[烛光生存狂]-Maresal

发表主题： 426
发表回复： 422
网站暂行积分： 1940

【人类幸存者】

特别提示：本帖子在 2008-11-4 21:07:45 由用户 412886049 编辑过

In parallel with the conversion of captured tanks, research started in December 1942 for development of a Romanian tank-destroyer. The solution of Marshal Ion Antonescu was the construction of a light, highly mobile and powerful armed vehicle that Romanian industry could handle alone.

在用缴获苏联的坦克改装自行火炮的同时，1942年12月开始考虑研制一种罗马尼亚人自己的坦克歼击车。为此安东尼斯库元帅建议在罗马尼亚工业技术许可的条件下，建造一种轻型的高速并且有着强大火力的装甲车辆。

The research team made of Major Nicolae Anghel and Captain Gheorghe Sambotin had to develop an unique vehicle having at its disposal components of local or captured material. With the help of engineer Constantin Ghiulai, they started by mounting the 122mm Putilov-Obuhov howitzer model 1904/30 and a coaxial 7.92mm ZB machine-gun on a modified T-60 chassis. The upper structure was made of four sloped armour plates 20-30mm thick that was giving vehicle a turtle shape.

Nicolae少校和Gheorghe上尉组成的研究小组利用本国生产或缴获的物质设计出了一种独特的车辆。在工程师Constantin Ghiulai的帮助下，他们尝试把Putilov-Obuhov 122mm 1904/30型榴弹炮和一挺7.92mm ZB同轴机枪安装在经过改进的T-60坦克底盘上。

The resulting prototype, nicknamed Maresal (marshal), has received designation M-00 and the preliminary trials that took place on 30 July 1943 at Suditi revealed underpower and problems related to the gun carriage. Experiments continued and by October 1943 three more prototypes (M-01, M-02 and M-03) were completed at Rogifer Works, all similar in aspect with the first prototype but having a more powerful engine of 120hp and reinforced armour.

样车的绰号为Maresal(元帅)，设计编号为M-00。1943年7月30日在Suditi进行的测试中发现，由于火炮炮座过重导致整车动力不足。测试继续进行，在1943年8月在Rogifer兵工厂又完成了三种样车（M-01，M-02，和M-03），他们的外形与第一种样车非常相像，但采用了功率更大的120马力发动机并加强了装甲防护。

The M-03 had a larger chassis, welded armour plates and a reinforced inner structure. The vehicle had a crew of two, the driver which was also taking the aim sitting in the right part of the compartment shoulder to shoulder with the loader. The shells used for the 122mm gun were hollow-charge Hohllandung.

其中M-03的底盘尺寸最大，采用焊接装甲板对内部机构也进行了强化。有两名乘员，驾驶员兼炮手坐在战斗室内部的右侧，装填手则同他肩并肩的坐在一起。122mm榴弹炮可以发射空心破甲弹。

On 23 October 1943 the three prototypes were tested at Suditi in the same time with the trials of the exceptional 75mm DT-UDR No.26 anti-tank gun. The proposal made by Colonel Paul Draghiescu, one of the designers of Maresal, of mounting the Romanian anti-tank gun instead of the Soviet gun was immediately approved and would be included in the M-04 prototype.

1943年10月23日，就在这三辆样车在Suditi进行测试的同时，罗马尼亚人也在对75mm DT-UDR 26 Resita 1943年型反坦克炮进行测试。设计组的一位设计师Paul Draghiescu中校提议用罗马尼亚人自己的反坦克炮来替换苏联的122mm榴弹炮。这个提议马上被批准，从而导致了M-04样车的出现。

In November 1943 the preparation for mass production started. 1000 Hotchkiss engines were ordered from France while other components still not made in Romania were requested from Germany. The new vehicle immediately attracted the German attention and in December 1943 Antonescu presented to Hitler the project and the blueprints of M-04 prototype. Those inspired the German development of the Hetzer tank-destroyer that assumed the mounting of a 75mm gun on the Czech LT vz.38 tank's chassis.

