[烛光生存狂]-二战中的罗马尼亚陆军

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主题: 二战中的罗马尼亚陆军543

412886049

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发表时间： 2007-7-14 15:11:13 　

http://www.hat.com/Othr7/Fred01P.html

PS：最后的编制表主要改了第一部分，后面的可以参照。

步兵

At the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the Romanian Army had 19 front line infantry divisions: 1st-11th, 13th-15th, 18th-21st and the Guard Division. The 12th, 16th and 17th Infantry Division were disbanded in 1940, when the regions from where they recruited the soldiers were lost.The Guard Division had the same structure as an infantry one, but it also had protocol duties. The selection for this elite unit was very strict. All the soldiers had to be educated, had to have a very good physical condition and were subjected to more intensive training.

在巴巴罗萨行动开始的时候,罗马尼亚军队共有19个一线步兵师.分别是第1-11,13-15,18-21和禁卫师.在1940年第12,16和17师被迫解散，因为当时这几个师的兵源地已经被苏联人占领（可能来自比萨哥比亚地区）。其中禁卫师和普通的步兵师的编制相同,但也承担仪仗任务.作为步兵中的精英,在人员的选择上是非常严格的.所有的士兵都有着非常好的身体素质并经过了大强度的训练。

The infantry division was organized after the German model: 3 infantry regiments, one partially motorized recon group, one AT company (6 47 mm Schneider model 1936), a pioneer battalion and two artillery regiments. It had in total 17,500 men.During 1941, several reserve divisions were formed: the 25th, 27th, 30th, 31st, 32nd and 35th. Only the 35th Reserve Infantry Division actually took part in the battles for Bessarabia. They had the same organization as the normal divisions, but were formed from the recently mobilized regiments: 41st ?81st, 111th and 112th, which were equipped with older weapons. There was also the 1st Fortification Division, created from the battalions which were guarding the A.F.N.B. defensive line.The infantry regiments (1st ?40th, 82nd ?96th) and the "Vanatori"(hunters) regiments (1st ?10th), from which the active divisions were organized, had the same structure. The name was only a 19th century tradition.

罗马尼亚步兵师是仿照德军步兵师进行编组的：由三个步兵团,一个半摩托化侦察群,一个反坦克连(6门Schneider1936型47mm炮),一个工兵营（？)和两个炮兵团组成.总兵力为17500人.在1941年间,分别组建了第25,27,30,31,32和35预备役步兵师，只有第35预备役师投入到巴巴罗萨行动中。它们的编制和普通步兵师一样,但是他们却是由第41(81),111,112等近期动员的步兵团所组成的，他们装备的仍然是陈旧的武器.此外,从A.F.N.B防线上抽调几个营组建了一个由第1(40),81(96)和第1(10)”Vanatori”(猎兵)轻步兵团组成的边防师.其编制也和步兵师相同.这一名称则来自于十九世纪的传统。

Each regiment consisted of 3 battalions (each battalion of 3 companies, each company of 3 platoons, each platoon of 3 sections), a heavy weapons company (a 81.4 mm Brandt mortar platoon, a 37 mm Bofors AT gun platoon and a 47 mm Schneider AT gun platoon; each one with 6 artillery pieces) and a recon company. At battalion level there was also a heavy weapons company: a machine-gun platoon (8 MGs) and one mortar platoon (6 60 mm Brandt).The main infantry weapon was the Czech ZB (Zbrojovka Brno) model 1924 rifle. It was modified version of the German Mauser 98 K. It used the standard 7.92 mm cartridge. The reserve units received the older Mannlicher model 1895 rifle, which were modified from 8 mm to 7.92 mm. Each infantry section had a ZB model 1930 light machine-gun, Czech or Romanian built (at Copsa Mica-Cugir). The soldier that fired it also had a 9 mm Steyr model 1912 pistol. In the first months of 1941, the units started to receive the new Czech ZB-53 model 1937 machine-gun. The rest were equipped with the Austrian Schwarzlose model 1907/1912 modified for the 7.92 mm cartridge. In the first months of the war the Czech Kyser grenades were also used alongside the Romanian MAN grenades.As one can observe the Romanian troops were well equipped with modern infantry weapons. The main problem was the artillery. A Romanian infantry division had only half of the firepower of a German division and was somewhat equal to a Soviet one (but the Soviet division had fewer soldiers). Another important handicap was the lack of mobility. The majority of the transports were still horse-drawn

每个步兵团由三个营(每个营有三个连,每个连有三个排,每个排有三个班)；一个团属重武器连(包括一个81.4mm Brandt迫击炮排,一个“博福斯”Bofors37mm反坦克炮排和一个“施奈德”Schneider47mm反坦克炮排.每个排有6门火炮)和一个侦察连组成。此外，每个步兵还另有一个重武器连:包括一个机枪排(8挺机枪)和一个迫击炮排(6门60mm Brandt).步兵的主要武器是捷克造ZB 1924型步枪.它是德国毛瑟98K的改型，使用标准的7.92mm子弹.后备师使用的是陈旧的Mannlicher 1895型步枪,经过改进口径从8mm减至7.92mm.每个步兵班有一挺捷克或罗马尼亚制造的ZB 1930型轻机枪.轻机枪手同时还配有“斯太尔”Steyr 1912型9mm手枪.从1941年第一个月起,部队开始装备新型的捷克ZB-53 1937型机枪,但是奥地利造的经过改造可以使用7.92mm子弹的Schwarzlose 1907/1912机枪仍然在军队中服役.同时装备部队的还有捷克Kyser和罗马尼亚MAN手榴弹.

从上面的描述可以看出罗马尼亚步兵的个人装备还是很不错的.主要的问题处在炮兵身上.一个罗马尼亚步兵师的火力只有同期德国步兵师的一半,和苏联步兵师相类似(不过苏联步兵师的人数更少).另一个不足是缺乏机动性.主要的运输工具还是马匹.（装备和补给主要通过马车运输）

After the campaign of 1941, the infantry divisions in Romania and Trans-Dnestra (the 5th, 6th, 7th, 9th, 11th, 13th, 14th and 15th Infantry Divisions) were fully reequipped and reorganized during the winter. The divisions that were on the front line (1st, 2nd, 4th, 10th, 18th, 19th and 20th Infantry Divisions) were only partially reorganized and had lower combat potential. The process was planned to be finalized around Rostov during the following winter, but the events prevented it.In the spring of 1942, the infantry regiment received a scout company and a pioneer company. The number of battalions was reduced from 3 to 2, but the platoon was upgraded from 3 sections (30 men) to 4 sections (40 men). Each section had a light machine-gun and 60 mm Brandt mortar. The battalion's heavy weapons company was reorganized into 4 machine-gun platoons (4 MGs each) and one mortar platoon (4 81.4 mm Brandt). The regiment's heavy weapons company was also reorganized. It had 3 platoons of 37 mm AT guns (6 Bofors model 1936 each) and one platoon of 47 mm AT guns (6 Breda/Schneider/B鰄ler). A heavy mortar company was created and had 3 platoons (2 120 mm PM/Resita each). In October 1942, the infantry divisions on the front were reinforced with a 75 mm AT guns platoon (6 Pak 97/38). After the reorganization, the infantry division was reduced to 13,500 soldiers, but had more firepower .Because of the lack of equipment, some units received captured material like the 7.62 mm Mosin Nagant model 1891/30 rifle. A modified version became the standard sniper weapon in the Romanian Army. Also the platoon commanders and the scouts started using, on their own initiative, captured PPD-40s and PPSh-41s.

在1941年战役后,位于罗马尼亚和Trans-Dnestra的第5,6,7,9,11,13,14和15步兵师在该年冬天进行了全面的换装和重组.在前线的第1,2,4,10,18,19和20步兵师仅完成了部分重组因此其作战潜力较低.原计划在下年的冬天在罗斯托夫Rostov附近完成上述部队的重组任务,但最后由于种种原因没有完成.1942年春,每个步兵团增加了一个侦察连和一个工兵连.步兵营的数量从3个下降到了2个,不过排则从原先的3班编制(30人)增加到了4班(40人).每个班有1挺轻机枪和1门60mm Brandt迫击炮.营部直属连也重组成四个机枪排(每个排4挺机枪)和一个迫击炮排(4门81.4mm Brand),团直属连也进行了重组:三个37mm反坦克炮排(每个排6门Bofors1936型).和一个47mm反坦克排(6门Breda/Schneider).一个重迫击炮连由三个排组成(每个排2门120mm PM/Resita).1942年10月,前线的步兵补充了一个 75mm反坦克炮排(6门Pak97/98).经过改组后,步兵师的人数下降到了13500人,但是火力却得到了增强.因为缺乏装备,一些部队也使用缴获的如莫辛·纳甘Mosin Nagant 1891/30型步枪,经过改进之后它成为了罗马尼亚陆军的狙击武器.此外,排长和侦察兵也开始小规模的使用缴获的PPD-40和41冲锋枪.

