[烛光生存狂]-【卫国战争老兵回忆】叶甫根尼·别索诺夫(Evgeni Bessonov)

http://www.iremember.ru/infantry/bessonov/bessonov1.htm

http://balagan.org.uk/war/ww2/bessonov.htm

叶甫根尼·别索诺夫. 1945

It was a cloudy day, sleet was falling, it was quite chilly on the tanks and everyone tried to get closer to the tank's radiator - a bad weather for infantry. During February 9 and 10 the enemy put up stubborn resistance, throwing tanks, infantry and Volksschturm into action, raining mines and shells on us. We had a hard time, but the enemy's resistance was broken and after taking losses Germans had to withdraw, leaving heavy equipment and weapons behind - tanks without fuel, artillery and mortars.

那天天很阴沉，下着雨夹雪。坦克上覆盖着一层薄冰变得十分冰冷，大家都争着往坦克的散热器边上靠——对步兵来说这真是个坏天气。在二月九号到二月十号期间,敌人进行了顽强的抵抗,把坦克,步兵,和人民突击队投入了战斗，炮弹像雨点般向我们砸来。当时的情况很危险，但是最终我们还是粉碎了敌人的抵抗。在遭到重创后，德国人开始匆忙撤退，丢下了武器和重装备——没油的坦克,大炮以及迫击炮。

It was woodland; sometimes one could not see where Fritzes' fire came from. Now tanks advanced carefully, following tankodesantniki infantry, while our task was to destroy German Panzerfaust teams with small arms or indicate Fritz targets to the tanks, so that they could destroy them with main guns. Enemy tried to stop our advance by all means, laying ambushes - sometimes with very small groups, which was almost suicide mission with the only goal to stop us and inflict casualties on us.

那是一片森林地带,有时无法看见德国佬开火的位置.所以现在坦克跟着随同坦克作战的步兵,很小心地前进,我们这些步兵的任务是就是用我们的轻武器消灭德国的铁拳小组或者向坦克指明德国佬的位置,这样坦克就可以用主炮消灭他们,敌人试图用各种手段阻止我们的前进,设伏 - 有时仅仅是一小组人,这种自杀式行动的目的仅仅是阻挡我们并给我们带了伤亡.

One evening, just when it started to get dark, the three vanguard tanks approached the edge of a forest. My platoon and me were in the middle of the advancing tank column, while a group of soldiers from another company was in forward security. All of a sudden several artillery shots shook the air and the column stopped. I jumped off the tank and ran forward to find out the situation. It got completely dark, but I saw a group of commanding officers, among them were commander of tank regiment Stolyarov, battalion commander Kozienko and others. Soldiers from the three first tanks ran back from the forest edge and brought on raincoat a heavily wounded soldier, who died soon afterwards. According to the soldiers, at the forest edge they got under fire from German assault guns. One of our tanks was knocked out, almost entire escorting tankodesantniki infantry died, only few wounded survived. Two other tanks tried to evade the fire. In one tank the crew abandoned their vehicle, but the driver made it to turn on reverse speed, and the tank rolled backwards without the crew. The regiment commander ordered to stop the tank and bring it back to the column, which was executed.

那天晚上,正当天即将黑的时候,三辆作为尖兵的坦克到达了一片树林的边缘,当时我和我的排在纵队的中间,而另一个连在前方担任警戒(个人认为这里应该是伴随保护前方坦克的意思),突然有几发炮弹响彻天空,纵队停下了,我跳下坦克跑到前面去搞清楚发生了什么,虽然当时天已经完全黑了,但我还是看见一组指挥官,在他们中有坦克团团长Stolyarov,营指挥官Kozienko和一些其他人,最前面三辆坦克上的士兵们从树林的边缘跑回来,并用雨衣弄回来一个伤的很重的士兵,他很快就死了.据这些士兵说他们在树林的边缘遭到了德国突击炮的火力,一辆我们的坦克被击毁了,上面搭载的随行步兵几乎都阵亡了,只有很少的伤员幸存,另外两辆坦克试图躲避敌人的火力,其中一辆坦克的成员放弃了他们的车辆,但驾驶员在弃车之前挂了倒退档，所以这辆坦克就在无人驾驶的情况下开了回来,团长命令把这辆坦克停下来,然后回到纵队里去.