1943年11月，开始为Maresal坦克歼击车的量产做准备。通过德国向法国定购1000台霍奇基斯发动机。这种新型车辆马上引起了德国人的极大兴趣。1943年12月，安东尼斯库向希特勒展示了这个项目和M-04的设计蓝图。这些东西激发了德国人的灵感，设计出了在捷克的LT vz.38坦克底盘上安装75mm反坦克炮的“追猎者”坦克歼击车。

The work at the M-04 prototype started in November 1943 and lasted until January 1944. The new prototype had Hotchkiss H-39 engine and 75mm DT-UDR anti-tank gun. In February it was tested at Suditi and its performance impressed the OKH officials which were attending trials. Hitler personally offered to support the project by dispatching specialists and materials to Romania. During March-May 1944 the development team which now was including Alkett and Vomag specialists worked at the M-05 and M-06 prototypes which comprised mostly Romanian components. The only foreign components were the Hotchkiss engine, the gearbox, the CKD tracks, the Telefunken radio and part of the optics. In June 1944 the M-05 contested a Sturmgeschutz III in the attendance of Marshal Antonescu and in several tests of mobility and firepower was superior.

1943年11月M-04样车的研制工作开始，一直延续到1944年1月完成。新样车的底盘安装H-39霍奇基斯发动机和DT-UDR 75mm反坦克炮。2月，M-04样车在Sudit进行测试，其优良的性能给在场的德国陆军总部官员留下了深刻地印象。以至于希特勒本人亲自下达命令派遣专家和物资来支持这个项目的研制。1944年3月到5月，包括Alkett和Vomag等专家在内的研制小组又完成了大部分零件由本国生产的M-05、 M-06样车。但其他的例如霍奇基斯的发动机、变速箱，CDK公司的履带、无线电台和部分光学器件还需要从国外进口。1944年6月，安东尼斯库元帅出席了M-05样车和德国SturmgeschutzIII(40)G的对比测试。测试结果显示M-05在机动性和火力上要更胜一筹。

On 10 May 1944 the High Command of Mechanisation ordered the production of 1000 Maresal tank-destroyers that would have formed thirty-two anti-tank battalions. A training battalion (designated M Battalion) was formed in the 2nd Tank Regiment.

1944年5月10日，机械化最高指挥部命令生产1000辆Maresal系列坦克歼击车用于装备32个反坦克营。在第二装甲团内组建一个训练营（M营）。

The first series of 10 vehicles was planned for June and it was estimated a production of 100 pieces per month by September. Due to the allied bombings that disrupted the communication lines, the delivery of first series was postponed for 1 November 1944.

计划在6月生产出首批10辆坦克歼击车，并估计到9月底，每月生产出100辆。不过由于盟军的轰炸扰乱了通讯线路，导致第一批Maresal坦克歼击车的交付时间一直搁置到1944年11月1日。

It has been decided that the first 200 Maresal tank-destroyers to be M-05 and the rest of 800 to be M-06. On 8 June 1944 a convention was signed by the Romanian Ministry of Defence and OKH, which foresaw the co-operation for the mass production of Maresal/Hetzer and a German order for several dozens of Maresal. Germans also offered the license of Praha engine used by the Hetzer and even the complete license of Hetzer. Between 24 July and 21 August the M-05 was the subject of a very hard endurance test ended with the detaching of the gun carriage.

在这计划生产的1000辆Maresal系列坦克歼击车中，最初200辆为M-05，其余800辆为M-06。1944年6月8日，罗马尼亚国防部同德国陆军总部签署一份协议，准备联合生产Maresal和Hetzer坦克歼击车，德国人还订购了几十辆Maresal坦克歼击车。德国人还向罗马尼亚提供了Hetzer坦克歼击车使用得Praga发动机的生产许可证，甚至是Hetzer坦克歼击车整车的生产许可证。7月24日到8月21日之间，M-05在被拆走了炮座后经历了一个非常严格的耐力测试。

The events following 23 August 1944 led to the cancellation of production on 29 August. However, it has been decided the resuming of trials with the M-05 and the finishing of the first series of ten vehicles. Invoking the terms of armistice, on 26 October the Soviets confiscated the prototypes, the first series that was almost completed and everything related to the Maresal.

