania (Bucharest, Ploiesti, Sibiu, Resita) and training. They played an important role in the rapid annihilation of German forces in these centres during the insurgency of 23 August 1944. All of them were confiscated by the Soviets in February 1945.

东线战争爆发的时候，已经过时的FT-17坦克，此时被称为“FT”，组成了FT独立坦克营。它们被主要用来保卫罗马尼亚重要的工业和中心城市的安全防卫（包括布加勒斯特，普洛耶什蒂，锡比乌, 雷希察）和训练。在1944年8月23日罗马尼亚民族起义时，这些坦克在快速歼灭留在这些地点的德军的战斗中发挥起了重要的作用，所有坦克在1945年都被苏联人当作战利品没收了。

Crew 2

Weight 6.5t

Length 4.04m

Width 1.73m

Height 2.13m

Engine Renault 4 cylinders, 35hp, water cooled

Fuel petrol

Max speed 7.72km/h

Suspension sheet and helical springs

Armament 1 x 37mm Puteaux gun or

1 x 8mm Hotchkiss mg

Armour 6-22mm

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R-1轻型坦克

1942年8月8日，Pantazi将军视察克里米亚的第8骑兵师第5机械化中队

On 1 April 1936 the Romanian Military accepted in service the AH IV light tank produced by Ceskomoravska Kolben Danek (CKD) factories and in August 1936 they placed an order of thirty-five vehicles.

1936年4月1日罗马尼亚军方接受了几辆由Ceskomoravska Kolben Danek (CKD)工厂制造的AH IV轻型坦克，之后在1936年8月他们订购了35辆。

Upon delivery, the AH IV tanks (often reffered as tankettes) were modified according to the Romanian Army needs. The commander cupola was removed from the top of the turret, the armour was diminished from 15mm to a maximum thickness of 12mm and the original 60hp Praha engine was replaced with a lighter 50hp engine of the same type.

在交付后，根据罗马尼亚人的要求对AH IV坦克（或称为超轻型坦克）进行了改进。炮塔顶部的车长指挥塔被取消，装甲从15mm降低到12mm，60马力的Praha发动机被更重量更轻的同型号所取代，功率也下降到50马力。

The weight reduction with over half a ton also reduced the mileage and increased the maximum range on road to 160 kilometers. The vehicle, designated "R-1", equipped the mechanised reconnaissance squadrons of the cavalry brigades. The 5th, 6th and 8th Cavalry Brigades received six R-1 tanks each, while the 1st, 7th and 9th Cavalry Brigades received four.

车重下降了半吨，车辆的最大行程被提高到了160公里。经过改进后的坦克，被罗马尼亚军方定型为“R-1”，主要装备骑兵旅中的机械化侦察骑兵连。其中第5,6,8骑兵旅分别接受了6辆R-1。第1,7,9骑兵旅则分别接受了4辆。

In 1941-42 they saw action with the Cavalry Corps (5th, 6th and 8th Cavalry Brigades) advancing in southern Ukraine and in Caucasus, and on other fronts assigned to cavalry troops (Odessa). After the disastruos battle of Stalingrad, the Cavalry Training Centre retreated R-1 from the active service.

1941-1942年，R-1坦克跟随着骑兵军（第5,6,8骑兵旅）向乌克兰和高加索挺进，其余的则向敖德萨进发。在经历了斯大林格勒的惨败后，骑兵训练中心把剩余的还在服役的R-1坦克都撤了回来。

Crew 2

Weight 3.5t

Dimensions

Length 3.2m

Width 1.79m

Height 1.67m

Engine

Type Praha, water cooled

Cylinders 6L

Power 50hp

Fuel petrol

Performance

Max road speed 45km/h

Max cross-country speed 20km/h

Trench crossing 1.5m

Fording depth 0.9m

Gradient 45?/td>

Range 160km

Armament

Main 1 x 7.92mm ZB37 mg

Secondary 1 x 7.92mm ZB30 mg

Ammunition 3000 cartridges

Armour

Armour 5-12mm

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R-2轻型坦克

1941年8月18日，在敖德萨被苏联反坦克炮击毁的R-2轻型坦克

阅兵式上的R-2轻型坦克，Notice the aerial identification cross painted in Romanian airforce style on the hood of the engine.