1st Battalion of 49th MBR 9 May 1945 on the way toward Praga.

The commanders did not dare to mount a night attack, and the attack was shifted to the next morning. At dawn the battalion - all that was left of its three companies, started to advance through the forest to the left of the road. We did not know anything about the enemy. First everything was nice and quiet, no shots were fired at us, the enemy did not see us, and we did not see the enemy. However, this did not last for long, enemy spotted us and opened rifle and machine gun fire at us. We returned fire and advanced forward in short rushes.

Outnumbered German infantry retreated, or better said fled after our attack, however, we got under fire from three German assault guns, which turned out to be in some fifty meters from us. We had to take cover behind trees, as the assault guns fired at almost every single soldier. My orderly and me were lying under a tree, which was hit by a shell, in a meter from the ground. We were shell-shocked, the tree was cut down, but we remained unharmed and sneaked to another tree. We were lucky again, not for the first time. We did bit know what to do, as the tanks did not support us, staying far behind, but the 3rd Company commander Kostenko quickly came up with a solution. He brought heavy JS-2 tank almost to our line and indicated targets - the assault guns - to the crew. The tank fired two shots from its heavy gun (122 mm), and one assault gun literally fell apart, while the second round penetrated two assault guns at once. I had never seen such a "miracle" before. Our way was free. Battalion advanced a bit further through the forest, enemy was nowhere to be seen. Our tanks caught up with us, we were ordered to get on the tanks, and we went on with our mission.

指挥官们不敢在夜间发动进攻,于是进攻被改在第二天早晨.天亮的时候,我们的营 - 三个连剩下所有的人开始向前穿过树林到达道路的左侧,我们不知道敌人的任何情况,开始是一切都很好很安静,我们没有遭到射击,敌人看不见我们,我们也看不见敌人,然而,这一切没有持续多久,敌人用步枪和机枪向我们开火以阻挡我们,我们还击并用短促的快速跑向前推进.不明数量的德国步兵撤退了,或者更好的说法是他们被我们的进攻打跑了,然而我们却遭到了离我们五十米外的德国突击炮的火力,我们不得不隐蔽在树后面,因为突击炮几乎向每一个单独的士兵开火,我和我的传令兵隐蔽在一棵树后面,被炮弹击中了,就打在一米外的地面上,我们被炮弹的爆炸振荡了,树被炸断了,而我们却没有受伤,于是爬向另一棵树,我们已经不是第一次如此幸运了.我们不知道怎么办,因为坦克还留在在后面,无法支援我们,但第三连的连长很快就解决了问题,他带来了一辆斯大林-2重型坦克,并向成员指明了目标 - 敌人的突击炮,坦克用它的主炮(122mm)发射了两发炮弹,其中一辆突击炮几乎被打成两截,而第二发炮弹一次击穿了两辆突击炮,我还从没看过如此的"奇迹",现在我们前进的道路畅通了,连以更快的速度穿过树林,现在可以看见敌人的位置了,坦克赶上了我们,我们被命令坐上坦克,并继续我们的任务.

http://www.library.by/portalus/modules/warcraft/special/remember.ru/infantry/bessonov/bessonov.htm

Our preparation for the forthcoming battles on the Sandomierz bridgehead was over. At the end of December of 1944, we moved out of the village we were occupying not far from the forward defense positions of our troops. Our unit concentrated in the forest and for a few days we had slept on the fir-twigs by the campfire. In a few days the dugouts were built and ovens-burzhuiki (little bourgeois) made out of empty fuel barrels were set up inside them. The doorways, for the lack of doors, were covered by waterproof cape-tents and pieces of tarpaulin.