The battle of Stalingrad was a disaster for the Romanian Army. The losses in men and material were huge. Practically all the divisions were under strength and an immediate reorganization and reinforcement was necessary. I

玉树凌疯，风流涕淌，装傻充愣，我本纯情

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主题: 二战中的罗马尼亚陆军544

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发表时间： 2007-7-15 12:11:15 　

PS：已经修改完毕，有空看以下。

骑兵

At the beginning of the war there were 26 cavalry regiments in the Romanian Army: 12 rosiori regiments, 13 calarasi regiments and the Horse Guard Regiment. The names were a 19th century tradition. The rosiori were the regular cavalry, the elite of the Romanian Army. The calarasi were the territorial cavalry. After WWI the differences between them disappeared and only the names remained.The 12 rosiori regiments (1st ?12th) and 6 calarasi regiments (2nd, 3rd, 5th, 9th, 11th and 13th) formed 6 cavalry brigades (1st, 5th ?9th). The other 7 calarasi regiments were divided among the large units and formed their recon groups: each corps had a cavalry battalion and each division a cavalry squadron attached to it.

战争开始时，在罗马尼亚陆军中一共有26个骑兵团。12个rosiori团，13个calarasi团和1个禁卫骑兵团。rosiori是普通骑兵，陆军中的精英。calarasi则是地区性骑兵。一战后两者除了在名称之外没什么区别了。12个rosiori团（1-12）和6个calarasi团（第2，3，5，9，11和13）组成了6个骑兵旅（第1，5-9）其余的7个calarasi团则被拆分给别的部队作为侦察群：每个军有一个骑兵营，每个师有一个骑兵连。

In 1941 started the process of motorization. The aim was to have one motorized regiment out of three per brigade. The lack of vehicles meant that only 3 brigades were partially motorized before the war began. These were the 5th, 6th and 8th Cavalry Brigades, which formed the Cavalry Corps that was subordinated to the 3rd Army during the 1941 campaign. A motorized brigade was made up from one motorized cavalry regiment, 2 cavalry regiments, one horse artillery regiment (2 battalions of 2 75 mm howitzer batteries each), one motorized 81.4 mm mortar squadron, one motorized AT and AA gun squadron, one motorized machine-gun squadron, one motorized pioneer squadron, one motorized communications squadron and one mechanized recon squadron (2 R-1 light tank platoons of 3 tanks each, one motorized cavalry platoon, one motorcycle platoon). Such a brigade had 204 ZB-30 LMGs, 24 ZB-53 HMGs, 20 13.2 mm Hotchkiss model 1931 AA MGs, 7 60 mm Stokes Brandt model 1935 mortars, 12 81.4 mm Brandt model 1927/31 mortars, 20 37 mm Bofors model 1936 AT guns, 16 75 mm Krupp model 1904 or 1912 field guns and 6 R-1 tanks.

1941年起开始进行现代化改进。主要针对的目标是把每个骑兵旅的一个团改造成摩托化团。缺乏车辆导致在战争前只有3个旅进行了部分的摩托化改造。第5，6和8骑兵旅组成骑兵军在第3集团军的指挥下参与了1941年的战役。1个摩托化旅由1个摩托化骑兵团，2个骑兵团，1个马拉炮兵团（2营，每营包括2个75mm榴弹炮分队），1个摩托化81.4mm迫击炮连，1个摩托化反坦克和防空，1个摩托化机枪连，1个摩托化工兵连，1个摩托化通讯连和1个机械化侦察连（2个R-1坦克排，每排3辆坦克。1个摩托化骑兵排和1个摩托车排）。一个这样的摩托化旅装备有：204挺ZB-30轻机枪，24挺ZB-53重机枪，20挺13.2mm法制哈奇开斯 Hotchkiss 1931型防空机枪，7门60mm Stokes Brandt 1935型迫击炮，12门81.4mm Brandt 1927/1931迫击炮，20门37mm Bofors 1936型反坦克炮，16门75mm 克虏伯Krupp 1904或1912野战炮和6辆R-1坦克。

A second category was made up from the 1st, 7th and 9th Cavalry Brigades. These brigades were assigned to the 4th Army and took part in the battles for Odessa. The difference was that instead of a motorized cavalry regiment they had a normal one and that the mechanized recon squadron had only 4 tanks. Such a brigade had 192 ZB-30 LMGs, 16 ZB-53 HMGs, 16 13.2 mm Hotchkiss model 1931 AA MGs, one 60 mm Stokes Brandt model 1935 mortars, 12 81.4 mm Brandt model 1927/31 mortars, 14 37 mm Bofors model 1936 AT guns, 16 75 mm Krupp model 1904 or 1912 field guns and 4 R-1 tanks. As it can be easily noticed, the second category of cavalry units possessed less firepower than the first category.A motorized cavalry regiment was formed from 2 cavalry battalions. The first one had two identical squadrons equipped with 24 light machine-guns and two 60 mm mortars. The second one also had two squadrons. One of the squadrons was identical with the others and the other one was the heavy weapons squadron, which had 8 machine-guns, 4 13.2 mm AA machine-guns and 6 37 mm AT guns. A regular cavalry regiment was made up from two battalions and each battalion from two squadrons. There were 3 squadrons that had 12 light machine-guns and one squadron which had 24。

第1，7，9骑兵旅则分配给第4集团军，投入夺取乌克兰敖德萨港口（Odessa）的战斗中。所不同的是用一个普通的骑兵团替换了摩托化团，机械化侦察连只有4辆R-1坦克。装备有：192挺ZB-30轻机枪，16挺ZB-53重机枪，16挺13.2mm Hotchkiss 1931型防空机枪，1门60mm Stokes Brandt 1935型迫击炮，12门81.4mm Brandt 1927/1931迫击炮，14门37mm Bofors 1936型反坦克炮，16门75mm Krupp 1904或1912野战炮和4辆R-1坦克。很明显可以看出，第2类骑兵部队在火力上要比第1类部队要差一些。摩托化骑兵团有2个骑兵营。第1个营有2个编制相同的连装备有24挺轻机枪和2门60mm迫击炮。第2个营也有两个连。第1个连的编制其他的骑兵连相同，另1个连是重武器连（8挺重机枪，4挺13.2mm防空机枪和6门37mm反坦克炮）。一个普通的骑兵团有2个营组成（每个营有2个连）。其中3个连装备有12挺轻机枪，另1个连装备24挺。

In the winter of 1941/1942 there were some changes in the organization of the cavalry brigades. The general structure remained the same however. The cavalry squadrons of the motorized cavalry regiment received 4 60 mm mortars and the 37 mm AT guns of the heavy weapons squadron were replaced with captured Soviet 45 mm M32 AT guns. This gun became the standard AT gun for the cavalry until the end of the war. The cavalry regiment was modified and had an extra squadron in each battalion. This was the heavy weapons squadron equipped with 8 MGs, 4 81.4 mm mortars and 6 45 mm M32 AT guns.

1941/1942年冬，骑兵旅的编制上有了些变化。基本的编制保持不变，不过，摩托化骑兵旅的骑兵连接受了4门60mm迫击炮，重武器连原先使用的37mm反坦克炮被缴获的苏联45mm M32反坦克炮取代。它也成为了骑兵部队在二战中的标准反坦克炮。骑兵团经过改进每个营有1个加强连。这是1个重武器连装备了8挺机枪，4门81.4mm 迫击炮和6门45mm M32反坦克炮。

Also, each cavalry squadron was equipped with 4 MGs and 4 60 mm mortars. The number of artillery pieces of the horse artillery regiment doubled from 12 to 24 75 mm howitzers and each artillery battalion received 7 light machine-guns for protection in short range infantry fights. The motorized mortar squadron replaced the 12 81.4 mm mortars with 6 120 mm mortars. The AT and AA guns squadron was divided into the AT gun squadron equipped with 12 45 mm M32 pieces and the AA machine-gun squadron equipped 12 13.2 mm Hotchkiss pieces. The mechanized recon squadron received two 45 mm M32 AT guns.

每个骑兵连也装备了4挺机枪和4门60mm迫击炮.马拉炮兵团的75mm榴弹炮数量也从原来的12门增加到了24门.,每个炮兵营也接受了7挺轻机枪用于防御步兵的近距离攻击.摩托化迫击炮连的12门81.4mm迫击炮也被6门120mm迫击炮所取代.反坦克和防空机炮连被分成了装备12门M32 45mm的反坦克连和12挺13.2mm法制“哈奇开斯”机枪的高射机枪连.机械化侦察连也接受了2门M32 45mm反坦克炮.

Thus, after the reorganization, a motorized cavalry brigade had 197 ZB-30 LMGs, 76 ZB-53 HMGs, 18 13.2 mm Hotchkiss model 1931 AA MGs, 45 60 mm Stokes Brandt model 1935 mortars, 16 81.4 mm Brandt model 1927/31 mortars, 6 120 mm PM model 1938 mortars, 44 45 mm M32 AT guns, 24 75 mm Krupp model 1904 or 1912 field guns and 6 R-1 tanks.

在重组后,一个摩托化骑兵旅有197挺ZB-30轻机枪,76挺ZB-53重机枪,18挺哈奇开斯1931型高射机枪,45门60 mm Stokes Brandt1935型迫击炮,16门81.4 mm Brandt1927/31型迫击炮, 6门120 mm PM1938型迫击炮, 44门45 mm M32反坦克炮, 24门75 mm Krupp1904或1912 野炮和6辆R-1坦克.

A regular cavalry brigade had 173 ZB-30 LMGs, 96 ZB-53 HMGs, 12 13.2 mm Hotchkiss model 1931 AA MGs, 49 60 mm Stokes Brandt model 1935 mortars, 24 81.4 mm Brandt model 1927/31 mortars, 6 120 mm PM model 1938 mortars, 50 45 mm M32 AT guns, 24 75 mm Krupp model 1904 or 1912 field guns and 4 R-1 tanks. The handicap between the normal and the motorized brigades disappeared. They had an almost equal firepower.

