[烛光生存狂]-海姆利克急救法——地球人都该知道的急救法！

这种方法甚至在美国情景戏剧《老友记》里面也有出现，大家讨论一下吧，如果感兴趣的话可以把下面的英文也译一下。

海姆利克急救法

人类的绝大多数代谢活动都需要氧的参与，而脑组织是对氧最为敏感的一个，缺氧几分钟就可发生不可逆的坏死。脑组织的氧是靠血液中的红细胞带来，而红细胞的氧在肺泡那与空气中的交换所得。人类的呼吸系统像一个倒置的大树，树干如气管，树枝如支气管，树叶如肺泡。如果某根树枝或某些树叶堵死了，尚不致命，但如果树干被堵死了，则是非要命不可了。所以一旦发生气管异物堵塞，争分夺秒，抓紧时间促其排出是最为重要的，而喊医生，送医院则多来不及，哭哭啼啼则更是无用。

那怎样才能促使异物排出呢？最容易想到的应是挤压，让肺部的残存气体突然冲出并将异物带出。可直接挤压肺组织显然不现实，因那要开胸。直接挤压胸部呢？因胸部有肋骨遮盖，效率不高。那就挤压腹部吧，通过膈肌（胸腹腔之间的肌肉，收缩时吸气）将压力传导到胸腔。对，就是挤压腹部，如果你想到这了，可以说是及格了。如果你知道挤压腹部的什么具体部位，什么方向，何种力度，那你可以打80-90分了。如果你还知道挤压时的手形及患者的身姿，那你就可打满分了。

别绕舌，还是谈一下具体操作吧。当我们身边的某人突然的不能说话，呼吸困难或呼吸音“呼呼”作响，同时脸胀的通红，手脚有些发绀，那他很可能是被什么物呛到气管里去了。这时你应绕到患者身后，抱住患者肚子，让其上身前倾，然后一手握拳，一手撑于拳后，在脐部稍上方，快速的向内上方挤压，反复多次，则很可能促使患者将异物咳出，不少人因此而得就。当然呢，如果是自已被呛住，且旁边没人，那你就弯腰将上腹部与桌角相抵撞，说不定也能救命。

声明一下，这方法不是我首创，版权归一个叫海姆利克的医生，是他在抢救被异物呛信气管的妻子时，根据人的身体结构，灵机一动而产生，故而又称为海姆利克急救法。

另外一篇较详细的“海姆利克法”说明

当异物堵塞人体的气道或咽喉造成气流受阻时，就会发生窒息。对于成年人，一块食物就可能导致窒息；而对于小孩，吞食小块的食物就可能造成窒息。窒息会阻断脑部供氧，应该尽快进行急救。

窒息的普遍征兆是呼吸困难，像被人扼住脖子。如果当事人不能给出明确指示，还可以通过以下迹象来判断：

不能说话；

呼吸困难，或呼吸带有杂声；

欲用力咳嗽而咳嗽不出

皮肤、嘴唇和指甲发青

意识丧失

一旦有人员发生窒息，就要立刻对其采取海姆利克氏操作急救法（以下简称为海氏急救术）进行施救。如果你是现场唯一的施救者，在拨打120（或您当地的紧急号码）之前，应先对患者采取海氏急救术进行急救。如果旁边还有别的人，在你对患者施救时，让另一个人打电话求助。