As part of the Army modernisation program started in 1935, in August 1936 126 Skoda LT vz.35 tanks were ordered from Czechoslovakia . The first 15 tanks were received on 1 May 1937 but they encountered technical problems to the engine that was incompatible with the local climate and fuel.Therefor the tanks were sent back and modified according to Romanian specifications. All of the 126 R-2 tanks were received by 1939 but another order for 382 tanks in mid-1939 was by the Germans.

作为从1935见起的陆军现代化改进开始的一部分，1936年8月，从捷克斯洛伐克订购了126辆Skoda LT vz.35坦克。1937年5月1日，交付了首批15辆坦克。但不久发动机就遇到了技术问题：发动机不能适应当地的气候环境以及不能和罗马尼亚人提供的燃料匹配。接着这批坦克被送回工厂依照罗马尼亚人的要求进行改进。1939年所有的126辆R-2坦克交付完毕，但是在1939年中订购的另外382辆坦克被德国人拒绝了。

R-2 equipped the 1st Tank Regiment of the Armoured Division during 1941-42. Acting as a shock unit, the Armoured Division achieved considerable successes in the battle for Kishinev, but at Odessa it suffered bitter losses when the R-2 tanks were used in infantry support role, their thin armour making them an easy prey even for the Soviet AT rifles. At the end of the 1941 campaign 26 R-2 tanks were irrevocable lost and in 1942 Germany agreed to deliver 26 almost identical but worn Panzerkampfwagen 35(t) to supplement the losses.

1941-9142年期间R-2开始装备装甲师的第一坦克团。作为一支打击力量，装甲师在在争夺基什尼奥夫的战斗中取得了相当的成就。但在进攻敖德萨时，由于R-2坦克被用来为步兵提供支援，所以遭受了很大的损失。薄弱的装甲使得它们甚至成为了苏联反坦克枪都很容易捕获的“猎物”。1941年战役结束的时候，共损失了26辆R-2坦克。1942年德国人送来了26辆二手的和R-2几乎相同的Panzerkampfwagen 35(t)坦克作为补充。

The Armoured Division finished rebuilding in country in August 1942 and was assigned to the 3rd Army defending the Don's Bend. As the German-Romanian troops were meeting an increasing number of T-34 tanks, the Armoured Division tested the effectiveness of an R-2 against a captured T-34. The test revealed that the T-34 was invulnerable to the 37mm gun of the R-2.

1942年8月，装甲师在国内完成了重建，被分配给了第三集团军防御顿河弯曲部。战斗中德-罗部队遭遇到了大量的T-34坦克，装甲师用一辆缴获的T-34来测试R-2坦克火炮威力，测试显示R-2的37mm炮对T-34构不成任何威胁。

During the battle of the Don's Bend, where the Soviet masses of medium and heavy tanks played havoc with the exhausted and poorly equipped Romanian troops, the Armoured Division lost 60 per cent of its combat capacity, crossing the

TACAM T-60

Following the campaign of 1941 Romanians realised that they lack anti-tank weapons effective against Soviet medium and heavy tanks. As neither Germany was in a better situation and could not provide Romania new tanks and anti-tank guns, Marshal Antonescu suggested the local production of a tank similar to the Soviet T-34.

早在1941年的战事中，罗马尼亚总参谋部就认识到罗马尼亚武装部队中反坦克武器缺乏的弱点，在进攻奥德萨的战役中，由于此类武器的匮乏造成大批罗军官兵伤亡，而在以后的战役中，面对越来越多的苏联中型和重型坦克，罗军更是一筹莫展。同一时期德军的反坦克武器装备较好一些，但德军紧张的武器补给状况使他无法为罗马尼亚人装备新的武器装备。因此安东内斯库元帅建议罗马尼亚自己制造一种新型坦克以对抗苏联的T-34.