一个普通的骑兵旅有173挺ZB-30轻机枪,96挺ZB-53重机枪,12挺Hotchkiss1931型防空机枪,49门60mm Stokes Brandt1935型迫击炮,24门81.4mm Brandt1927/3

玉树凌疯，风流涕淌，装傻充愣，我本纯情

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主题: 二战中的罗马尼亚陆军552

412886049

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发表时间： 2007-7-19 12:46:29 　

特别提示：本帖子在 2008-10-16 20:28:09 由用户 412886049 编辑过

装甲兵

The 1st Tank Regiment was created on 1 August 1919 and the 2nd Tank Regiment on 1 November 1939. On 17 April 1941 they were united to form the 1st Armored Division. The old tanks from 1919 were assigned to a training unit (the FT Tank Battalion).

1919年8月1日组建了第1坦克团。1939年11月1日组建了第2坦克团。1941年4月17日，这两个团合并组成了第1装甲师。那些从1919年起就使用的旧坦克组成了一个训练部队（FT坦克营）。

The 1st Regiment was equipped with 126 R-2s (Skoda LT VZ 35) and the 2nd Regiment with 75 R-35s (Renault R 35). The FT Tank Battalion had 75 FTs (Renault FT 17). All the tanks had 37 mm guns, but only the one of the R-2 was an efficient AT weapon. The others could only be used as anti-infantry guns. Also, the R-2 was faster and had a radio and was thus was more suited for blitzkrieg tactics and operations.

第1坦克团装备有126辆R-2(Skoda LT VZ 35)轻型坦克，第2坦克团装备有75辆雷诺R-35。FT坦克营有75辆FT（雷诺FT-17）。所有的坦克都安装有37mm炮，但是仅有R-2装备有一门有效地反坦克武器。其余的坦克仅使用反步兵炮。另外，R-2速度更快，安装有电台因此更适合用于闪击战。

The 1st Armored Division was made up from the 1st and 2nd Tank Regiments, the 3rd and 4th Motorized Vanatori Regiments, the 1st Motorized Artillery Regiment, the Special Weapons Battalion, the Motorized Recon Group, the Communications Company, the Motorized Pioneer Battalion, the Service Group, the Traffic Platoon and the Police Platoon. It was organized with the help of German instructors from the 64th Panzergrenadier Regiment, the 4th Panzer Regiment and the 4th Flak Regiment.

第1装甲师的编制包括第1和第2坦克团，第3和4摩托化猎兵团，第1摩托化炮兵团，特别武器营，摩托化侦察分队，通讯营，摩托化工兵营，后勤分队，交通管制排和宪兵排。在组建过程中得到了德国第64装甲掷弹兵团，第4装甲团和第4高炮团的指导和帮助。

Because of the big difference between the two tank types, the 2nd Tank Regiment was assigned to the 4th Army, which used it in the battle in southern Bessarabia and at Odessa. Thus, in the 1941 campaign, the 1st Armored Division had only the 1st Tank Regiment under its command.

因为罗马尼亚军队拥有的这两种坦克之间存在很大不同，所以在战争爆发后，第二坦克团被调入罗马尼亚第四集团军，配合该军进攻奥德萨。因此在1941年的战役中，第一装甲师中只有第一坦克团在建制内。

A regiment was made up of two tank battalions, each battalion from 3 tank companies and one maintenance company. The difference between the two regiments was the number of platoons per each company. The 1st Tank Regiment had 5 platoons per company (of 3 tanks each) and the 2nd Tank Regiment had 3 platoons per company. Each regiment had 4 47 mm Schneider model 1936 AT guns and 2 13.2 mm Hotchkiss model 1939 AA machine-guns. At battalion level there were another 4 AA machine-guns.

罗马尼亚的坦克团由两个坦克营组成，每个营有3个坦克连和一个维修连。两个坦克团的不同之处在于每个连下属排的数目不同——第一坦克团的坦克连有5个排，每排3辆坦克；而第二坦克团只有3个排。两个团都有4门47MM施奈德1936型反坦克炮和2门Hotchkiss1939型13.2MM高射炮，此外营直属部队还另外4挺防空机枪。

During the 1941 campaign, the 1st Division was used according to the German military doctrine as a shock unit and it was very successful in the battles in Bessarabia and in the encircling operation at Odessa. It was assigned to the 4th Army and took part in the actual assault on Odessa. The tanks were deployed in small formations and, because of the lack of cooperation between the infantry and the tanks, the 1st Armored Division suffered heavy losses in men and equipment.

在1941年的战役期间，第1装甲师根据德国的军事教义作为了一支突击力量，在比萨拉比亚战役和包围奥德萨的军事行动中获得了很大的成功。不久它作为罗马尼亚第四集团军的一部分参加了进攻奥德萨的战斗。在战斗中第一装甲师被拆分成许多小单位，为罗马尼亚各进攻部队作为火力支援和突击力量。由于步坦协同不好，第一装甲师在人员和装备上遭受了严重的损失。

At the end of September 1941, from the division's remains was created the "Lt.Col. Eftimiu" Mechanized Detachment. It was made up of a tank battalion (20 R-2s), a motorized vanatori battalion, a 105 mm Schneider model 1936 field guns battalion, a 100 mm Skoda howitzers battalion, a pioneer company, a 20 mm Gustloff model 1938 AA guns company, a 37 mm Rheinmetall model 1939 AA guns battery and an AT company (12 47 mm Schneider model 1936 AT guns). After Odessa was captured, the detachment was disbanded. During the first campaign, the 1st Armored Division lost: 34 officers, 102 NCOs, 1,125 soldiers, 463 rifles, 54 LMGs, 5 HMGs, 206 vehicles and 111 tanks.

1941年9月末，因为装备和人员损失过大，师残部组成了一个称为”Lt.Col. Eftimiu" "艾福提米柳上校”机械化分遣队。包括一个坦克营（20辆R-2），一个摩托化猎兵营，一个装备施奈德1936型105mm野战炮营，一个装备斯柯达100mm榴弹炮营，一个工兵营，一个装备Gustloff 1938型20mm炮的防空营，一个装备Rheinmetall 1939型37mm炮的防空连和一个反坦克连（装备12门施奈德1936型47反坦克炮）。到1941年10月奥德萨被罗马尼亚军队占领后分遣队被解散。在战斗中，第一装甲师损失了：34名军官，102名士官，1125名士兵，463枝步枪，54挺轻机枪，5挺重机枪，206辆车和111辆坦克。

The division was reorganized and in the autumn of 1942 was sent to the front, near Stalingrad, where it was subordinated to the 48th Panzer Corps. The 1st Tank Regiment was again active. It received 11 T-3s (Pz IIINs) and 11 T-4s (Pz IVGs). The AT artillery was strengthened with 9 75 mm Pak 40s and 9 50 mm Pak 38s. The guns were towed by Zugkraftwagen tractors. The Motorized Recon Group received Sdkfz 222s.

1942年夏季，德军在苏联南方取得重大胜利，正在向斯大林格勒节节推进。为了弥补兵力不足的缺陷，希特勒要求罗马尼亚提供更多的军队增援前线。罗马尼亚总参谋部将第一坦克团重新武装起来，在1942年秋重组了第一装甲师并将它派遣到斯大林格勒。隶属于德国第48装甲军。重新武装的第一坦克团接收了德军调来的11辆T-3(Pz IIIN)和11辆T-4(Pz IVG)，反坦克炮兵加强了9门75MM PAK40和9门50MM PAK38；火炮由Zugkraftwagen拖拉机牵引。摩托化侦察部队还接收了一些SDKFZ 222。

Before the battle of Stalingrad, the 1st Armored Division consisted of the 1st Tank Regiment, the 3rd and 4th Motorized Vanatori Regiments, the 1st Motorized Artillery Regiment, the Motorized Special Weapons Group, the Motorized Recon Group, the Motorized Pioneer Battalion, the AT Battalion, the AA Company, the Communications Company, the Service Group, the Traffic Platoon and the Police Company. It had 501 officers, 538 NCOs, 11,592 soldiers, 9,335 rifles, 278 LMGs, 61 HMGs, 67 mortars, 36 guns and howitzers, 1,358 vehicles, 109 R-2 tanks, 11 T-3 tanks, 11 T-4 tanks, 2 captured Soviet tanks, 10 AB armored cars (Sdkfz 222) and 8 TB armored personnel carriers (SPW 251).

斯大林格勒战役前期，第一装甲师由第一坦克团，第3和4摩托化猎兵团，第一摩托化炮兵团，摩托化特种武器分队，摩托化侦察分队，摩托化工兵营，反坦克营，防空连，通讯连，后勤分队，交通管制排和宪兵连组成。共有501名军官，538名士官，11592名士兵，9335枝步枪，278挺轻机枪，61挺重机枪，67门迫击炮，36门野炮和榴弹炮，1358辆汽车，109辆R-2坦克，11辆T-3坦克，11辆T-4坦克，2辆缴获的苏联坦克，10辆AB装甲汽车（Sdkfz 222）和8辆TB装甲人员输送车(SPW 251).