然而1944年8月23日罗马尼亚人的反水，8月29日Maresal系列坦克歼击车的生产被取消。但是M-05的测试依然在进行，并且首批10辆车已经完成。援用停战协议条款，10月26日，苏联人没收了这批样车，此时这些样车已经接近装配完毕。后来样车被销毁，所有项目因此被取消。

发表主题： 426
发表回复： 422
网站暂行积分： 1940

【人类幸存者】

为了对付苏联日益增长的坦克威胁，罗马尼亚人急需一种性能良好的坦克歼击车。于是从

1942年12月起开始了研究工作，考虑在现有坦克底盘上安装强力的反坦克火炮。安东尼斯库元帅的解决方案是在罗马尼亚工业技术水准许可的条件下，改装一种轻型，高速并且防护良好的车辆。由Nicolae少校和Gheorghe上尉组成的研究小组利用本国生产以及缴获的期间设计出了一种独特的车辆。在工程师Constantin Ghiulai的帮助下，他们将从苏联缴获而来的Putilov 122mm M1904/30榴弹炮以及7.92mm ZB机枪作为同轴机枪安装到改装了的T-60坦克的底盘上。四块厚度为20到30毫米的倾斜钢板构成了一个龟壳式的上层战斗室。而后制造出得样车被昵称为Maresal(元帅)，设计编号为M-00。随后1943年7月30日在苏迪提（Suditi）进行的测试中发现，由于火炮过重，导致整车动力不足。因此为了弥补上述缺陷，有进行了一系列研制工作。在1943年8月在Rogifer工厂又改进并试制了三种样车（设计编号分别为M-01（底盘为加固的T-60的底盘）、M-02（底盘为加固并略微放大的T-60底盘）、M-03（底盘为加固并加宽和加长的T-60底盘）），同年10月23日仍然在苏迪提（Suditi）进行了测试。他们的外形与第一种样车非常相像，但底盘加宽和加长，并采用了匀质焊接装甲板以及功率更大的120马力发动机。其中M-03的底盘尺寸最大，内部机构都经过强化。乘员有两名，驾驶员兼炮手坐在战斗室内部的右侧，装填手则同他肩并肩的坐在一起。这些样车依然保留了苏联的122mm榴弹炮，但是可以发射德国生产的空心破甲弹。不过可惜的是，它们只停留在样车阶段。

就在上述三辆样车进行测试的同时，罗马尼亚人也在对75mm DT-UDR 26 Resita 1943年型反

坦克炮进行测试。这是罗马尼亚人独立研制的一种新型反坦克炮，它的原型是苏联的ZIS-3

76.2mm野炮，重新设计过炮膛，可以发射德国7.5cm PAK40反坦克炮的弹药，而且威力甚至要超过后者。1943年10月，设计组的另一位设计师Paul Draghiescu中校提议用这种罗马尼亚人自己生产的反坦克炮来替换苏联的122mm榴弹炮。这个提议马上被批准，从而导致了M-04样车的出现。

1943年11月，大批量生产Maresal坦克歼击车的准备工作开始进行。因为罗马尼亚没有生产

霍奇基斯发动机（安装在H-39坦克上的霍奇基斯6L6 水冷发动机，120马力）的设备，所以不得不向德国求助，通过德国向法国定购1000台霍奇基斯发动机。这种新型的设计方案（M-04）马上引起了德国人的极大兴趣。1943年12月，安东尼斯库向希特勒展示了这个设计方案以及M-04的蓝图。结果激发了德国人的灵感，使得正在设计的Hetzer坦克歼击车定型为在捷克的LT vz. 38坦克底盘上安装75mm Pak 39 L/48反坦克炮。1944年4月，Hetzer坦克歼击车开始生产，7月开始服役。

1943年M-04样车的试制工作开始，延续到1944年1月。这种样车的底盘也是改进的T-60的底

盘，安装法国H-39坦克上的霍奇基斯6L6 水冷发动机和75mm DT-UDR 26 Resita 1943年型反坦克炮，外形与后来德国的Hetzer坦克歼击车非常相像。1944年2月，M-04样车在苏迪提（Suditi）进行测试，其优良的性能给在场的德国陆军总部官员留下了深刻印象。以至于希特勒本人亲自下达命令支持这个项目的研制，并向罗马尼亚提供特种材料。1944年3月到5月，包括Alkett和Vomag等专家在内的研制小组又设计出大部分零件由本国生产的M-05、 M-06样车（除了法国霍奇基斯的发动机、变速箱，捷克CDK公司的履带、无线电台和部分光学器件）。1944年6月，安东尼斯库参加了M-05样车与德国SturmgeschutzIII(40)G的对比测试。其中某些测试的结果显示，M-05在机动性和火力上要更胜一筹。而M-06样车则是通过测试，对M-05样车的改进型。1944年5月10日，机械化最高指挥部命令由Rofiger工厂立即生产1000辆Maresal系列坦克歼击车用于装备32个反坦克营。而且在第二装甲团中建立了一个训练营（M营）。先计划生产10辆，并初步计划到9月为止，每月生产100辆。但是由于盟军的轰炸，导致第一批Maresal坦克歼击车的交付推迟到1944年11月1日。在这计划生产的1000辆Maresal系列坦克歼击车中，最初200辆为M-05，其余800辆为M-06。1944年6月8日，罗马尼亚国防部同德国陆军总部签署合同，准备联合生产Maresal和Hetzer坦克歼击车，德国人甚至还订购了几十辆Maresal坦克歼击车。德国人还向罗马尼亚授权了Hetzer坦克歼击车使用得Praga AC/2 6缸 160马力发动机甚至是Hetzer坦克歼击车整车的生产许可证，在8月25日还交付罗马尼亚15辆Hetzer坦克歼击车用于研究。另外，德国还建议以Maresal坦克歼击车为原型生产一种自行高炮，安装莱茵金属公司的双联37mm高射炮。944年7月24日到8月21日之间，M-05经过了一系列非常严格的测试。