Unfortunately the Romanian industry and resources could not meet such a daring project. By the end of 1942 there was available a large amount of captured material, including 175 tanks and 154 artillery pieces. Having these resources at his disposal, Lieutenant-Colonel Constantin Ghiulai was charged to design a self-propelled anti-tank gun. For the chassis he chose the T-60 Soviet light tank as being accessible to the Romanian industry. The engine of vehicle was GAZ 202, licensed Dodge-Derretto-Fargo FH2, for which there were enough spare parts in Romania and Germany. The main armament was the Soviet 76.2mm F-22 field gun model 1939, with 38 pieces available in a warehouse in Targoviste. The crew-protecting shield was made of 15mm armour plates salvaged from BT-7 tanks.

可依据当时罗马尼亚国内军工生产技术和设备，这个目标是不可能实现的。1942年秋天，罗马尼亚军队的一位中校——康斯坦丁古伊柳莱提出了一个折中方案，那就是充分利用1942年底以前捕获的苏军175辆坦克和154门火炮来改建新的反坦克武器。古伊柳莱中校的设计方案是利用罗马尼亚军工企业较为熟悉的苏联T-60轻型坦克的底盘，装配GAZ 202引擎，然后为之配备苏制76.2MM F-22 1939型火炮，然后从苏制BT-7坦克上拆下15MM的装甲钢板安装在新车上作为坦克乘员的防护装甲。

The new vehicle was designated Tun Anticar pe Afet Mobil T-60 (Self-propelled Gun on Mobile Carriage T-60) or TACAM T-60. The project was accepted and twenty-three serviceable T-60 tanks were sent to Leonida Works in Bucharest. On 12 January 1943 the prototype was completed and other eleven T-60s were sent for conversion. In late June, the first seventeen TACAMs were distributed to the Mechanised Training Centre and to the 1st Tank Regiment for evaluation and training. The other seventeen TACAMs were assembled by the end of 1943. Sixteen TACAM T-60 were distributed to the 1st Tank Regiment and formed the 61st Tank-destroyer Company and eighteen TACAM T-60 were distributed to the 2nd Tank Regiment where they formed the 62nd Tank-destroyer Company. They saw action on the Bessarabian and Moldavian front from February to August 1944. The Soviets confiscated the surviving TACAM T-60s in October 1944.

这种新设计方案很快得到罗军总参谋部的批准，第一批23辆罗马尼亚军队捕获的还可以行使的苏制T-60坦克很快被送到布加勒斯特莱奥纳德兵工厂。1943年2月12日，该车原型车被制造出来，这种新兵器被罗马尼亚总参谋部命名为T-60型自行火炮，简称TACAM T-60，第一批样车共12辆于1943年年初开始进行各种测试，到1943年6月，第一批17辆TACAM T-60被交付军方，这些车辆被分配给罗马尼亚机械化部队训练中心和第一坦克团进行实战评估和训练。1943年年底又生产出第二批17辆TACAM T-60自行火炮，这样在1943年底罗马尼亚军队共有34辆TACAM T-60自行火炮，其中16辆被分配给第一坦克团组建为第61坦克歼击连，另18辆被分配给第二坦克团组建了第62坦克歼击连。这两个连在1944年1月-8月被罗马尼亚军队派往比萨拉比亚和摩尔达维亚前线与苏军作战，1944年10月苏军没收了这些车辆中残余车辆。

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TACAM R-2

The stringent need for modernising the Romanian armoured force made the specialists of the Ministry of Army Endowment and War Production to study the possibility of upgrading the R-2 tank in early 1943.

1943年初，出于对罗马尼亚装甲部队现代化改进的考虑，罗马尼亚Ministry of Army Endowment和War Production开始对R-2坦克的性能提升的可能性进行分析。

As the conclusions for supplementing the armour and changing the main gun were not favourable, it was accepted to convert the vehicle into a self-propelled gun by using the captured 76.2mm artillery pieces and armour plates of the captured T-26 and T-60 tanks.