我们为在桑多梅日（？英文可能有误）桥头堡所即将到来的作战准备已经完成。在1944年12月底，我们从距离我方前沿防御阵地不远的正在驻守的村庄开拔。我们的单位集中在森林中，我们已经在围在冷杉枝点燃的篝火旁度过了好几个夜晚。在几天内我们构筑了工事并且我们把由“小资产阶级”制造的空油桶放在里面。由于缺乏门之类的东西，门道（？）用放水的帐篷布或者帆布覆盖。

To tell the truth, the temperature hasn't been so freezing; about 10-12 degrees of Celsius below zero (10-14 F), but even such a temperature froze us to our bones. It was certainly warmer in the dugouts. There was no training of any kind this time and we had all the time to ourselves. We were making up for the lost sleep, examining the weapons for any possible fault and made ourselves busy with all kinds of nonsense, cards in particular.

说实话，气温不是很低：大约只有零下10-12度，但是寒风还是让人瑟瑟发抖。防空洞里无疑要暖和多。没有训练我们有大量的业余时间，基本上用来睡觉，检查武器是否完好，侃大山或者打牌。

The officers were taken to the forward trenches several times to be presented with the possible marching routes for the tanks and tankborne infantry and introducing us to the tank crews.We didn't know when the offensive would begin. Such things are never known. But all of us had sensed that the moment would come soon enough and therefore we felt agitated, even nervous.Waiting and catching up are the worst of everything.

军官们数次来到前沿阵地为坦克和搭载步兵计划可能的行军路线，并且把我们这些步兵介绍给坦克手们。我们不知道进攻会在什么时候开始，没人知道会发生什么。不过我们意识到这一刻马上就要到了，我们开始感到紧张，甚至有点害怕。等待着那个日子的慢慢到来是最糟糕的事情。

Finally, the day has come. On January 12th, 1945, after protracted artillery bombardment and air strikes the all-arms units went on the offensive.In the lightning attacks, they captured the first and then the second enemy defensive belts.If my memory serves me right, the artillery bombardment and air strikes had continued for an hour and a half. The guns of all calibers, from 76 millimeter to 152, mortars of 82 mm, 120 mm, 160 mm caliber and "Katyushas" fired at the enemy defensive positions.Bombers and assault planes pounded from the above. The air was filled with continues roar of the bombardment and we had to yell to be heard. The dense smoke was rising over the enemy's front line where something was burning, exploding and flying through the air. Now and then with the difficulty the enemy would snarl with fire as almost all of the artillery and mortars were suppressed.

最终，这一天还是到了。1945年2月12日，在重炮和飞机轮番轰炸后，全军发起了总攻。在闪电般的突击中，他们占领了敌人的第一道与第二道防线。如果我记得没错的话，炮击和飞机空袭持续了一个半小时。从76到152mm口径的重炮，82mm, 120mm, 160mm口径的迫击炮和“喀秋莎”火箭炮向敌人阵地倾泻了大量的弹药。轰炸机和攻击机则从空中发起袭击。空气中充满了轰炸的巨响，我们只能大吼才能听到彼此的声音。浓烟弥漫着敌人的前沿阵地，那里有些什么正在燃烧，爆炸和在空中飞散。时而敌人一边咆哮着一边有气无力的还击，因为他们几乎所有的炮兵与迫击炮部队都被我方压制了。

Our turn has come after the all-arms units broke through the defensive positions. The brigade and army's orders were to enter the breakthrough and continuing the offensive toward Order, capture a bridgehead on the river's left bank.

在突破了敌军防线后，我们动身了。集团军部的命令是从被打开得突破口里继续向Order发起进攻。夺取河左岸的一个桥头堡。

As other companies of the battalion, our company rode on the tanks of the brigade's tank regiment, which began moving forward in column.There was confusion on the road. Besides our brigade, other combat units and the different rear service units were also on the move. Some trucks and horse carts were moving in the opposite direction adding to the muddle. It was dangerous to drive on the side of the roads since sappers hadn't cleared the mines yet. The brigade's commander car, the M-1 ("Emochka"), blew up on a mine. Although colonel Turkin survived, his driver and orderly were killed. Lieutenant Shakulo, a platoon commander from our company, was wounded on January 12th and was sent to a hospital. Something hit him and he broke his leg. I was ordered to take over from him, although Sergeant Savkin, a wonderful guy, brave and skilled soldier remained the unofficial platoon leader.