The 1st Tank Regiment was made up of two battalions, each having four companies: 3 companies of R-2s and one medium tank company (the T-4s were assigned to the 4th Company/1st Battalion and the T-3s to the 8th Company/2nd Battalion). The medium tank companies proved to be the only ones capable of resisting more efficiently to the heavier Soviet tanks. However, during the Stalingrad campaign the 1st Armored Division suffered heavy losses: 130 officers, 87 NCOs, 3,067 soldiers, 3,000 frostbites, 474 rifles, 149 LMGs, 22 HMGs, 55 mortars, 22 guns, 678 vehicles and 86 tanks.

第一坦克团有2个营，每个营有4个连：3个装备R-2的坦克连和一个中型坦克连（T-4坦克被分配给了第一营的第四连，T-3坦克被分给了第二营的第八连）。中型坦克连被证明是唯一的可以应付苏联坦克的利器。在斯大林格勒战役中第一装甲师损失了：130名军官，87官，3067名士兵，3000人冻伤，474枝步枪。149挺轻机枪，22挺重机枪，55门迫击炮，22门火炮，678辆汽车和86辆坦克。

In March 1943

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特别提示：本帖子在 2008-10-16 23:54:06 由用户 412886049 编辑过

伞兵

On 10 June 1941 the first paratrooper company of ARR ("Aeronautica Regala Romana" = "Romanian Royal Aeronautics") was created. The second company was formed in 1942 and the third one in 1943. The last one was the heavy weapons company. These units received the numbers 8, 9 and 10. They formed the 4th Paratrooper Battalion (because it was considered after the 3 balloon barrage battalions).

1941年6月10日,ARR(罗马尼亚皇家空军)组建了第一个伞兵连.1942年组建了第二个连,1943年组建了第三个.最后一个是重武器连.这些部队的番号分别是8,9和10.组成了第4伞兵营(在对3个热气球营作了仔细研究后).

They had ZB 24 rifles and ZB 30 light machine-guns, as well as 7.65 mm Mauser model 1932 submachine-guns. The parachutes (type Irvin) were made in Romania, under license from Irving Air Chute Ltd. In 1943 they received more modern equipment, imported from Germany: model 1938 helmets and MP 40 submachine-guns, which became the main paratrooper weapon.

他们装备了ZB 24步枪和ZB 30轻机枪和7.65mm 毛瑟1932型冲锋枪.降落伞使用的是罗马尼亚特许生产的由Irving航空降落伞公司研制的Irvin型降落伞.1943年开始装备从德国进口的新型武器:1938型头盔和MP 40冲锋枪,同时该枪也成为了伞兵的主要武器.

The two rifle companies (8 and 9) had an identical structure: 3 rifle platoons, one machine-gun platoon (7.92 mm ZB model 1937 machine-guns), one mortar platoon (60 mm Brandt/Voina model 1939) and one pioneer platoon, equipped with Pignone model 1937 flame-throwers. There was also a recon platoon mounted on Zudapp KS 600 motorcycles. The heavy weapons company was equipped with 81.4 mm Brandt/Voina model 1939 mortars and 47 mm B鰄ler AT guns as well as with the regular rifle company equipment. They were supposed to be transported by the 105th and 107th Transport Squadron (Ju 52) and the heavy equipment by the 109th Transport Squadron (DFS 230 gliders towed by IAR 39s).

两个步兵连(第8和9)的编制相同:三个步兵排,一个机枪排(7.92mm ZB 1937型机枪),一个迫击炮排(60mm Brandt/Voina1939型),一个装备了Pignone 1937型喷火器的战斗工兵排和一个使用Zudapp KS 600 摩托车的侦察排.重武器连装备了81.4 mm Brandt/Voina 1939型迫击炮和47 mm B鰄ler反坦克炮.人员由第105和107运输机中队(JU-52),重武器则由第109运输机中队负责运输(IAR-39拖带DFS 230滑翔机)

In October 1943 there were only 215 completely trained troops. Antonescu ordered that the battalion be transformed into a regiment that would have had 2,877 soldiers. On 23 August 1944, only the 4th Battalion was operational with 861 battle-ready soldiers. It took part in the fights around Bucharest .In February 1945, the regiment was disbanded at the request of the Soviets.

1943年10月只有215名接受完全训练的人员.Antonescu元帅命令伞兵营转成一个团,也就是说需要2877名士兵.1944年8月23日,只有第4伞兵营的861名作好战斗准备的士兵.参加了在Bucharest周遍的战斗.1945年2月,根据苏联人的要求伞兵团被解散.

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发表时间： 2007-7-19 17:18:48 　

PS：山地部队中关于group的编制不是很清楚,应该是旅下面直接跟着group,而没有团的编制

注：group 也可翻译为旅，或者是“战斗群”，比如说山地步兵旅等等，罗马尼亚军队在编制上与当时的法国陆军也有些相似

如：1st Mountain Division (1941-44)

1st Mountain Group

2nd Mountain Battalion

3rd Mountain Battalion

23rd Mountain Battalion

2nd Mountain Group

1st Mountain Battalion

4th Mountain Battalion

24th Mountain Battalion

1st Mountain Artillery Group

山地部队

The vanatori de munte (mountain hunters) units were created in November 1916 and represented the elite troops of the Romanian infantry. On 22 June 1941, the Mountain Corps consisted of 4 brigades (1st-4th) made up of 12 groups (1st-12th) each with 2 battalions. There were 24 battalions (1st-24th) out of which the first 16 were active units, very well trained and armed, and the rest (17th-24th) were formed after the general mobilization and were of lower quality. That is why the 4th Mountain Brigade (created in 1939) was never able to match the other brigades.

vanatori de munte(山地猎兵)部队于1916年11月,是罗马尼亚步兵中的精英部队.1941年6月,山地军由4个旅(第1-4)组成了12个群(第1-12),每个群有2个营.在这24个营中前16个是正规部队,接受了很好的训练和装备,而从第17营到24营则是动员后组成的不错,质量稍差.这也就是为什么第4山地旅(1939年组建)在山地部队中没有对手的原因.

A mountain brigade had the following structure: 6 battalions, one mountain artillery group (1 or 2 battalions of 75 mm or 76.2 mm mountain guns and one battalion of 100 mm mountain howitzers) and one mountain pioneer battalion.

一个山地旅的编制如下:六个营,一个山地炮兵群(1或2个75mm或76.2mm山炮和1个100mm山地榴弹炮营)和一个山地战斗工兵营.

The battalion had 3 rifle companies, each company 3 platoons and each platoon 3 sections. It also had a heavy weapons company made up from 3 machine-gun platoons (4 Schwarzlose/ZB-53 each) and one mortar platoon (4xBrandt 81.4 mm). The rifle platoon had one 60 mm Stokes Brandt mortar and 3xZB light machine-guns, one for each section.Like the cavalry, the mountain troops had higher training and professionalism than the regular infantry. The initiative at battalion level was more developed. They were proper suited for fighting on difficult terrain, but their lack of artillery made them vulnerable in open field.

一个营有3个步兵连,每个连有3个排,每个排有3个分排.还有一个重武器连:3个机枪排(每排有4挺Schwarzlose/ZB-53 )和1个迫击炮排(4xBrandt 81.4mm).步兵排有1门60mm Stokes Brandt迫击炮和3xZB轻机枪(每个分排1挺),和骑兵一样,山地部队的训练水平要比普通的步兵要出色.他们非常适合在崎岖的地形中战斗,但是他们缺乏炮兵所以不适合在开阔地进行战斗.

The Mountain Corps also had a mounted battalion, a mountain train battalion and a hospital company.At the beginning of the war the Mountain Corps was made up of the 1st, 2nd and 4th Mountain Brigade. The 3rd Mountain Brigade was stationed on the frontier with Hungary. At the end of the 1941 campaign, the 2nd Mountain Brigade was brought back to Romania and the 1st and 4th Mountain Brigade remained in Crimea.

山地部队也有一个骑兵营,一个登山训练营和一个救护连.在战斗开始的时候,山地军由第1,2和第4山地旅组成.第3山地旅被部署在匈牙利边境,1941年战役结束后,第2山地旅返回国内,第1和第4山地旅仍然呆在克里米亚.

During the winter, an Expeditionary Skier Group was formed from some of the troops of the 3rd Mountain Brigade. The 5th and 6th Mountain Battalions became the 25th and 26th Skier Battalions. The Group also had a communications platoon, a pioneer platoon, an AA gun platoon (4x20 mm), an AT gun company (6x47 mm) and a 75 mm mountain howitzer battalion. For transportation the Group had 60 donkeys, 60 sleds and 6 trucks.

在冬季,从第3山地旅中抽调部队组成了一个远程滑雪群.第5和第6山地营成为了第25和第26滑雪营. 该群还有一个通讯排,一个战斗工兵排,一个防空排(4x20 mm),一个反坦克连(6x47mm)和一个75mm山地榴弹炮营.群的运输工具包括60头驴,60副雪橇和6辆卡车.

In January 1942, the Skier Group was sent to Crimea and subordinated to the 1st Mountain Brigade. But soon it was put under the direct command of the 11th German Army and used in the fights around Izyum.During the same winter, the 2nd and 3rd Mountain Brigade were completely rearmed. The old WWI artillery pieces were replaced with modern German guns. The 1st and 4th Mountain Brigades, which were on the front, received field guns instead of mountain guns. Because they were involved in the first siege of Sevastopol, they were strengthened with two 100 mm howitzer battalions.