研究报告指出新型自行火炮使用缴获的76.2mm火炮，装甲则采用从T-26和T-60上卸下的装甲作为防护。

In spring 1943 the War Minister, General Constantin Pantazi, ordered the production of a prototype designated Tun Anticar pe Afet Mobil R-2 or TACAM R-2. The project was entrusted to a team led by Lieutenant-Colonel Constantin Ghiulai, the same that conceived the TACAM T-60.

1943年春，罗马尼亚国防部长Constantin Pantazi将军下令利用R-2坦克底盘设计出一种被称为Tun Anticar pe Afet Mobil R-2或TACAM R-2自行火炮。这个计划同样被委托给由Constantin Ghiulai中校领导的设计小组。

The prototype of TACAM R-2 was built at Leonida Works in Bucharest between July and September 1943. Following the trials that took place at Suditi, the testing committee concluded that even if the new vehicle had the drawback of a very high profile, it was more valuable than the R-2 tank.

1943年7-9月，TACAM R-2的原型车在布加勒斯特的Leonida兵工厂生产出来，随后在 Suditi进行了一系列测试，测试委员会认为虽然新型车辆的轮廓过高，但它还是比原来的R-2坦克更有价值。

On 12 February 1944 the military officials decided that forty R-2 tanks to be converted in TACAMs. The only modification made to the prototype's blueprint was the mounting of the Soviet 76.2mm ZIS-3 gun model 1942 instead of the F-22 gun. Twenty R-2 tanks were withdrawn from service and were modified at Leonida Works between February and June 1944.

1944年2月12日，罗马尼亚军方决定将40辆R-2坦克改装为TACAM，仅有的改进是用缴获的苏联ZIS-31942型反坦克炮替换下了原形车设计蓝图上采用的F-22炮。1944年2-6月，20辆R-2坦克被召回到Leonida兵工厂进行改装。

In July, a number of 7 TACAMs were tested at Dadilov. Firing tests against a captured T-34 revealed a gun effectiveness within 500 meters using Costinescu armour-piercing rounds. However, the gun handling was difficult and the optics were inadecvate. On July 22nd 1944 the High Command of Motomechanized Troops suspended the production of the other twenty TACAMs, resulting a total of twenty-one produced together with the prototype.

1944年7月，7辆TACAM在Dadilov进行测试，测试内容主要是使用罗马尼亚自行生产的康斯坦内斯库穿甲弹在500M距离射击一辆被捕获的苏制T-34坦克，用以检测火炮效果。但是实弹射击表明因为空间狭窄和光学仪器缺陷，在TACAM R-2上操作火炮射击十分困难。因此1944年7月22日，罗马尼亚摩托化部队司令部暂停第二批20辆R-2坦克的改建.至此加上原型车总共改装了21辆TACAM R-2自行火炮。

In July 1944, the TACAM R-2s were distributed to the 1st Tank Regiment were they formed the 63th Tank-destroyer Company. They were used in the liberation of Romanian territory, by September 1944 only six serviceable TACAM R-2s remaining. After the 1st Tank Regiment was disbanded at Soviet order, the six TACAMs entered the composition of the 2nd Tank Regiment and took part in the operations in Austria and Moravia, at the end of the war only one surviving.

1944年7月，TACAM R-2被交付给第一坦克团组建成第63坦克歼击连，这些车辆在1944年8月23日罗马尼亚民族大起义中发挥了重要作用。到1944年9月，只有6辆还能继续使用，第一坦克团根据苏军的命令被解散后，这6辆自行火炮交给了第二坦克团并且跟随该团参加了奥地利和摩拉维亚的战斗，到战争结束的时候，只剩下一辆TACAM R-2。

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TAs突击炮

Between November 1943 and August 1944 Germany delivered 108 Sturmgesch黷z III Ausf G that were distributed to the 1st Armoured Division, the 8th Motorised Cavalry Division and the Armoured Detachment of the 4th Army, under the designation "TAs" (Tun de Asalt, Assault Gun).

Several examples were also delivered to the Mechanised Training Centre in Targoviste. They were assembled in Germany by mo

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