然而1944年8月23日罗马尼亚脱离轴心国的事件导致在8月29日，Maresal系列坦克歼击车的生产被取消。但是M-05的测试依然在进行，并且最初的10辆车已经接近完成。1944年10月26日，苏联“解放”了罗马尼亚，没收了这批样车，此时这些样车几乎已经装配完毕。后来样车被销毁，所有项目因此被取消。可惜的是，没有一辆Maresal坦克歼击车参加了战斗，不能象它的兄弟Hetzer一样大放异彩。然而它作为二战期间罗马尼亚生产的最先进的坦克歼击车在历史上留下了精彩的一瞬间。

发表主题： 426
发表回复： 422
网站暂行积分： 1940

【人类幸存者】

MILITARY CABINET of STATE LEADER

Nr.201.005

TOP SECRET

??.4.1944

GENERAL STAFF

- Cabinet -

I have the honor to bring to your attention that the two German specialists, Lieutenant-Colonel Ventz and Naymann, who came to study the tank destroyer and the self-propelled howitzer, built by the Military Cabinet at Malaxa Workshops, made the following assertions:

1. Considerations on the tank destroyer.

Lt.-Col. Ventz from the Waffen-Amt, the architect of the improvisation “Hornisse” (88mm anti-tank gun mounted on the Mark III tank on top of the chassis, in the place of turret) and a modern tank destroyer, based on “Panther”, presently in construction, declared that his report regarding the “Maresal” tank destroyer will be positive. As a first consequence, he will propose to Berlin that in 8-10 days a construction engineer to be dispatched, in order to assist us in perfecting the details.

Lt.-Col. Haymann, from the OKH, affirmed his belief that the Romanian Army, when it will have one thousand of such tank destroyers at disposition, will have a considerably greater combat strength. In his opinion, “Maresal” tank destroyer, mobile, with great operating range and armed with a powerful anti-tank gun, will be “ein grosser Hetzer” (a troubling enemy) for the Russians. He also added: General Guderian wishes to have units of tank destroyers, to be able to throw them wherever the enemy launches an armored attack; once this attack being weakened, these units reorganized in the rear, being ready to intervene in another threatened area. The presented tank destroyer, light, fast, with reduced fuel consumption and great range, has the qualities needed for such a role.

The opinion of Lt.-Col. Haymann is that the mobility characteristics of “Maresal” tank destroyer should be kept, and the temptation of increasing the armor protection should be resisted.

As relative value, both specialists - after examining also the two improvisations of tank destroyers, based on: the ex-Russian light tank T.60 and the R.2 tank, armed with Russian 76.2 anti-tank gun - have classified the various anti-tank motorized weapons in the following manner:

1) Tank destroyer special built for this role,

2) Sturmgeschutz armed with anti-tank gun,

3) Tank armed with anti-tank gun,

4) Tank destroyer improvised by mounting an anti-tank gun on the chassis of a tank, in the place of turret,

5) Towed anti-tank gun.

Referring to the two tank destroyers improvised from the T.60 and R.2 tanks, Lt.-Col. Ventz said: “50% is better than nothing”. Lt.-Col. Haymann: “in spite the solution being an improvisation, it is better than the towed anti-tank gun”.