1942年1月,滑雪群被送到了克里米亚,隶属于第3山地旅.但是不久之后就由德国第11集团军直接指挥投入到了Izyum周围的战斗中.在同年冬天,第2个第3山地旅进行了全面的换装,陈旧的一战火炮被现代化的德国火炮取代.位于前线的第1和第4山地旅则用野战炮替代了原先的山炮.因为他们被投入到了第一次包围塞瓦斯托波尔的战斗,所以他们还加强了2个营的100mm榴弹炮.

On 15 March 1942, the mountain and cavalry brigades became divisions. This was a political, but just decision. The Italian and Hungarian divisions had 6 battalions like the Romanian brigades. This measure was taken in order to show the real size of the Romanian contribution to the war effort against the USSR.In July 1942, the 2nd and 3rd Mountain Divisions were sent on the front and took part in the campaigns in the Caucasus and the Kuban.

1942年3月15日,山地旅和骑兵旅都改称为师级单位,这只是一个政治上的改变,因为意大利和匈牙利的师有6个营和罗马尼亚旅的规模一样.这个措施是为了显示在进攻苏联的战斗中罗马尼亚人同样是做了极大的贡献.1942年7月,第2和第3山地师被送到了前线参与了高加索和库班战役.

During the winter of 1942/1943, the 1st Mountain Division was also modernized. The 4th Mountain Division never got to replace its old guns, because it was disbanded in November 1944. After the battle of Stalingrad, the 18th Infantry Division was transformed into the 18th Mountain Division. Its regiments were renamed mountain groups (18th, 90th and 92nd) and the battalions received new numbers (27th-35th). The 1st, 2nd and 3rd Mountain Divisions were retreated in Crimea and the 4th Mountain Division was joined with the 24th Infantry Division to form the 4/24th Infantry Division.

在1942/1043年冬,第1山地师也进行了现代化.第4山地师因为在1944年11月被解散所以没有更换陈旧的火炮.在斯大林格勒战役后,第18步兵师改制成了第18山地师.他所属的三个步兵团也更名为山地群(第18,90和92).所属营也都接受了新的番号(第27-35).第1,2,3山地师也撤退到了克里米亚,第4山地师则和第24步兵师组成了4/24步兵师.

In May 1944, only 60% of the mountain troops in Crimea were evacuated. From these there were formed the 101st, 102nd, 103rd and 104th Mountain Brigades. Each one had 4 battalions, one 120 mm mortar company, 2 mountain gun battalions (the first one had 8x75 mm mountain howitzers and 2x20 mm AA machine-guns and the second had 4x100 mm mountain howitzers) and a work platoon. It was about one fourth of a regular mountain division.On the 1st June the 4/24th Infantry Division was transformed into the 4th Mountain Division. The 1st and 3rd Mountain Divisions were deployed on the frontier with Hungary.

1944年5月，只有60%的山地部队从克里米亚撤出.把这些部队组成了第101，102，103和104山地旅。每个旅有四个营，一个120mm迫击炮连，两个山炮营（第一个营有8门75mm山地榴弹炮和2门20mm防空炮，第二个营有4门100mm山地榴弹炮）和一个工作排。大约只有普通山地师的四分之一的实力。6月1日第4/24步兵师被转变成了第4山地师。第1和第3山地师被部署在匈牙利边境地区。

The lack of a reserve of the mountain troops (the infantry and the cavalry had the training divisions) meant that all the replacements came from the frontier-guards or from the gendarmerie. Thus the quality of the mountain troops decreased, but they still were above the infantry.After 23 August 1944, the 101st and 102nd Mountain Brigades and the 4th Mountain Division managed to escape capture by the Soviets. The 103rd and 104th Mountain Brigades were not so lucky. The 103rd Mountain Brigade was transformed by the Soviets into an ad hoc unit: the 103rd

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发表时间： 2007-7-24 12:31:39 　

炮兵

At the end of 1919 Romanian Army had 381 artillery batteries, with 1,840 guns, of which: 314 divisional artillery batteries with 1,428 guns, 42 army corps artillery batteries with 168 guns, 18 mountain artillery batteries with 72 guns, 6 horse artillery batteries with 24 guns. There were also 4 AAA battalions (groups) with 163 guns. The artillery - infantry ratio in the corps was 6.3 guns per infantry battalion.

到1919年末罗马尼亚陆军共有381个炮兵连,1840门火炮.其中314个师属炮兵连有1428门火炮,42个集团军属炮兵连有168门炮,18个山地炮兵连有72门,6个马拉炮兵连有24门,另外4个防空连(群)有163门炮.在军编制内炮兵和步兵的比例大约是每个步兵营6.3门炮.

Between 1920 and 1934 the artillery was restructured. The artillery brigade was organized on two mixed artillery regiments: one regiment composed of two field gun battalions and one howitzer battalion, and one regiment composed of two howitzer battalions and one field gun battalion. Each of these regiments also had one specialities battery and one depot battery. The artillery battalions had either two or three field gun or howitzer batteries. The independent battalions (such us of mountain artillery or horse artillery) had the same structure, plus on specialities platoon and one depot battery. The heavy artillery battalions had three batteries each. The batteries were generally composed of four artillery pieces, organized on two sections.

在1920-1934年炮兵也进行了重组。炮兵旅由2个混合炮兵团组成：1个团由2个野战炮营和1个榴弹炮营。另1个团由2个榴弹炮营和1个野战炮营组成。每个这样的炮团还有1个特别连和1个后备连。炮兵营由2或3个野战炮或榴弹炮连组成。独立营（诸如山地炮兵或马拉炮兵）有着同样的编制，包含一个专业排和一个仓库连。重型炮兵营有3个连。一个连通常是有4门炮，组成两个分排。

In 1923, in the artillery regiment was established the liaison and signal battery (later designated the command battery). In each independent artillery battalion was established the liaison and signal platoon (later designated the command platoon). According to the regulations of 1937, the command battery was made of 6 officers (observer, mapper, informer, adjuster, the chief of the infantry liaison detachment and the chief of the signal). The command group of the artillery battalion had 4 officers, and the one of the battery had 2 officers.

1923年，炮兵团安置了1个通讯联络连（后来被称为指挥连）。每个独立炮兵营同样也安置了1个通讯联络连（后来被称为指挥连）。根据1937年的法令，指挥连由6名军官（测量员、制图员、命令传达者、协调员、步兵联络分队队长和步兵通讯分队队长）

In 1942, to the battalion's command group was added an officer charged with the close defense of artillery. 15 years after the First World War concluded, the Romanian artillery had the following composition: 53 artillery regiments and 10 independent battalions (of 3-4 regiments in strength).

1942年营部指挥分队增加了一名军官用来负责炮兵的近距离防御工作。在第一次世界大战之后的15年，罗马尼亚炮兵有了53个炮兵团和10个独立炮兵营（实力在3-4个团）

In 1937 an ample process of reorganization and modernization of the army was initiated. In the mountain artillery, the 2 mountain artillery brigades were disbanded, as well as the 2 mountain howitzer regiments. In their place, 3 mountain artillery groups were created, one for each of the mountain division, and one independent mountain howitzer battalion. The three mountain artillery groups had 2 mountain gun battalions and one mountain howitzer battalion each, the organization being similar to the one of the mixed artillery regiments: 3 battalions, each of them with 3 batteries, one specialities battery and one depot battery.

1937年军队进行了充分的重组和现代化，就山地炮兵而言，2个山地炮兵旅和2个山地榴弹炮团被解散。取代他们位置的是3个新组建的山地炮兵群。每个山地师有一个这样的炮兵群和一个独立山地榴弹炮营。三个山地炮兵群中每个群有2个山炮营和1个山地榴弹炮营，建制和混合炮兵团的基本一致：3个营，每个营有3个连，1个专业连和1个仓库连。

In 1939 the 4th mixed Mountain Brigade was formed. Its artillery comprised two mountain gun battalions taken from the 1st and 3rd mountain artillery groups, which formed the 4th Mountain Artillery Group. The units recovered their full strength in 1942, when the 8th and 9th mountain gun battalions and the 4th Mountain Howitzer Battalion were created and assigned to the 4th Mountain Artillery Group, while the two mountain gun battalions returned to their original groups. In the horse artillery, the four battalions were upgraded to four horse artillery regiments (one for each of the cavalry divisions).

1939年组建了第4混合山地旅。在1942年接受了他们所有的装备，当第8和第9山炮营和第4山地榴弹炮营被创建和分配给第4山地炮兵群，期间有两个山炮营返回了他们原来的部队，在马拉炮兵中，4个营被升格成了4个马拉炮兵团（每个骑兵师一个）

In December 1940 two more horse artillery battalions were formed, and they were subsequently upgraded to horse artillery regiments. On 4 September 1939, 18 new mixed artillery regiments were formed for the 9 infantry divisions newly created, as well as 19 independent heavy artillery battalions.

1940年12月组建了另两个马拉炮兵营，之后他们被升格为马拉炮兵团。1939年9月4日，随着9个新步兵师的组建，同时也组建了18个新的混合炮兵团，另外还组了19个独立重炮兵营。

Subsequently, the 12th and the 34th Heavy Artillery Battalions were combined into the 10th horse-drawn Heavy Artillery Regiment. During the course of the Second World War, 6 heavy artillery battalions of fortification were also created. The process of motorization of the Romanian artillery was initiated in 1937, when at the autumn maneuvers, the field guns were towed by Fiat tractors and the 150mm howitzers were towed by Skoda tractors. The first motorized heavy artillery batteries were formed in 1938, and in two years (1938-1940), almost the entire heavy artillery (8 regiments and 6 battalions) was motorized.