如何对患者实施海氏急救术：

站在患者身后，双臂合拢环抱患者腰部，使患者弯腰稍向前倾

一手握拳，轻放在患者的肚脐上，

另一手也紧握拳头，在患者腹部迅速有力地向上挤压，好像要提起患者身体一样

重复以上步骤，直至异物被排出

如何对自己实施海氏急救术：

一手握拳，轻放在自己的肚脐上，

另一手也握拳，并俯身压在坚硬的物体上，如椅子或工作台上。

用你的拳头快速由内向外挤压。

如何疏通孕妇或肥胖患者的气道：

将手置于比正常的海氏急救术稍高的位置——在胸骨的底部也就是最底层肋骨的上部

接下来就按海氏急救术的步骤操作，用快速有力的挤压患者的胸腔

重复以上步骤直至异物被排出

如何疏通已经神志不清患者的气道：

让患者仰卧在地板上

清理气管。如果在咽喉的后面或上部可以看到异物，就伸进一根手指将引起梗塞的异物轻轻掸出来。小心切勿将异物更深地推入气道，尤其是对小孩进行此操作时。

如上述操作之后，如果异物依然滞留在气道里而且患者没有任何反应，那就要进行心脏复苏术。心脏复苏当中压迫胸腔的措施可能会使异物排出。

注意：要定期的检查患者口腔里是否还有残留物。

如何疏通1岁以下婴儿窒息患者的气道：

让自己保持坐姿，将前臂架在大腿上，然后让婴儿趴在你的前臂上

用掌根轻柔而平稳地敲击婴儿的后背中部，五次即可。在重力和冲击力的共同作用下，异物可被排出

若此法未凑效，让婴儿仰卧在你的前臂，并保持他的头部低于身体。用两根手指挤压婴儿的胸骨中部，五次即可

若呼吸仍未恢复，重复上述两个步骤。必要时采用应急药品。

若气道已经流通，而婴儿没有恢复呼吸，则对婴儿采取心脏复苏术

大于一岁的孩子，进行腹部推拿就可以了。

学习掌握急救训练课程中的海姆利克氏操作急救法和心脏复苏术让你能够从容应对生活中的一些突发紧急事件。

(45K)

（译文经过编辑修改，版面的局限。）

　　原文精简后如下：

　　THE SAVING MANEUVER

　　by Henry J. Heimlich, M.D.

　　I remember as a young Navy surgeon in World War II, I was assigned to a covert unit, working behind enemy lines with Chinese guerrilla fighters in the Gobi Desert. The local peasants, suspicious of modern medicine, shied away from our mud-hut headquarters. I felt frustrated as I watched people suffering from treatable infections and diseases. Then on afternoon a desperate father rushed in carrying his 18-year-old daughter. She was barely conscious, and her abdomen was terribly swollen. I set to work. The daughter survived, and from then on lines of local folk waited at our mud hut for treatment.

　　30 years later, On a quiet Sunday afternoon in 1972 I was at home reading The New York Times Magazine when I came across a startling article stating that the sixth leading cause of accidental death in the U.S. was people choking on food or other objects. I was appalled at the toll-- as many as 3000 deaths a year, a large number of them children. How could this be?

　　I looked into the standard first-aid recommendations: a slap on the back and a finger down the throat. No wonder so many were dying! I am a surgeon who specializes in problems with esophagus and swallowing,I knew these measures would only lodge the obstruction farther down the windpipe. I made a vow right then to help find a way to save these lives.

　　There is always air remaining in the lungs. Could the lungs be compressed to force that residual air up through the windpipe to expel an obstruction? The most practical way to apply that pressure would be for the rescuer to stand behind the choking victim, wrap his arms around the victim's waist and make a fist. Then he would place the victim's abdomen, between the rib cage and navel, grasp the fist with the other hand and press into the abdomen with a quick inward and upward thrust, repeating until the obstructing object was expelled.

　　After testing this maneuver I sent an explanatory paper to Arthur Snider, science editor of the Chicago Daily News, and he wrote about it in his column, which was syndicated in hundreds of newspapers nationally. One week after the column appeared, a physician friend sent me a letter enclosing a front-page story from the Seattle Times about a 70-year-old man whose neighbor ran from his house screaming for help. The elderly man dashed next door and saw the wife unconscious next to a plate of food. He had read Snider's column and quickly performed the maneuver. A piece of chicken that had lodged in her windpipe popped out and she regained consciousness. The technique had saved its first life!

　　Reports started coming in from around the country. The most gratifying thing about it all was that often the rescuer was a person with no training in emergency medical procedures. This was something ordinary people could do. The Journal of the American Medical Association called my method the Heimlich maneuver.

　　Not all the reaction was good. A national organization and highly respected authority advocated the Heimlich maneuver after four back slaps. Alarmed by the potentially deadly slaps, which can injure internal organs. I persisted in advocating the maneuver. It was a long, hard struggle, but gradually people became familiar with it. In 1985, then U.S. Surgeon General Dr. C. Everett Koop called it the best rescue technique for choking. The Heimlich maneuver has since become standard with first-aid authorities throughout the world.

　　Since 1975 the maneuver has saved at least 50,000 lives, among them President Ronald Reagan, former New Yorker City Mayor Ed Koch, and actress Elizabeth Taylor. That made all of the obstacles getting the maneuver accepted well worth the struggle.▲

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