Lt.-Col. Haymann, when asked on the ratio of engines that should be used for the tank destroyer and the auxiliary vehicles (command, supply, security vehicles) he said firmly: given the evolution of the Russian tanks, none of the ordered Hotchkiss engines should be used for anything else than tank destroyers. As command vehicles, Horch, Stoewer and other all-terrain vehicles can be employed, while for supply 3-ton trucks are adequate, by replacing the rear axles with a simple track, a model that can be delivered and adapted for any model of truck.

As factory priority, both agreed that the building of the tank destroyer should be top of the list, being a solution superior to any other anti-tank systems.

In detail, the observations of the German specialists were the following:

a) Weight.

Given the power of the engine (15-16 hp/ton), the mobility was found very advantageous.

Even if Lt.-Col. Ventz said that the armor of a light tank destroyer must offer protection only against Russian anti-tank guns, and any increase in armor is inutile, if the armor plates is not 80-100 mm thick, therefor prohibitive weight, he would favor a slightly thicker armor for our tank destroyer, this being certainly the requests of the crews after the first engagements.

Lt.-Col. Haymann did not agree with thicker armor, because it would result in a heavier vehicle, therefor a reduced mobility, its essential feature.

b) Protection.

A tank destroyer can often be found in the enemy lines, either amid infantry supported by anti-tank guns, or tanks armed both with anti-tank guns and machineguns. Ideally, the tank destroyer should be able to withstand this fire from every direction. The German heavy tank destroyer resists the Russian 76.2 anti-tank gun from the distance, even up to 100 m, but it’s weight is 47 t and becomes a moving plant; for a light tank destroyer protection against bullets, shrapnel and anti-tank rifles is sufficient.

The conclusion is that while the heavy tank destroyer has unlimited use, in principle the light one should not overpass the lines of friendly infantry or armor.

In combat the tank destroyer exposes its front, this must be better armored. The German heavy tank destroyer the frontal armor ; “Maresal” tank destroyer has aplate is 80 mm thick and an inclination of 35 20 mm thick frontal armor plate at a more favorable inclination of .25

Lt.-Col. Ventz proposed that its thickness to be increased to 30 mm, which will be attempted after evaluating the effect of fire of the Russian 45 mm anti-tank gun that will took place at Suditi trial grounds.

The thickness of the side armor plates must be about 1/3 of the front plate. The Germans have a tank destroyer with 50 mm in front, while only 15 mm on the sides. We were advised to keep the actual thickness of … mm for the side armor plates.

The shape of the hull was found to be very simple and very successful. Lt.-Col. Haymann compared it with the shape of a turtle, low profile, hardly detectable from the distance and easy to build.

c) Armament

The 75-mm D.T.U.D.R. anti-tank gun is considered powerful enough, even against the T-34 tank.

The following observations on its setting were made:

- The horizontal field of fire of 15 degrees is very good; the German heavy tank destroyer has a horizontal field of fire of 30 degrees, but given the ease of turning “Maresal” in direction, the 15 degrees are considered as very sufficient; it could be even reduced if required by other needs;

- The ; the German tankvertical field of fire was considered sufficient: +10 and -5 because of its notably higher ground clearance;destroyer has -8

- The clearance should be increased in order to avoid hitting the ground with the barrel while crossing trenches and …. . This will be accomplished by raising the frame with 18 cm (suspension raised with 10 cm and the side traverses inside the chassis lowered with 8 cm)

- Retreating the gun inside the hull with 20-30 cm, as suggested by Lt.-Col. Ventz, is not possible because of the loader position, only mounting a special anti-tank gun like the Germans did could achieve this request.

- Placing the gun on a special mount was found good; we were advised to research the possibility of placing a cardanic suspension, between the armor plate and the floor of the chassis (we will receive blueprints). This idea can be conveniently used to place a light machinegun in the armor plate, near the gun;

- Taking out the gun for repairing only after lifting the armor plates was found as unpractical. But as the repairing take place only at mobile workshops, lifting a hull of 1.5 tons is not a problem for these workshops. To make possible taking out the gun through the hull would mean weakening the hull or complicating the design.

- The exhaust of the gasses resulted from the firing is made by the Germans with the help of a special ventilator. If the exhaust produced by the Hotchkiss engine’s ventilator would not prove sufficient, we will mount an electric ventilator.

d) Ammunition

The German improvised tank destroyers, which are armed with 75-mm guns, carries up to 70 rounds. “Maresal” tank destroyer will carry 45 rounds.

The speed and low profile of our vehicle, as well as the higher muzzle velocity of ou

新用户注册返回首页
首页上一页下一页尾页页次1/1 转到第页