[烛光生存狂]-T-28中型坦克(完成,看看)

Development History

Before the Great Patriotic War, the T-28 multi-turret medium tank was a symbol of the Red Army as was his heavier "brother," the T-35. It's silhouette is well known from pre-war newsreels about Soviet military parades on Red Square (Moscow).

在卫国战争前,T-28多炮塔中型坦克和它的兄弟T-35重型坦克一道成为了苏联红军的象征,同样也是战前有关苏联在莫斯科红场阅兵式的新闻记录片中的常客

In 1931 a new project was undertaken to build a three-turret medium tank. It was designed by a group from OKMO ("Opytnij Konstruktorsko-Mekhanicheskij Otdel" - Experimental Design Department) of the "Bolshevik" machine-building plant in Leningrad. The group was led by Chief-Engineer N.V.Barykov and Chief Engineer N.V.Tzeitz.

1931年开始着手研制一种新的三炮塔中型坦克.新计划由位于列宁格勒的"布尔什维克"工厂内的OKMO("Opytnij Konstruktorsko-Mekhanicheskij Otdel" -试验机械设计部)的一个小组负责研制.小组负责人是 N.V.Barykov ,总工程师是N.V.Tzeitz.

At the end of 1931 the first prototype was sent to the proving grounds for testing.

1931年末,第一辆原形车被送到测试场进行测试

The main turret of the new tank was armed with a 45 mm gun and a DT machine-gun. Two other turrets were armed with DT machine-guns only. The main turret was rotated by an electric drive which was a novelty for that time. Initial tests showed many shortcomings in the chassis as well as in the transmission.

In 1932, the tank-building workshops of the "Bolshevik" Factory were segregated into an independent facility, factory #174. Due to full utilization of this factory for manufacturing T-26 light tanks the manufacturing the T-28 tanks was assigned to the "Krasnij Putilovetz" industrial plant (since 1934 - "Kirovskiy Zavod"). All documents for T-28 production were sent to that plant in November 1932.

新坦克的主炮塔装备有一门45mm火炮和一挺DT机枪.其余的两个炮塔仅装备有DT机枪,主炮塔采用了在当时是十分少见的电力驱动.最初的测试显示了底盘和传动装置方面存在很多问题.1932年,"布尔什维克"工厂的坦克制造车间被分开,组成了一个新的工厂,也就是第174工厂,由于174工厂要全力投入到T-26轻型坦克的生产,所以T-28坦克的生产工作被分配给了"红色普提洛夫"工厂(该厂1934年后被重新命名为"基洛夫"工厂).1932年11月所有T-28的生产图纸和文件都被移交给了该厂

To maintain mass production of a new tank, a special group of engineers was summoned. Later this group was reorganized in Special design bureau #2 (or simply SKB-2) with director O.M.Ivanov, Chief Engineer N.F.Komarchev (in 1933 he was arrested and replaced with A.G.Efimov). In May 1937 O.M.Ivanov was also arrested and replaced with J.Y.Kotin.

为了维持大规模生产新型坦克,组建了一个特别工程师小组,后来这个小组被重新命名为第2特别设计局(简称为SKB-2).局长是 O.M.Ivanov,总设计师是 N.F.Komarchev (1933年他被逮捕并由A.G.Efimov代替).1937年5月,O.M.Ivanov也被逮捕由J.Y.Kotin出任局长.

By February 25, 1933, the first 8 armored hulls had been produced and assembling of the first 4 tanks began. By 1 May, 12 vehicles were completed, 10 of which took part in a military parade in Moscow and the other two - in Leningrad. On 11 August 1933 the new medium tank was accepted to the Red Army service under the T-28 designation.

1933年2月25日,生产了8辆装甲车体并且开始了组装首批四辆坦克.到了5月12日一共完成了12辆,其中的10辆参加了莫斯科的阅兵式,另2辆参加了在列宁格勒的阅兵.1933年8月11日,新坦克被批准投入苏联红军服役,编号为T-28中型坦克.

The first order from the Red Army to produce the T-28 (in 1933) was for 90 T-28's. However, up to end of the year the industry could build only 41 new vehicles. A total of 503 tanks were built during mass production runs.

Production T-28's were significantly distinguished from the prototype. The main difference was in the hull: production vehicles had a welded hull instead of riveted. The main turret was modified as well and rearmed with a short barreled 76.2 mm gun KT-28 (the original name of that gun was KT, the index "28" meant it was modified to be installed in T-28) instead a 45 mm gun. The chassis and transmission were also slightly improved. In general, the T-28 had several versions. The most "improved" was the second series - it had over 600 modifications.