与营里的其它连队一样，我们连队的人也爬上了旅坦克团的坦克车上，我们开始按纵队向前移动。公路上非常的混乱。除了我们旅，其他的作战单位和各类后勤单位也在公路上。卡车和马车加重了混乱的情况。公路两侧很危险，工兵们还没有扫完雷。旅长的指挥车，一辆M-1踩中了一颗地雷。Turkin上校侥幸逃生，不过司机和传令兵都死了。我们连的一个排长Shakulo中尉，1月12日受伤了被送到了医院。我被任命接替他的位置。虽然Savkin中士，一个好人，一个英勇的士兵仍旧是非正式的排长。

The entire day of January 12th, 1945, we have successfully although slowly have been, moving forward.The clouds hung low, and we haven't seen any of the enemy's planes. Darkness fell early in January, and we encountered the enemy in the late afternoon. On the approaches to a fortified village turned into a strong point we were shot at by tanks and machine-guns. We quickly parted from our tanks and took cover forming a line. Infantry tried to dig in, but orders from battalion commander and tank regiment commander made us move forward. Lucky for us it was almost dark, and the darkness would reduce our casualties. Despite the enemy's fire, in one swift charge we broke into the village and forced the Germans to retreat.Right before the village we came under strong fire and our company divided.A platoon under Vjunov attacked from the left flank, and I with other two platoons from the right. Our tanks supported us, but didn't follow us into the village. They were probably careful about German "Tigers" that were beyond the village and kept an intensive fire at out tanks. As we moved into the village, the "Tigers" did not fire at us out of fear to hit their own infantry that was running out of the village.

在1945年1月12日一整天，我们缓慢但是成功的不断向前推进。云层很底，我们没有看到任何敌人的飞机。我们在夜末和敌人遭遇了。在接近一个设防的村庄进入了一个要塞时，我们遭到了坦克和机枪的射击。我们迅速的跳离坦克，开始组建防线。步兵们试图寻找掩护，但是营长和坦克团长命令我们继续往前。幸运地是天已经全黑了，黑夜降低了我们的伤亡。尽管敌人火力凶猛，但在我们一次快速的冲锋后进入了村子，德国人撤退了。但就在村子前面我们再次遭遇了强大的火力，我们连的人被分割开来。Vjunov指挥的一个排从左翼发起了进攻，我和另两个排从右翼进攻。我们的坦克提供支援，但是没有跟随我们进入村庄。他们可能担心那些呆在村外的德国“虎”式坦克。我们在向村庄移动的时候，“虎”式坦克因为害怕打中自己那些逃出村庄的士兵没有向我们开火。

With two of my platoons, I came through to the opposite side of the village and took the German trenches that were already empty. That night battle has imprinted itself deep into my memory. We fought off German counterattacks until sunrise.I had no communications with neither the company commander nor Vjunov's platoon. I didn't even know where they were. A machine-gun platoon commander Lieutenant Alexander Guschenkov noticed the direction of my attack. He didn't get confused in the middle of that nightmare and came to our aid.With two crews of "Maxim" machine-guns he took the position on the unprotected right flank of my platoons. They were of the great help to us. The other two companies of our battalion fought on the left flank. The third platoon from our company was also somewhere there.

我和其它两个排一起穿插到了村子的另外一边，并且占领了已经空无一人的德军战壕。夜战给我留下了很深得印象。我们一直在承受着敌人的反扑到天亮。我既没有和连长也没有和Vjunov的排取得联系。我甚至不知道他们在哪里。机枪排排长Alexander Guschenkov中尉看到了我的进攻命令。他没有在这噩梦般的情况被混淆，而是马上给予了我们帮助。在两个马克沁机枪小组的掩护下我们占领了位于我们排毫无保护的右翼一侧的阵地。他们给予了我们很大的帮助。我们营的另外两个连在左翼战斗。而我们连的第三个排也在那里的某个位置。

At some time the shooting died down and I decided to walk along the captured trenches. I wanted to support my soldiers and show them that I was with them, which is important to the soldiers especially in the difficult situations.