接着，第12和第34重型炮兵营被整合进了第10马拉重型炮兵团。在第二次世界大战的进程中，也组建了6个要塞的重型炮兵营。1937年发起的对罗马尼亚炮兵的现代化改进，在秋天的演习中，野战炮由Fiat牵引车拖带，150mm榴弹炮由Skoda牵引车负责。1938年组建了第1个摩托化重型炮兵营。在1938-1940年，几乎所有的重型炮兵（8个团和6个营）进行了摩托化改进。

At the beginning of the war in the East, the Romanian Army had at disposition 8,301 artillery pieces, of which 2,160 light guns, 492 heavy guns, 200 antitank guns, 4,758 regimental guns and 691 AA guns. The ratio of the regimental artillery increased, being 2.2 times higher than the light artillery, the heavy artillery was 20% of the light artillery, the divisional antitank artillery was 9% of the entire artillery, while the AA guns were four times the number fielded in 1918. The artillery - infantry ratio at division level was 3.8 batteries/infantry battalion.

东线战役开始的时候，罗马尼亚陆军有8301门火炮，其中2160门是轻型火炮，492门重炮，200门反坦克炮，4758门团属火炮和691门防空火炮。团属火炮的比例上升，是轻型火炮的2.2倍，重炮占轻型火炮的20%，师属反坦克火炮占整个总数的9%，防空火炮的数量是1918年的4倍。在师级别上炮兵和步兵的比例达到了每个步兵营3.8个炮兵连

The artillery was divided in three parts: the army artillery, the corps artillery and the divisional artillery. The army (1st, 3rd and 4th Army) artillery consisted in several independent horse-drawn artillery battalions. Half were equipped with old guns and the other half with modern ones: 150 mm Skoda model 1934 and 105 mm Schneider model 1913.

炮兵被分成了三个部分：集团军属炮兵，军属炮兵和师属炮兵。集团军属炮兵（第1，3和4集团军）由几个独立马拉炮兵营构成。一半装备老式火炮，一半装备现代火炮：150mm Skoda 1934型和105mm Schneider 1913型。

Each army also had an independent motorized AT battalion armed with 47 mm Schneider model 1936/40 towed by Malaxa UE light armoured tracked vehicle. Because the 3rd Army was involved in mechanized operations it also had the 4th Motorized Heavy Artillery Regiment and the 1st and 11th Heavy Fortification Artillery Regiment (the last two only

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发表时间： 2007-7-24 12:35:16 　

防空部队

The AA artillery was subordinated to the AA Defence Command and, on 22 June 1941, it consisted of 6 regiments .An AAA regiment was made up of 3 groups (battalions), equipped with 6 heavy batteries (75 mm Vickers/Resita or 76.2 mm Skoda), 5-8 light batteries (37 mm Rheinmetall, 40 mm Bofors, 25 mm Hotchkiss or 20 mm Oerlikon), 2 machine-gun batteries (13.2 mm Hotchkiss) and one searchlight battery (150 mm Siemens or Nedalo).

1941年6月22日，擁有6個團兵力的羅馬尼亞防空炮兵部隊被納入對空防禦司令部編制體系內。每個防空炮兵團由3個營組成，共計編制有 6個重型防空炮兵連（裝備75毫米Vickers/Resita和76.2毫米的Skoda防空炮），5~8個輕型防空炮兵連（37毫米 Rheinmetall, 40 毫米 Bofors, 25毫米Hotchkiss和 20毫米Oerlikon防空炮），2個高射機槍連（13.2毫米霍奇斯基機槍）以及1個對空探照燈連（150毫米西門子和Nedalo對空探照燈）。

The AA artillery units were collaborating with the Watch and Air Alarm Service. This was a regiment which had 3 battalions, each with 3 sections of 9-12 watch posts. There was also the Balloon Flotilla, which consisted of 3 battalions, each with 10 companies.

通常，防空炮兵團和空襲觀測預警組織協同作戰。空襲觀測預警組織的兵力編制為一個團，其建制內下屬3個營，每個營則配備3個連共9~12具對空聽音器。同時他們還編制有防空氣球分隊，主要轄3個營，每營轄10個防空氣球連。

From the first weeks of war AA artillery units were assigned to the Combat Air Grouping and to the 3rd and 4th Army. By the end of 1941 they succeeded in shooting down 115 enemy aircraft.

自戰爭開始的第一個星期起，防空炮兵部隊就配屬第3，第4集團軍執行對空作戰任務。到1941年低，羅馬尼亞防空炮部隊成功的擊落了115架敵軍飛機。

Between June and July 1941, Ploesti, Bucharest, the Constanta harbour and the bridges over the Danube were main targets of the Soviet air offensive. They were often carried out by slow and unescorted DB-3 and SB bombers, which were easy targets for the Romanian AA artillery and fighters.

1941年6，7月間的Ploesti，布加勒斯特（Bucharest），康斯坦薩港（Constanta）以及多瑙河上的橋梁是蘇聯空軍的重點襲擊目標。不過由于蘇聯人使用的是老式低速而無戰斗機護航的DB-3式和SB式轟炸機執行轟炸任務，因此，這些轟炸機對于羅馬尼亞防空炮兵和戰斗機部隊來說簡直是小菜一碟。

In the second half of 1942, the Combat Air Grouping was supported on the eastern front by the 4th AA Brigade (4th and 5th Regiments). After the encirclement of the German 9th Flak Division at Stalingrad it was the only Axis AA defence unit in the area. In some cases the soldiers of the 4th AA Regiment had to engage the Soviet tanks with the 75 mm Vickers/Resita guns.

1942年中，由第4，第5防空炮兵團組成的第4防空炮兵旅開赴東線作戰。增援當時斯大林格勒附近地區的唯一一支能為軸心國軍提供防空火力掩護的德軍第9高射炮兵師。面對蘇聯坦克，羅馬尼亞人也學著他們的德國戰友一樣，將75毫米的Vickers/Resita高射炮平射用于對付蘇軍坦克。

In the summer of 1943 the AA artillery was reorganized. There were 8 regiments (1st-7th and 9th), made up of 66 heavy batteries, 55 light batteries, 14 batteries and 3 machine-gun sections, 10 searchlight batteries and 3 balloon battalions (82 balloons in total). A major part of these forces was massed in the Ploesti-Campina area. In July was created the 8th AA Regiment, which had the mission to guard Dobrogea and the Constanta harbour area in particular.

1943年夏，防空炮兵部隊開始整編。整編后，作戰序列中一共出現了8個防空炮團（番號為第1到第7團，外加第9團），合計兵力為66和重型防空炮連，55個輕型防空炮連，14個對空機槍連，10個對空探照燈連和3個防空氣球營（合計82個防空氣球）。這8個團中的大部分都集中在Ploesti-Campina地區。7月，新組建了第8防空炮兵團用于保衛Dobrogea和康斯坦薩港。

The number of units supporting the front troops was reduced and the AA defence had at its disposal 56 sections (224 guns). Later another 52 were made available for it. Also the 15th AA Regiment was created.

隨著能夠在前線支援作戰的防空部隊數量減少，陸軍防空司令部向前線增派了56個防空連（224門防空炮）隨后有加派了52個連。同時，還組建了第15防空炮兵團。

In the first part of 1944, the USAAF and RAF started their massive air offensive against Romania. To improve the effect of the AA artillery in low-visibility conditions Nedalo, BBT and Elascop listening devices and the Bungescu central command point, which made possible the concentration of a massive fire power, were introduced

1944年的第一季度，美軍和皇家空軍開始對羅馬尼亞實施大規模轟炸。為提高防空效力，開始裝備新式的Nedalo, BBT 和Elascop 聽音裝置。同時還在Bungescu設立了一個作戰指揮中心以便協調指揮各防空部隊，保證高密度的防空火力再最大限度上反擊來犯之敵。

The AA artillery units were located in the following areas:

各防空炮兵旅駐地分布：

•3rd AA Brigade (1st and 3rd AA Regiments and a battalion from the 9th AA Regiment) - Bucharest

第3防空炮兵旅（第1，3防空炮兵團外加第9防空炮兵團一個防空營），駐地：布加勒斯特（Bucharest）

•4th AA Brigade (7th and 9th AA Regiments) - Ploesti

第4防空炮兵旅（第7，9防空炮兵團），駐地：Ploesti

•2nd AA Brigade (2nd, 6th and 15th AA Regiments) - the front in Moldavia

第2防空炮兵旅（第2，6，15防空炮兵團），駐地：摩爾德維亞（Moldavia）

•1st AA Brigade (4th and 5th AA Regiments) - on the border with Hungary

第1防空炮兵旅（第4，5防空炮兵團），駐地：羅匈邊境

•8th AA Regiment - Constanta harbor and bridges over the Danube

第8防空炮兵旅，駐地：康斯坦薩港（Constanta）以及多瑙河（Danube）上的橋梁

Of all these units, the 4th AA Brigade by far the best equipped (had 88 mm Krupp guns) and manned. Together with the German 5th Flak Division it made up the forces around one of the best defended targets in Europe (after Berlin and the Ruhr).

