[烛光生存狂]-波兰TK系列超轻型坦克简介（努力消灭烂尾楼）

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TKS

Polish tankettes TK-3 and TKS

Light turretless reconnaissance tanks TK-3 (TK) and TKS, commonly called 'tankettes' (tankietka in Polish), were most numerous armoured vehicles of the Polish Army at the outbreak of the World War II. Their number of over 500 tanks constituted a significant tank force. Unfortunately, they were not fully capable tanks and, apart from few cannon-armed ones, could not fight against any armoured fighting vehicles. Also weak armour made them defenceless against any anti-tank weapons. However, using their advantages like manoeuvrability and small silhouette, they were still valuable reconnaissance vehicles. In need, they often supported Polish attacks and counterattacks, suffering heavy losses, but also bringing losses to enemy soldiers, usually not expecting any Polish armour in field.

TK-3（TK）和TKS轻型无炮塔侦察坦克，通常被成为超轻型坦克（波兰语称为tankietka）。是二战爆发前波兰陆军中装备数量最多的装甲车辆。共有超过500辆坦克装备坦克部队。但遗憾的是，他们并不是真正意义上的坦克，只有很少的一部分安装有火炮。他们没有打击敌方任何装甲车辆的能力。同时薄弱的装甲使得它们在任何反坦克武器面前不堪一击。需要指出的是，它们经常在进攻和反攻中帮助波兰人。在自身遭受严重损失的情况下，也对敌人的士兵造成了很大的损失。通常在战场上没有任何其他的波兰装甲车。

Development history

研发历史

Carden-Loyd Mk.VI

Polish Carden-Loyd Mk.VI (with a machine gun removed)

The history of Polish tankettes, just like most of world's tankettes, started with constructions of two British designers: John Carden and Vivian Loyd. In 1925-1928 years they designed several light one-man, then two-men tracked fighting vehicles. In that period, there was popular an idea of a light armoured vehicle, being a mean of transport for one or two soldiers and a machine gun. Several designers in the world developed such vehicles, nick-named "tankettes", for they were smaller, than "real" tanks. The most successfull among them was Carden-Loyd Two Man Tankette Mark VI of 1928 (sometimes mistaken for earlier Mk. IV).Carden-Loyd Mk.VI was armed with a water-cooled Vickers 7.7mm infantry heavy machine gun, mounted on an external pivot mount. Its drive mechanism was simple, utilizing some car parts, including a popular Ford T car engine placed between crew seats. Turns were made simply braking one track. A crew compartment had no roof, though head covers were introduced soon in export models. The improved Mk.VIb was more compact, with a new hull and a closed combat compartment.

与世界上大多数超轻型坦克一样，波兰超轻型坦克的历史也始于英国的两位设计师：John Carden和Vivian Loyd。1925-1928年，他们设计了几种单人和双人履带式战斗车。在这个时期，需要一种轻型装甲车来运送一或二名士兵和一挺机枪。世界其他地方的一些设计师也进行了相关的设计。因为要比正常的坦克要小的多，所以它们通常被成为“超轻型坦克”.其中最成功的设计是1928年的双人卡登-洛德(Carden-Loyd)Mark VI型（有时候会错误的认为是Mk. IV）。卡登-洛德Mk.VI装备有一挺安装在突出的支架上“维克斯”Vickers水冷7.7MM重机枪。驾驶装置非常的简单，利用了一些普通汽车的部件。包括安装在两名乘员之间的福特(Ford)T汽车发动机。乘员室是敞开设计，在一些出口的型号上采用了封闭的乘员室。改进后的Mk.VIb的设计更紧凑，新的车体和一个完全封闭的战斗室。

Since Carden-Loyd Mk.VI tankette was widely advertised in the world, also for a usage as an armoured tractor, mortar carrier or a gun carrier, it met with a relatively great commercial success. An advantage of tankettes was their low price, so they were ideal for creating and training armoured forces. On the other hand, as the future showed, they all had little combat value, and could not be a cheaper alternative of tanks in a battlefield.