等枪声渐渐稀疏的时候我决定沿着占领的战壕巡视一番。我想让手下的士兵知道我和他们在一起，在现在这样困难的形式下这点显得更为重要。

Sergeant Savkin showed me grenades, helmets, ammunition magazines and mess-tins hidden in the niches in the trenches. I ordered not to touch it. But one soldier either dozing off or jumping up to stay warm brushed on something and was blown up. His body flipped up and he fell as an empty sack, dead. He was the only casualty we had from those "surprises".

萨夫金中士给我看了（敌人）放在战壕的放炮洞中的手榴弹、头盔、弹夹和饭盒。我命令不准去碰这些东西。但是有一名士兵不知是打盹了还是起身取暖的时候碰到了这些东西然后就被炸飞了。他的尸体飞上天空然后就像一个空麻袋那样落在了地上。他是我们从这些“惊喜”中所遭遇的唯一伤亡。

Some time later the German infantry attacked us again. But their tanks stayed where they were. By that time our tanks moved up and together we bit the attack off. Our fire forced the infantry to the ground. The German tanks opened fire on the houses setting them on fire. The night battle is always a heavy one, and this battle lasted all night. We couldn't see anything and fired at the muzzle flushes or sometimes at some silhouettes. We couldn't see the results of our fire and its effectiveness was low.

没多久德国人又向我们发起了进攻，但他们的坦克却一直呆在原地。我们的坦克聚在一起，我们击退了这次进攻。我们的火力迫使敌步兵趴在地上。德军坦克开始朝房子开火，想要把它们点燃。野战总是艰难的，这场战斗持续了一夜。我们看不到任何东西，只能朝枪口火焰或者黑影开火。我们无法看到是否命中，射击效率很低的。

As I remember, there were no less than 15 German "Tiger" tanks. The number of infantry I could not determine because of the darkness. And only three T-34-85 tanks supported me. Their crews were rookies, and it was their first battle. They fired rarely, fearing that the German tanks would detect them by their muzzle flashes. When houses began to burn, they tried to move farther away into the darkness. Their retreat although shortl had a bad effect on my soldiers most of whom were rookies too. Even veterans were nervous beyond the normal but they held on and kept firing.

我记得，那边有至少15辆德国“虎”式坦克，步兵的数量因为天太黑不能确定。只有3辆T-34-85坦克在支援我们。这些坦克乘员也是新兵，这是他们的首战。他们几乎没开火，害怕德国人会根据炮口火焰发现他们的踪迹。当房屋开始着火后，他们就开始远离重新藏进黑暗里。他们的撤退很快就对我的士兵产生了极大的影响，我手下的兵大部分也是新兵。甚至老兵也开始显得比平常更焦虑，不过他们还可以继续射击。

But everyone was glancing back at the tanks, fearing that the tanks would abandon us retreating to the rear. Therefore I had to run to the tanks and stop them if they moved too far away, forcing them to get closer to us.From time to time I also had to run and see how Gushenkov was doing on my right flank and then return to my soldiers. The village was burning, shells were exploding all over, and German bullets and splinters were flying with a screech. Our "DP" machine-guns and sub-machine guns added to the shooting as well. The Germans tried to hit our flank but Guschenkov's machine-guns opened up on them at point-blank range and shot them down. After that they left our flank alone.Two or three soldiers left the trenches and hid behind a house that wasn't burning yet. One of the tanks was hiding behind the same house. I forced the soldiers back to the trenches.

但是所有人都不约而同的向后看着坦克，担心这些坦克会丢下我们独自撤退。因此我不得不跑到坦克要求他们别离开太远，说服他们要尽量的靠近我们。不时我也跑到Gushenkov那边要求他们注意右翼然后跑回自己的阵地。村庄在燃烧，炮弹在四周爆炸，德国人的子弹和炮弹碎片发出尖锐刺耳的声响。我们的DP机枪和冲锋枪也加入了其中。德国人试图从侧翼袭击我们，但是Guschenkov排里机枪的近距离射击把他们纷纷打倒。然后他们放弃了从我们侧翼迂回的企图。两到三个士兵离开了战壕躲藏在一座还没有烧起来的房子后面。一辆坦克当时也藏在这间房子的后面。我强迫士兵返回到战壕里。