在以上列出的這些部隊中，只有第4防空旅裝備了最好的克虜伯（Krupp）88毫米高射炮。隨后，隨著這支羅馬尼亞陸軍中唯一裝備的88炮的防空旅於德國國防軍第5高射炮師的合并，使之成為了歐洲戰區一支令人生畏的地面防空力量。后來這支混成部隊先后轉戰柏林和魯爾地區。

After 23 August 1944, the 3rd and 4th AA Brigade remained in their designated areas. In the campaign in Transylvania the 1st AA Brigade (4th and 8th AA Regiments) supported the 4th Army, the 2nd AA Brigade (2nd and 5th AA Regiments) the 1st Army and the 6th AA Regiment the Air Corps.

1944年8月23日之后，第3，4防空旅留守原駐地。位于特蘭西瓦尼亞的第1防空旅（第4，8防空炮團）則負責為第4集團軍提供防空掩護。第2防空旅（第2，5防空團）則負責支援第1集團軍，而第6防空炮兵團則調配給空軍。

On 28 December 1944 the 1st AA Division was created from the elements on the front line. It totalled 31 heavy, 27 medium, 16 light, 2 machine-gun and 2 searchlight batteries. The equipment was excellent. Most of it was captured from the German 5th Flak Division around Ploesti. The Romanian AA gunners finished the war with 1,110 kills to their credit: Soviet, American, British and German aircraft.

1944年12月28日，在前線組建了第1防空師。該師總共擁有31個重型防空連，27個中型防空連，16個輕型防空連，2個高射機槍連和2個對空探照燈連。對于這支新組建的部隊來說，他們的裝備是極其優良的。全師的大部分裝備來源于俘獲的Ploesti附近德國國防軍第5高射炮兵師。直至整個大戰結束，羅馬尼亞防空部隊總計擊落來自於蘇聯，美國，英國和德國的各類戰機1100架。

玉树凌疯，风流涕淌，装傻充愣，我本纯情

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发表时间： 2007-7-24 12:38:40 　

边防部队

On 22 June 1941, the Frontier-guard Corps was made up of 8 regiments (1st-8th) organized in 4 brigades (1st-4th) and a group of frontier-guard ships (7 patrol boats, one tug boat, one transport barge and one barracks barge).

1941年6月22日，羅馬尼亞國境守備部隊成立，其編制內共有4個國境守備旅（番號為第1～第4國境守備旅）合計8個團（番號為第1～第8國境守備旅）的兵力，同時還編有一個水域國境守備艦隊（7艘巡邏船，1艘拖船，1艘運輸駁船和1艘軍用駁船）。

These regiments were stationed in the border areas:

8個國境守備團的駐地：

•1st Frontier-guard Regiment ?Bucharest

第1國境守備團，布加勒斯特（Bucharest）

•2nd Frontier-guard Regiment ?Cernavoda

第2國境守備團，切爾納沃達（Cernavoda）

•4th Frontier-guard Regiment ?Deva

第4國境守備團，迪瓦（Deva）

•7th Frontier-guard Regiment ?Sibiu

第7國境守備團，錫比烏(Sibiu)

•3rd, 5th, 6th and 8th Frontier-guard Regiments on the border with the Soviet Union

第3，5，6，8國境守備團，駐紮在與蘇聯接壤的國境線附近。

The 1st, 2nd and 5th Regiments were united to form the Frontier-guard Division, which was assigned to the 5th Corps. The Division also had the Frontier-guard Artillery Regiment, which was made up of two battalions: one with 75 mm guns, the other with 100 mm howitzers.A frontier-guard regiment's structure was somewhat similar to that of an infantry one: 3 battalions (out of which one was for training), each made up of two rifle and one heavy weapons company. There was also one mounted platoon for each regiment. Two regiments made up a brigade.

由第1，2和第5國境守備團聯合組成了第1國境守備師，作戰序列上隸屬於陸軍第5軍。該師下轄1個國境守備炮兵團。該炮兵團下轄1個裝備有75毫米火炮的炮兵營和一個裝備100毫米榴彈炮的炮兵營。按正常編制，一個標準的國境守備團編有3個步兵營（后期外加一個補充訓練營），每個營由2個步槍連和1個重火器連組成。同時每個團還編有一個騎兵排。每兩個守備團組成一個守備旅。

During wartime, the frontier-guard units were subordinated to the territorial corps. The equipment was inferior to the one of a regular infantry regiment. They used older models of rifles like the Mannlicher model 1893 and 1895 and Schwarzlose machine-guns. There were also fewer AT guns. But the rigorous recruiting for these special units, the longer service, which increased the level of training and developed a higher initiative, compensated these drawbacks.

戰時，國境守備部隊隸屬於本土守備軍。在武器裝備上，國境守備團要比正規的陸軍步兵團稍遜色點。一般國境守備團使用老式的曼利謝爾（Mannlicher）1893年式，曼利謝爾（Mannlicher）1895年式步槍和Schwarzlose水冷式重機槍。為了對付可能出現的敵方裝甲力量，國境守備團也配發有少量的反坦克武器。由于國境守備部隊作戰的特殊性，因此，對于新入伍的士兵來說，他們必須經受及其嚴格的基本軍事技能和體能訓練。

They were used to operating in small groups in rugged terrain, by day or night. These qualities were led to the good performances of the frontier-guards in the 1941 campaign. At the end of 1941, the Frontier-guard Division was brought back to the country and its units were assigned to their normal task.

這些新兵通常會被要求在地形復雜的地段進行訓練，時間任由教官選擇，可能是在白天，也有可能在夜間。就是這樣的嚴格訓練才使得國境守備部隊在1941年開始的戰爭中取得良好的戰績。 1941年底，國境守備師返回國內休整同時他們開始日常的國境守備任務。

In the summer of 1942, along the border with Hungary were created 4 regional battalions: "Bihor", "Vrancea", "Neamt" and "Bucovina". These were made up of 2 to 7 companies. In 1943, the number of battalions was increased to nine. The new ones were: "Aries", "Somes", "Cluj", "Codru" and "Cris". Locals armed with light infantry weapons manned all these battalions. They were trained each Sunday morning for 6 hours. These units proved their utility during the skirmishes with Hungarian forces at the end of August 1944.

1942年夏，在羅馬尼亞和匈牙利交界邊界處組建了4個新的守備營：“比霍爾”（Bihor），“佛郎恰”（Vrancea），“尼亞姆茨”（Neamt）和“布克維納”（Bucovina）。這4個營轄有2到7個不等數量的步兵連。1943年，類似的守備營數量增加至9個。這些新設立的守備營的名稱為“艾瑞茨”（Aries），“薩姆斯”（Somes），“克魯日”（Cluj），“克得魯”（Codru）和“克里斯”（Cris）。那些居住在國境線附近的居民也被用輕型武器武裝起來，并在每個禮拜日上午前往守備營接受為時6個小時的軍事訓練。1944年8月，在于匈牙利發生的一次邊境沖突中，這些平時接受訓練的平民發揮了不小的作用。

In the summer of 1943 two new regiments were created: the 9th (Timisoara) and 10th (Brasov), which made up the 5th Frontier-guard Brigade. The Frontier-guard Division was disbanded and its troops used to rebuild the 4th and 18th Infantry Division, which were badly hit at Stalingrad.

1943年夏天，新組建了由第9“蒂米什瓦拉”（Timisoara）和第10“巴拉斯沃”（Brasov）守備團組成的第5國境守備旅。同時國境守備師被裁撤，原屬于其建制下的部隊則分別被補充給了在斯大林格勒遭受重創的第4，第18步兵師。

In the spring of 1944, each regiment created a training battalion. The 1st Artillery Battalion of the Frontier-guard Artillery Regiment was transformed into an AT Battalion equipped with 75 mm Resita model 1943.After 23 August 1944, participated in the border fights with the German and Hungarian troops. After northwestern Transylvania was liberated, the Frontier-guard Corps was reduced according to the armistice protocol.

1944年春，每個國境守備團開始增設一個訓練營。同時隸屬于國境守備炮兵團的第1炮兵營則開始換裝Resita1943年式75毫米反坦克炮。1944年8月23日，國境守衛部隊參加了反擊德匈聯軍的邊境作戰。西北特蘭斯瓦尼亞解放后，羅馬尼亞國境守備部隊根據停戰協議開始裁撤。

At the end of October 1944 the 4th, 6th and 7th Regiment were disbanded .The AT Battalion participated in the campaign in Hungary and Czechoslovakia. In the spring of 1945 the Frontier-guard Corps was renamed the Frontier-guard Command and was reduced to only 4 regiments (1st, 8th, 9th and 10th) and the Frontier-guard Naval Company.

1944年10月，第4，6，7國境守備團被撤銷編制解散。而原國境守備部隊的反坦克營則繼續參加了對匈牙利和對捷克斯洛伐克的作戰。1945年春，國境守備軍改名為國境守備司令部同時只保留了第1，8，9和第10四個國境守備團和一個海上國境守備連。

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发表时间： 2007-7-25 12:28:50 　

The Pioneers

During peace time there were The 7 pioneer regiments (1st-7th). At the beginning of the war they were divided: 8 battalions for the 7 corps and the Mountain Corps (51st-55th, 57th, 58th, 61st); 26 divisional battalions (1st-11th, 13th-15th, 18th-21st, 25th, 27th, 30th-32nd, 35th, 36th, 40th), 4 mountain pioneer battalions (1st-4th), one motorized pioneer battalion (for the 1st Armored Division) and two battalions (1st-2nd) for the Fortification Division. There also 8 road-building battalions and 22 different companies (deforestation, hydrology, design and others).