自从卡登-洛德Mk.VI超轻型坦克问世后，在此基础上又开发了装甲牵引车，迫击炮运载车或火炮运载车等等。在商业上也获得很极大的成功。超轻型坦克的优势在于价格低廉。所以是很理想的用来组建和训练装甲部队的载体。另一方面，之后的经验显示，它们的作战价值很有限。

Apart from the British Army, which used 348 Carden-Loyd tankettes in different variants, mostly MG-carriers, they were sold to at least 16 countries, in small numbers, though. Six countries bought a manufacture licence, but none produced the original model in significant numbers. Instead, some countries developed improved Carden-Loyd variants or own tankettes. First of all it was the USSR, where 3297 of much improved licence tankettes T-27 were produced in 1931-1934.

除了英国陆军，一共生产了348辆多种型号的卡登-洛德超轻型坦克，大部分是机枪车，它们被卖给了至少16个国家，其中有6个国家购买了生产许可证，但是没有一个国家大规模的生产最初的型号，一些国家研发了改进型卡登-洛德或者研发了自己的超轻型坦克。最早开始相关工作的是苏联，在1931-1934年共生产了大约3297辆T-27。

The Italians first built 21 licence tankettes CV-29, then started mass production of an indigenous design CV-33 / CV-35. Italy found itself in a similar situation to Poland, with armoured divisions consisting mostly of tankettes, which showed little combat value in the Spanish Civil War, then in Africa. Also Czechoslovakia developed an improved vehicle tancik vz.33 (name meaning 'small tank', 70 units built), and similar own prototype Skoda MU-4. Among these countries was also Poland.

意大利利用许可证生产了首批21辆CV-29，之后就开始大规模生产本国设计的CV-33 / CV-35，意大利采取了和波兰人相类似的办法，装甲师主要由这些超轻型坦克组成。在西班牙内战和非洲的战斗显示它们的战斗力非常有限，捷克斯洛伐克也研发了改进的vz.33 tancik（意思是“小型坦克“，一共生产了70辆）和自行研发的Skoda MU-4。在这些国家中也包括波兰。

Carden-Loyd in Poland

波兰的Carden-Loyd

Carden-Loyd Mk.VI met with an interest in Poland from the beginning. As soon as in 1929 one tankette was brought and evaluated in Poland. The first show at Rembertow ground took place on 20 June 1929. The first trials were successfull and it was decided to buy 10 tankettes Mk.VI and 5 tracked trailers. They were delivered in August 1929 and given registration numbers: 1143-1152. After divisional manoeuvres in September 1929, it was evaluated, that tankettes fulfill needs of a reconnaissance vehicle for both infantry and cavalry well.

卡登-洛德Mk.VI一经问世就很快引起了波兰人的兴趣，所以在1929年购买了一辆超轻型坦克用于评估。1929年6月20日在Rembertow试验场进行了首次展示，测试非常的成功，又购买了10辆Mk.VI和5辆履带拖车。1929年8月交付并给予了登记号：1143-1152。1929年9月参加了师级军事演习后，超轻型坦克完全满足作为步兵和骑兵侦察车的需求。

Their advantages were mobility, good obstacle crossing and small dimensions, making them dificult to spot. It was estimated, that they fit better as cavalry reconnaissance vehicles, than newly acquired wz.28 halftrack armoured cars. As a result, the Polish authorities decided to buy a licence for manufacturing Carden-Loyd Mk.VI.

它们的优势在于灵活性，很好的越障能力和过小的外型使得它们能难被察觉。经过相关评估，它们非常适合作为骑兵部队的侦察车来使用，甚至要比刚投入的wz.28半履带装甲汽车表现的更好。结果，波兰人决定购买Carden-Loyd Mk.VI.的生产许可证。

Detailed evaluation revealed faults of Carden-Loyd tankettes. First of all, their suspension did not sprung well, and riding was not comfortable, so a longer ride was exhausting for a crew, especially off-road. As a result, suspension in two tankettes was modified in the workshops of the 1st Car Unit according to a design by Lt. Stanisław Marczewski.

详细的评估也暴露了卡登-洛德超轻型坦克的一些缺点。首先，它们的传动装置运转的不是很好，座椅不是很舒服，特别是在进行越野机动的时候过长的座椅很容易让乘员筋疲力尽。结果，两辆坦克的传动装置按照Stanisław Marczewski.中校的设计在1st Car Unit的工厂进行了相关改进。

A main improvement was adding a semi-eliptical leaf spring between a hull and suspension bogies, and attaching bogies to this spring, instead of a suspension frame.

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