If the panic is not stopped right away, the troops become uncontrollable. Therefore I strongly reprimanded the squad leaders whose soldiers left the positions. I had to run the entire night between the tanks and the trenches under enemy fire. I was steaming and I was thirsty all the time, but lucky for me there was a draw-well nearby. My orderly was getting cold water in a mess-tin for me and I drunk it all the time. The burning village lit the area all around us. And under this light I had to force the tanks that constantly tried to get to a safer place to fire in our support. Besides that I was commanding almost a company of two rifle and one machine-gun platoons. This entire running about nearly cost me my life. In the burning village I was visible to everyone and as soon as I dove into one of the trenches, the shell exploded on the breastwork. The breastwork was swept off and private Ivanov and I were stunned. The trench was near the burning house and was seen from a far. And it was getting too hot to stay in it. But the second shell didn't follow. Perhaps, the Germans thought that we were killed. I quickly moved into another trench giving Ivanov permission to go to the rear. He received a concussion.

如果不能消除恐惧感的话，部队就会变得无法控制。因此我坚决的申斥了几个班长不能再让士兵逃离自己的阵地。在敌人的炮火下我整夜穿梭在坦克和战壕间。我又热有渴，幸运地是附近有一个汲水井。我的传令兵用饭盒给我装了满满一盒水，一口气全喝光了。燃烧的村庄照亮了我们附近的区域。借着火光我不断强求坦克不断的找寻安全的发射距离来给我们提供帮助。除此之外，我指挥着几乎一个连的兵力（两个步兵排和一个机枪排）。不断的奔跑几乎让我付出了生命的代价。我所在的位置敌我双方都能看到，当我要跑进一个战壕的时候，一发炮弹在胸墙上爆炸。胸墙被炸平，列兵Ivanov和我被震晕了。这段战壕距离燃烧的房屋很近所以说从很远就能看到。现在待在这里已经变得越来越热，但是敌人的第二发炮弹迟迟未到，似乎德国人觉得我们已经死了。我迅速的跳进了另一个战壕，批准Ivanov去后方。他有点脑震荡。

Before the sunrise the Germans stopped the attacks and then completely disappeared. Probably, their task was not to destroy our battalion and brigade. They wanted to hold our forward movement as long as possible to save other units on the different part of the front from destruction and withdrew them before they were encircled.Our losses were insignificant despite the prolonged battle. At the sunrise Guschenkov and I found the company commander Chernyshov and the third platoon leader Vjunov.

在天亮前德国人停止了进攻然后消失得无影无踪。可能他们的任务不是歼灭我们的营和旅。他们是想尽可能长时间的抵挡住我们先头部队的步伐，使他们其它的前线单位避免遭受毁灭，并可以在被包围前撤出来。尽量经历了长时间的战斗，但是我们的伤亡却很轻微。天亮的时候，Guschenkov和我找到了连长Chernyshov和三排长Vjunov。

I reported to Chernyshov our losses and we exchanged our opinions about the night battle. The field kitchen managed to prepare a breakfast. Usually, two or three soldiers from every squad are sent with mess-tins to get the food for the entire squad of 7-8 men. My orderly and I usually ate together from the same mess-tin. If it were possible, we would wash the mess-tins with water or wipe them off with the grass. Someone could always get extra food since the food was prepared for the entire battalion, but battalion always had casualties. So there was plenty of food for everyone.

我向Chernyshov报告了损失。野战厨房已经准备好了早饭。一般情况下，每个班都让两到三个士兵用饭盒带回全班7-8个人的饭。我的传令兵和我用一个饭盒吃饭。如果可能的话，我们会用水洗饭盒或者用草擦干。食物是为全营准备的，而营里总是会有伤亡所以一些人总是可以得到额外的食物。每个人都可以吃很多。

After the breakfast we moved forward on foot. Then we mounted the tanks. The battalion was a forward detachment for the brigade. Our advance was quick. The enemy didn't offer serious resistance.

吃完早饭后我们继续向前。然后登上坦克，我们营作为旅的先头部队推进的速度非常快。敌人基本没有什么抵抗。

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