A divisional battalion was made up of 3 pioneer companies and a battalion train. Each company consisted of 3 pioneer platoons and one flame-thrower section. The platoon had 3 pioneer squads of 3 teams each. The battalion train was made up of a river crossing materials section, a mines and destruction materials section, a workshop section and a train section. It also had two assault deck teams.

A mountain pioneer battalion had 2 companies and a battalion train made up of a munitions and medical materials section, a mines and destruction section, a river crossing materials section, a workshop section and a motor air-compressor. The pioneer battalion assigned to a corps had the following structure: 1st Motorized Pioneer Company, 2nd Mounted Pioneer Company and 3rd Road-building Company. The 1st and 2nd companies had an identical organization (in case of lack of vehicles, the 1st Company used horses): 3 pioneer platoons and a company train (3 sections of 3 teams each). The 3rd company had two pioneer platoons and a bridge platoon.

The battalion train was equipped with wagons, motor air-compressors, tractors, trucks, road-builders, scrapers etc. In the spring of 1941, the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 7th road-building battalions were put at the disposal of the 6th Transport Section of the General Headquarters. A road-building battalion was made up of 6 companies: 3 road companies, one wooden bridge company, one quarry company and a motor air-compressor section.

The pioneers were equipped with Romania MAN model 1939 AT mines as well as anti-infantry mines. The explosives were transported in explosives carts model 1935, built by the Resita Works. They used the Brickford water-tight fuse, MAN model 1930 fuse (with mercuric fulminate), MAN model 1935 electric detonators etc. The river bridges model 1893 and model 1912 were used to cross water courses. There were also MAN model 1939 assault decks. An assault deck team had 15 boats and 16 boxes, which could be assembled into a 60 m long deck, on which the infantry could cross with its individual equipment.

After the military operations started the pioneers received German made Berlin 40 mine detectors. After the operations in Bessarabia and Bucovina ended, the corps pioneer battalions were put at the disposal of the General Headquarters and used to clear the minefields and blow up unexploded projectiles, which endangered civilian lives.

During the battle of Odessa, the pioneers were used for the first time according to German doctrine as assault troops against fortifications. They used different explosive charges to create gaps in barbwire nets, to clear minefields and to blow up pillboxes. They also had hand grenades, Molotov cocktails, smoke grenades and Pignone model 1937 flame-throwers.

The experience gained in the 1941 campaign determined a reorganization of the pioneers. The new pioneer battalion was identical for the infantry, mountain, armoured division and corps. The former worker-pioneer doctrine (French) was totally replaced by the assault-pioneer doctrine (German). The 2nd and 3rd companies were similar to the infantry companies. They also had a mortar platoon (3x81.4 mm mortars) and tank hunter squad equipped with 3 AT rifles (captured PTRD or PTRS). A command company was added. It consisted of a machine-gun platoon (4 MGs), an AT gun platoon (3x47 mm pieces) and a communications platoon. The battalion was also equipped with special weapons: explosive charges, assault decks, flame throwers etc.

During the fights in the winter of 1942-43, the pioneers had to take part in the desperate attempts to halt the Soviet advance, just like the regular infantry. From 1943 onwards, this became a frequent practice in the Romanian Army. In 1944 things came back to normal and the pioneers returned to their specific tasks .By 1943, there were 8 road-building battalions (1st-8th) and a few road detachments, which were working east of the river Dniester .In the autumn of 1943 was created the Mountain Pioneer Group at Brasov. It was mainly a training unit. The same year, the Motorized Pioneer Battalion was transformed into the 8th Motorized Pioneer Regiment.

In 1943, the pioneer regiments were reorganized into 2 types: A and B. The A type had two pioneer battalions (3 companies of 3 platoons) and a specialist battalion made up of one specialists company (2 flame-thrower platoons and one communications platoon), one machine-tools company and one motor company. The B type regiment's battalions had only 2 companies (of 3 platoons) and the specialists company had only one flame-thrower platoon and no machine-tools platoon.

In 1943 the pioneers received imported German equipment: model 1924 grenades (offensive and defensive), Flammenwerfer 35 and Mittlerer Flammenwerfer, smoke grenades, mines, mine detectors (Berlin 40 and K鰈n), Seddin pneumatic boats and others. The Romanian MAN model 1941 mine detector also entered service that year. In the summer of 1944, the 5th and 8th Road-building Battalion were put at the disposal of the 4th Corps and of the 4th Army. After 23 August 1944, a battalion was created from the different training units behind the front. It participated in the fights with the German forces until the new front line was established.

In October 1944, according to the armistice protocol, the number of pioneer units was reduced. The 1st Pioneer Regiment was attached to the 5th Territorial Corps, the 3rd Regiment was disbanded and the 5th Regiment was assigned to the 4th Corps. The 4th Regiment was transformed into the 4th Railroad Regiment and the 8th Motorized Pioneer Regiment was merged with the Pioneer Training Center. Because of the losses on the Moldavian front (mainly prisoners taken by the Soviets after the armistice), the divisional pioneer battalion was reduced to a company (a squadron for the cavalry). They had the number of the infantry division (2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th, 9th, 11th, 18th, 19th and 21st). For the mountain divisions were the 38th for the 2nd and 39th for 3rd Mountain Division.

At the disposal of the 1st and 4th Armies were the 30th and 31st Pioneer Companies. The 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 8th Road-building Battalions were put at the disposal of the 2nd Ukrainian Front (in which were incorporated the Romanian armies) with the mission to secure the communication ways in Hungary and Czechoslovakia. The corps pioneer battalion had two identical pioneer companies (3 pioneer platoons and one mortar platoon), a command company (communications platoon, machine-gun platoon and AT platoon) and a battalion train. A divisional pioneer company had the same structure as a company from the pioneer battalion. Even with reduced numbers the pioneers had an essential role in the last months of war, contributing to the success of the operations against Germany.

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发表时间： 2007-7-25 12:31:34 　

The Railroad Troops

At the beginning of 1941, there two railroad regiments (1st and 2nd) subordinated to the Railroad Brigade, as well as to guard battalions (1st and 2nd). On 1st May 1941, the Railroad Detachment Command was created.

The 1st Regiment was made up of the 1st Railroad Operation Battalion (1st-3rd Railroad Companies), the 2nd Railroad Operation Battalion (4th-6th Railroad Companies), the 3rd Railroad-building Battalion (7th-9th Railroad-building Companies) and the 4th Narrow Railroad and Bridge Battalion (10th, 11th, 13th Bridge Companies and 14th Narrow Railroad Company). In June, the regiment also mobilized the 1st Narrow Railroad Company and the 15th Bridge Company.

The 2nd Railroad Regiment had 6 battalions: the 3rd Railroad Operation Battalion (1st-3rd Railroad Companies), the 4th Railroad Operation Battalion (4th-6th Railroad Companies), the 3rd Railroad-building Battalion (7th-9th Railroad-building Companies), the 4th Railroad-building Battalion (10th-12th Railroad-building Companies), the 2nd Narrow Railroad Battalion (13th and 15th Narrow Railroad Companies) and 2nd Railroad Bridge Battalion (21st and 22nd Railroad Bridge Companies).The railroad operation company had one engine platoon, one train platoon, one maintenance and destruction platoon, one station platoon and one guard platoon. The railroad-building company had one technical platoon, three railroad-building platoons, one battle train and one regiment train. The two railroad guard battalions consisted of 10 guard companies (1st-10th) each.

In November 1941, the 1st Regiment organized to detachments: Tighina (6th Railroad Operation Company, 13th Railroad-building Company, 21st and 23rd Railroad Bridge Companies) and Arciz (7th, 8th and 12th Railroad-building Companies and 22nd Railroad Bridge Company), which were going to be used in Bessarabia and Northern Bucovina. On 10 February 1942 three more guard battalions (3rd-5th) were raised and on 22 February the Railroad Guard Battalion Group was created.

On 1st July 1942, the 3rd Railroad Regiment was created and the other two were reorganized. All three had an identical structure: 1st Railroad Operation Battalion (1st-4th Companies), 2nd Railroad-building Battalion (5th-10th Companies) and 3rd Railroad Bridge Battalion (11th and 12th Companies).By 1944 there 22 railroad work detachments mobilized, subordinated to the Railroad Detachment Command. They were the 46th-59th, 62nd-65th, 67th, 68th, 105th and 107th Detachments. Each had between 2 and 7 companies .In 1943, the railroad units received a new mission: to destroy the railways and bridges in case of retreat. In this operation were involved 13 companies (4 operation, 6 building and 3 bridge companies).On 15 November 1943, the railroad troops were again reorganized. The three regiments had a similar structure: the 1st Railroad Operation Battalion (4 companies), the 2nd and 3rd Railroad-building Battalion (3-6 companies each) and the 4th Bridge Battalion (2-3 companies). The 2nd and 3rd Regiment also had a training battalion (4 companies). Also, two more railroad guard battalions (6th and 7th) were created .

In October 1944, the 4th Pioneer Regiment was transformed into the 4th Railroad Regiment. Also, the Railroad Brigade's Operations Group was formed. It was made up of the 3rd Regiment, the 4th Bridge Battalion from the 2nd Regiment and the 13th Telephone and Telegraphy Company. The group was assigned to the Railroad Command of the 2nd Ukrainian Front and followed the Romanian troops in the Hungarian and Czechoslovakian campaigns. The rest of the units that remained in Romania were used to rebuild the railways destroyed during the military operations on Romanian soil.

玉树凌疯，风流涕淌，装傻充愣，我本纯情

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