1933年苏联红军订购了一共90辆T-28坦克,但是,到了年底工厂只完成了41辆.在整个的生产过程中一共是完成了503辆坦克的生产.量产型的T-28和原型车相比有着很大的区别.主要的区别在车体:量产型采用了焊接车体代替了原先的铆接车体.主炮塔也进行了改进,用一门短管的KT-28型76.2mm火炮(火炮最初被成为KT,之后的"28"意思是经过改进安装在T-28上的型号)代替了原先的一门45mm炮,底盘和传动装置也略微进行了改进.一般来说,T-28有几个改进型,其中最主要的改进是在第二批次上--一共有超过600个改进.

At the time, there were only three major modifications of vehicle:

- From 1938 the tank was re-armed with a 76.2 mm L-10 gun;

- From December 1939 the vehicle received extra protection - armored shields. The frontal armor was increased to 80 mm, the sides - to 40 mm. Weight was increased to 32 tons. Such tanks received a designation T-28e ("e" letter meaning: "ekranirovannij" - extra protected);

- In 1940 the main turret was redesigned again - to a conic form.

对T-28来说仅仅有三次比较大的改进:

-从1938年起,坦克换装了一门L-10型76.2 mm火炮

-从1939年12月起,坦克开始采用额外装甲防护,车体前部装甲增强到80mm,侧面达到了40mm,车重增加到32吨.接受改进的坦克被成为T-28e("e"表示额外装甲防护)

-1940年主炮塔开始采用圆锥型设计.

It should be noted that during mass production the T-28 achieved a high commonality with the T-35 heavy tank. For example, both vehicles had the same main turret (cylindrical and conic versions). Also, the smaller turrets (armed with TMG's) were the same. At first the T-28 was armed with a 76.2 mm short-barreled tank gun: KT-28. Later versions received a more powerful tank gun L-10 with a barrel length of 26 calibers and muzzle velocity of 555 m/s. In fact, there were a very limited number of L-10 guns, and some tanks were still armed with KT.

应该注意的是在T-28量产的过程中很多部件是和T-35重型坦克上使用的部件是高度统一的.比如:两者采用的是同一种主炮塔(圆柱型和圆锥型).此外,安装机枪的小炮塔也一样,最初T-28装备的是一门KT-28型短管76.2 mm坦克炮,后来的改进型号采用的是一门威力更大的L-10坦克炮,炮口初速度达到了555米/秒.事实上,L-10炮的数量非常有限,所以很多坦克安装的还是KT.

Both small turrets were armed with DT machine-guns. Each small turret could rotate 165°. The last version was equipped with an AA P-40 machine-gun ring armed with 7.62 mm DT AAMG. In general, the T-28 had quite a modern design for that time. However, at the same time, the tank had some serious shortcomings, especially in the engine and transmission. Despite the designers' efforts these defects persisted. These difficulties were the result of immature technology processes as well as the Red Army's lack of experience in maintaining such complex vehicles.

两个小炮塔装备的是DT机枪,每个小炮塔可以旋转165°,后期的改进型号也装备有一个P-40防空机枪座,安装有一挺DT 7.62 mm防空机枪.一般来说,T-28在当时是非常现代的设计,但是,此时坦克还是有一些非常严重的缺陷,特别是在发动机和传动装置方面,尽管设计师尽了最大的努力,但是这些缺陷依然存在.这些情况说明当时苏联的工程技术还未完善同时苏联红军也缺乏保养这类复杂坦克的经验.

Nevertheless, in the 1930's the T-28 was the most powerful medium tank in the world. The increasing firepower of anti-tank weapons (especially antitank guns) demanded increased armor protection and increased speed; that's why the multi-turret versions became obsolete.

尽管如此,在30年代T-28依旧是世界上威力最大的中型坦克.随着反坦克武器火力的增强(特别是反坦克炮),要求增强装甲防护和速度,这也就是为什么多炮塔坦克会过时的原因.

Combat Employment

The first 10 tanks were sent to the 2nd Independent Regiment of RGK of the Leningradsky military district. In fact, independent tank units of RGK were represented since 1924. The 2nd Independent Regiment was formed in 1929. Later, due to production of new T-28 tanks another four tank regiments of RGK were formed: in Smolensk, in Kiev, in Kharkov, and in Slutzk. Orga

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